Fatigue damage in centrally notched GR/EP laminates

The fatigue properties of graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep) T300/5208 composite laminates of 16 plies with a central circular hole subjected to tension-tension (T-T) constant-stress amplitudes at room temperature and low humidity have been fully investigated. Studied are four types of notched laminates which are classified as unidirectional, off-axis, orthotropic shear and quasi-isotropic. Some of them were precracked to initiate and guide the crack growth transversely. Our work is experimental and the analysis is based on a semiempirical approach. We have experimentally measured S-N curves, failure surfaces, crack lengths and their corresponding growth directions, delamination areas and transverse delamination lengths for the above series of composites. The fatigue failure mechanism was observed and expressed schematically. To analyze the experimental results, we have categorized the S-N curves by three common equations. The effective transverse crack length of quasi-isotropic laminates was found to be independent of the applied stress. For simplicity, it was modeled by a power law of applied cycles. It was also found that the delamination area could be expressed by a power law of applied cycles. Hence, the so-called modified Paris law, i.e., the power law of cycles, proposed here has been verified as satisfactorily acceptable.     

含孔复合材料层合板静拉伸三维逐渐损伤分析

针对面内静拉伸纤维增强复合材料含中孔层合板，发展了参数化三维逐渐损伤模型. 该模型 可以模拟含中孔层合板损伤起始、发展及最终结构破坏整个过程，并能较好地预测含中孔层 合板的破坏模式和破坏强度. 采用所发展的模型和有限元三维逐渐损伤分析技术即应力分 析、失效判定准则及损伤过程中材料性能退化等，对其他文献所提供的9种不同类型含中孔层合板进行了损伤扩展分析及强度预测，同时对层合板的损伤基本机理、类型及其相互关联作用进行了探讨，计算结果与文献实验结果非常吻合.     

短切碳纤维C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态劈裂拉伸实验

为了探究C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的动态断裂力学行为和破坏形态,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置对3种不同短切碳纤维体积分数的C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料进行了动态劈裂实验,并利用扫描电子显微镜扫描了C/SiC复合材料试件的破坏界面,分析了C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的失效特征和增韧机理。实验结果表明:C/SiC复合材料在冲击劈裂实验过程中,同一短切碳纤维体积分数下试件的动态抗拉强度随着冲击气压的增大而增大; 短切碳纤维体积分数为16.0%时, 材料的抗拉强度最低; 冲击后,试件的整体破坏情况与冲击气压、短切碳纤维体积分数有关。     

等离子喷涂层接触疲劳失效模式及失效机理的研究

研究了等离子喷涂层在不同应力水平下的接触疲劳失效模式与声发射幅值的对应关系,并分析了涂层的接触疲劳失效机理.结果表明:声发射幅值与接触应力的大小无明显的关系,根据疲劳失效时的声发射幅值可以判断涂层接触疲劳失效模式,幅值为87～93 dB时易发生剥落或分层失效,幅值为78～83 dB易发生点蚀失效.涂层表面微凸体与轴承球滚压接触产生黏着磨损以及涂层、磨粒、轴承球三者形成的三体磨料磨损是点蚀失效产生的主要原因.剥落失效主要与涂层表面微观缺陷处裂纹的萌生、扩展以及表面磨损行为有关.层内分层失效是由涂层内部最大剪切应力控制的,而界面分层失效主要是由涂层与基体的低结合强度、热失配以及界面剪切应力造成的.     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料多轴疲劳研究进展

纤维增强树脂基复合材料结构在工程应用中常常承受复杂载荷的作用, 从而使材料处于多轴循环应力条件下. 为了更加合理地进行复合材料结构设计, 必须对复合材料多轴疲劳行为进行深入的研究, 建立比较理想的复合材料疲劳寿命预测模型. 首先简单回顾了复合材料单轴疲劳损伤判据及其寿命预测模型, 然后结合作者的研究结果, 总结了近年来国内外纤维增强树脂基复合材料多轴疲劳理论的研究成果, 对各种失效准则、疲劳寿命预测模型进行了较为深入的分析, 指出了它们各自的特点及其存在的问题, 并对复合材料多轴疲劳理论的研究趋势作出了展望. 最后, 对目前常用的复合材料多轴疲劳实验方法进行了总结, 并指出了各种方法的优缺点及其实验中存在的困难.      

Effects of Environmental Degradation on Flexural Failure Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composites

Fiber-reinforced composite laminates are often used in harsh environments that may affect their long-term durability as well as residual strength. In general, environmental degradation is observed as matrix cracking and erosion that leads to deterioration of matrix-dominated properties. In this work, cