Effects of stress ratio on fatigue life of carbon-carbon composites

Cyclic loading causes cumulative damage and therefore degrades the inelastic properties of composite materials. Present work investigates the damage development under tension-tension fatique, and the effect of stress ratio on the fatigue life of carbon-carbon (C/C) composites at room temperature at a frequency of 3 Hz. The fatigue damage has been identified through ultrasonic non-destructive technique, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.From the S-N curve it has been observed that the endurance strength of C/C composite is quite high; approximately 85% of the ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue life of C/C composites has also been observed to increase with the stress ratio. Matrix cracks, filament splitting within the yarns, complete delamination and the nucleation of the interfacial flaws have been identified as the failure mechanisms during the fatigue tests. On the other hand, the failure modes during the static test were found to be complete fiber fracture accompanied by partial delamination. A statistical fatigue life distribution for carbon-carbon composites has also been presented in this paper.     

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes added to Na2CO3/MgO composites for thermal energy storage

Na2CO3/MgO composites with added multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） were prepared and tested as phase change materials （PCMs） for thermal energy storage. Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs were prepared and their chemical compatibility and thermal stability were studied. MWCNTs introduced with Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs were also investigated and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） characterization was used to demonstrate the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs. The composites with added MWCNTs still display good thermal stability with mass losses lower than 5%. Introducing MWCNTs into composite Na2CO3/MgO PCMs by material formation/calcination signifi.cantly enhances the thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs was found to increase with an increase in the weight fraction of the added MWCNTs and an increase in the testing temperature. This study may present a promising way to prepare high temperature phase change materials with superior properties such as improved thermal stability.     

热处理对Ni/Ti2AlC复合材料显微组织和摩擦学性能的影响

通过真空热压烧结方法制备Ni/Ti₂AlC复合材料,并对材料进行热处理,考察了两种不同热处理工艺对复合材料的显微组织和室温及800 ℃下摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:烧结后,Ni/10%Ti₂AlC复合材料包含Ni基固溶体、TiC_x、Ni₃Al和少量Al₂O₃,而Ni/50%Ti₂AlC主要由Ni₂TiAl、TiC_x、Ti₃NiAl₂C和少量Al₂O₃组成. 分别于1 200和1 350 ℃热处理16 h后,Ni/10%Ti₂AlC中的Ni₃Al相和Ni/50%Ti₂AlC中的Ti₃NiAl₂C相消失. 热处理导致TiC_x相的生长,复合材料显微组织得到优化,同时材料保持了高度致密性. 热处理后,两种复合材料的维氏硬度下降,这主要归结于Ni₃Al强化相的消失和碳化物的长大. 随着热处理温度的升高,室温下复合材料的磨损率降低,这主要归结于热处理优化了显微组织,提高了两相结合强度,进而抑制了TiC_x颗粒的脱出,减少了磨粒磨损的发生;800 ℃摩擦条件下,热处理前后,复合材料均表现出较低的摩擦系数和磨损率,这主要归结于高温下磨损表面形成的由TiO₂、NiO和NiTiO₃组成的润滑膜所起到的减摩抗磨作用,此外,热处理使得显微组织更均匀,更有利于磨损表面TiO₂和NiTiO₃润滑相的形成,对摩擦学性能有利.      

碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料在高温高应变率下的压缩力学行为

利用高温电子万能试验机和具有高温同步自组装功能的Hopkinson压杆对二维C/SiC复合材料 进行了应变率为10-4~103s-1,温度为293~1273K下的单轴压缩力学性能测试。实验结果表明:二维C/ SiC复合材料破坏时并未表现出典型的脆性破坏,而是在应力达到压缩强度时出现了显著的应变软化,在经 历了较大的变形后才最终破坏,同时材料还表现出良好的高温承载能力及一定的温度和应变率依赖性。随着 温度的升高,复合材料的压缩强度呈降低的趋势。与准静态下室温压缩时相比,材料在1273K 时的压缩强 度的降低程度不超过30%,但压缩强度对应变率的敏感性随着温度的升高而增大。由于高温下试样氧化,C/ SiC复合材料压缩强度对应变率的敏感性在温度为1073K时显著增大。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-COOLED GRANITE UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE1)

通过对高温加热-遇水快速冷却后的花岗岩试样进行单轴和三轴实验,研究了800°C内高温花岗岩遇水快速冷却后的力学性质随温度和围压的变化规律。实验结果表明：(1)400°C为高温加热-遇水快速冷却对花岗岩力学性质影响的阈值;(2)同一温度条件下,峰值偏应力、峰值应变随围压的增大而增大;弹性模量随围压的增大先增大后减小;(3)单轴实验中,温度低于400°C时,岩样表现为复合破坏,随着温度的升高破坏形式转变为拉破坏;三轴实验中,岩样整体上表现为剪切破坏。     

泡沫镍/聚氨酯双连续复合材料的液滴冲蚀行为研究

利用液滴冲蚀试验装置,开展了泡沫镍/聚氨酯双连续复合材料和纯聚氨酯的液滴冲蚀试验研究,并采用PIV系统,测量了液滴冲蚀中液滴速度和直径. 结果表明:随着冲击能量的增加,复合材料表现出比纯聚氨酯更好的抗液滴冲蚀性能;泡沫镍结构参数对复合材料的液滴冲蚀行为有重要影响,泡沫镍孔径越小、体密度越大,复合材料的抗冲蚀能力越强;密集的金属骨架能有效阻挡高速液滴的破坏作用,并为树脂基体提供较强的阴影保护效应和地毯保护效应,显著提高复合材料的抗冲蚀性能.      

Elastic and Dielectric Properties of Active Ag/BaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> Composites

This study examines the elastic and dielectric properties of active composites consisting of barium titanate (BaTiO₃) and silver (Ag) constituents using experimental and numerical approaches. The elastic constants including Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio were measured by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS), a nondestructive dynamic technique, while a dielectric (impedance) spectroscopy was used to measure the relative permittivity and dielectric loss at different frequencies. The dielectric tests were also conducted at temperature ranges from ?50 to 200 °C where the two phase transformations of barium titanate at around 0 °C and 120 °C were examined. The experimental results in this study were compared to data available in the literature. In addition to the experimental work, a numerical method is also considered in order to study the effects of blending silver into barium titanate on the effective elastic and dielectric properties of the composite and the local field fluctuations. For this purpose, two micromechanics models describing the detailed composite microstructures were constructed. The first model is based on two dimensional (2D) images of realistic microstructures obtained by the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), while the second model is based on randomly generated three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with spherical particles. The effects of loading direction, porosity, particle shape and dispersion were examined using the micromechanics models. Numerical predictions of the effective elastic and dielectric constants were compared to the experiment results.     

铝/硅橡胶复合材料动态压缩行为的研究

通过向开孔泡沫铝中填充硅橡胶而制备了铝 /硅橡胶复合材料 ,在Hopkinson压杆实验装置上对这种材料进行了动态压缩实验 ,分析了其动态压缩应力 应变响应特征 ,并与开孔结构泡沫铝的压缩行为进行了比较。结果表明 :铝 /硅橡胶复合材料的压缩应力 应变响应具有两个阶段的特征 ,即弹性和塑性变形阶段 ;这种复合材料具有较强的应变率效应 ,随应变率的提高 ,其屈服强度和流动应力显著上升。     

MoS2和PTFE改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用玄武三号栓-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了炭纤维织物及辐照PTFE粉和MoS2粉改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,考察了MoS2的添加量及环境温度对改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响,并用配备X射线能量色散谱的扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面和偶件栓表面进行了观察和分析.结果表明:MoS2改性炭纤维织物可以明显改善炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,而PTFE的加入则不利于其摩擦磨损性能的改善;当MoS2质量分数在5%～15%之间时,MoS2可以有效降低炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦系数;当MoS2质量分数为10%时,MoS2改性炭纤维织物复合材料的综合摩擦磨损性能最佳;在不同温度条件下,MoS2改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均低于炭纤维织物材料;当温度达到240 ℃时,炭纤维织物复合材料的磨损率急剧增大,但MoS2改性炭纤维织物复合材料的磨损率比炭纤维织物材料降低近35%.     

温度对Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备出了Cu-12.5Ni-5Sn-石墨自润滑复合材料，通过改变石墨的含量来研究该复合材料的力学性能和在不同摩擦试验温度下的摩擦磨损性能，采用SEM和Raman分析磨损表面，进而讨论复合材料的摩擦、磨损和润滑机制. 结果表明:复合材料的硬度和屈服强度随着石墨含量的增加而逐渐降低；温度对不同石墨含量的复合材料的摩擦磨损性能有显著的影响，在室温下，石墨质量分数为1%和3%的石墨复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率明显小于5%石墨复合材料；在300 ℃下，石墨质量分数为3%时，复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好；在500 ℃下，石墨质量分数为5%的石墨复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好. 在室温下，复合材料具有较好自润滑性的主要原因是形成了几乎光滑连续的石墨润滑膜. 在300和500 ℃下，由金属氧化物和石墨组成的混合物润滑膜是复合材料保持自润滑性的主要原因.      

PAN炭纤维预制体对C/C复合材料滑动摩擦磨损行为的影响

以二维平纹编织叠层炭纤维坯体(2D)、二维无纬布/炭毡混合叠层针刺毡坯体(2DN)、三维正交编织炭纤维坯体(3D)为预制体,采用化学气相渗透结合树脂浸渍炭化技术进行增密,制备了4种C/C复合材料.在室温干态条件下测试4种C/C复合材料与表面镀Cr的40Cr钢配副时的滑动摩擦行为.结果表明:在试验载荷下,采用2D坯体增强的C/C复合材料摩擦系数最高;随载荷增加,其摩擦系数和磨损体积的波动幅度最大,分别为0.17和1.22mm3;采用2DN坯体的2种C/C复合材料摩擦系数较低,在0.13～0.17之间,且随时间延长呈下降趋势;其余2种坯体的C/C复合材料摩擦系数则上升.4种材料摩擦系数的波动幅度均逐渐降低.SEM观察表明:采用2D坯体C/C复合材料在低载荷下的摩擦表面粗糙,充满磨屑,高载荷下能形成了较松散的摩擦膜.而采用2DN、3D坯体的C/C复合材料摩擦表面部分形成了较完整、致密的摩擦膜,部分呈现显著的纤维磨损和摩擦膜大块剥落形貌.     

玻璃纤维增强型复合材料圆筒高温高压动态冲击断口形貌分析

为了探究埋头弹火炮所用的玻璃纤维增强型(GFR)复合材料药筒在高温高压瞬态冲击条件下的结构强度,分别开展了圆筒静态整体拉伸和动态高温高压冲击实验,从拉伸/瞬态超高压破坏试样断口部分截取断口样品,在扫描电子显微镜下观察断口形貌,得到GFR复合材料在两种不同受力情况下的失效模式。结果表明:室温整体单轴拉伸断裂时,GFR复合材料的断面与轴线夹角接近45°, 失效模式为环氧树脂基体破坏和纤维拔出;在高压瞬态冲击作用下,试样主要失效模式为纤维的脆性断裂,同时由于火药燃烧产生的高温燃气使部分环氧树脂基体碳化,纤维与基体界面结合力降低,少数纤维熔融或软化附着在断口上,部分软化的纤维因瞬态超高压被拉细。     

具有正温度系数特性的导电低密度聚乙烯基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用共混法制备了以低湿度聚乙烯为基体的含碳黑的导电复合材料,考察了导电复合材料的摩擦磨损性能及正温度系数特性,同时探讨了导电复合材料的摩擦熔融现象对其摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：当低密度聚乙烯基导电复合材料与GCr15钢配副时,在较高pv值下,摩擦系数呈现周期性降低现象;温度对复合材料的导电性能具有重要影响,而聚四氟乙烯及聚苯酯等辅助导电剂对其PTC特性无影响。     

WC-Ni金属陶瓷高温摩擦学性能的研究

本文考察了WC—Ni金属陶瓷的组成,显微组织和硬度及摩擦学条件等对其高温摩擦学性能的影响,并且发现WC-Ni材料在高温下摩擦时,表面生成了含氧化合物NiWO_4和WO_3,故其摩擦磨损性能比常温下的好。试验结果表明,NiWO_4有高温减摩作用,WO_3有抗磨作用;WC-Ni材料中的Ni含量为40％(wt)时,其在载荷39.2N、速度1m/s、温度600℃下摩擦形成的表面膜比较均匀连续,摩擦系数最低。     

On the effect of temperature gradient on the stability of circular tubes made of hyperelastic entropic material

Rubber-like materials are very applicable in almost all fields of industries, but due to their large deformation characteristic, they can exhibit a variety of instabilities. Accordingly, many researchers have been motivated to investigate the effects of different parameters on the stability of hyperelastic cylindrical tubes under finite deformation, while the effects of temperature gradient have not been considered. In this paper, the effects of temperature variation on the stability and thermo-mechanical behavior of the cylindrical tubes made of the entropic materials such as rubber-like materials and elastomers are investigated via an effective strain energy density function. To this purpose, an Ogden-type strain energy density with only integer powers is applied in order to determine an analytical solution, not involving the integral form, for the stress distribution through the wall thickness of cylindrical tubes at finite deformation thermoelasticity. This problem is examined in two cases including (i) a thick-walled cylindrical tube under internal pressure and uniform variation of temperature and (ii) a thick-walled cylindrical tube under internal pressure and temperature gradient, simultaneously. It was observed that the positive temperature gradients in comparison with environment temperatures improve the stability of the circular tubes made of the entropic materials.     

镍合金基自润滑复合材料的研究

作者根据发动机配气阀座在高温、高压、高速等苛刻条件下使用的技术要求,以摩擦学原理为指导进行配料,利用粉末冶金热压成型工艺制备出含银和石墨的镍合金基自润滑复合材料,并由该材料制作配气阀座实现其自润滑。研究结果表明,所研制的3种镍合金基自润滑复合材料都可顺利通过一个全程430秒的马力试验而毫无开裂,其中镍合金:银:石墨—70:15:15②材料具有机械强度高、摩擦系数低、耐磨性好、组织均匀、性能稳定、重现性好、易机加工和成品率高等优点,可连续运行3个全程以上,与其对摩的TZM合金阀体也可运行3个全程以上,它们的总磨损量均在机加工公差范围内。本文报道的是一项开创性的工作,在高温耐磨自润滑材料的研制方面开辟了一条新的技术途径,具有明显的技术和经济效益。     

High-frequency dielectric properties of BSTO ceramic prepared with hydrothermal synthesized SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 powders

BSTO dielectric ceramic was prepared from SrTi03 and BaTi03 powders synthesized by hydrothermal method, as well as from Bao.sSro.4TiO3 powder synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. The former can be sintered at a relatively low temperature of 1120 ℃. Characterization by SEM showed that the grain shapes of both ceramics are cubical, though the grain size of the former is much smaller. Dielectric constants measured at 20℃ were shown to vary with frequency in the range from I kHz to 2 MHz and dc bias field, and further that the dielectric loss of the former to be less than 2 × 10^- 3 in the frequency range of 20 kHz to 1 MHz, much smaller than that of the latter sample. For the former, temperature dependence of dielectric constant is much flatter and there exists an extended phase transition diffusion covering a wide temperature range of Curie temperature To. The smaller grain size of the former depresses the dc bias electrical field dependence of dielectric constant. The tunability is 7% under a bias field of 0.6 kV/mm dc.     

玻璃纤维增强MC尼龙复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

通过碱催化阴离子聚合反应制备玻璃纤维增强单体浇铸尼龙复合材料(GFMCPA),在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上研究了在干摩擦和水润滑条件下,不同玻璃纤维含量对尼龙复合材料摩擦磨损特性的影响,并借助扫描电子显微镜观察其磨损表面形貌.结果表明:玻璃纤维含量对尼龙复合材料的摩擦性能具有显著影响;玻璃纤维质量分数达到30%后复合材料具有较好的耐磨性;在水润滑条件下,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损量较干摩擦时大幅度降低;玻璃纤维含量低的尼龙复合材料的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;玻璃纤维含量高的尼龙复合材料的粘着磨损减少,磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损.     

碳酸钙纳米颗粒复合超分子凝胶润滑剂的摩擦学性能研究

采用碳酸钙纳米颗粒与全氟聚醚型超分子凝胶复合得到了一种新型的纳米颗粒复合超分子凝胶润滑剂. 超分子凝胶具有错综复杂的网络结构,有效地提高了碳酸钙纳米颗粒在全氟聚醚润滑油中的分散稳定性. 此外,碳酸钙纳米颗粒作为添加剂极大地提高了超分子凝胶的润滑性能,使其表现出较好的耐高温性能,以及较高的承载力. 采用差式扫描量热仪、热重分析仪和流变分析仪对该复合润滑剂的热力学性能进行表征,结果显示该复合润滑剂具有很好的热稳定性以及较好的力学性能. 最后,通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其摩擦机理进行表征,结果表明碳酸钙纳米颗粒复合超分子凝胶润滑剂优异的摩擦学性能可归因于碳酸钙纳米颗粒在摩擦副表面形成了易剪切的薄膜,以及小尺寸的纳米粒子在摩擦过程中对摩擦表面进行的自修复效应.      

A test fixture for mapping thermal conduction in composites under transient and steady-state conditions

A test fixture has been designed that allows the measurement of steady-state and transient temperature profiles in composites or other types of anisotropic or orthotropic materials under pure conduction in a vacuum. The uniqueness of this approach is the ability to study heat source to composite interface techniques by comparison of surface temperature contours and temperature versus time profiles. Localized changes in these conditions can be evaluated and the most successful technique can be adapted to larger parts, i.e., printed wiring boards (PWBs), electronic enclosure thermal walls, etc.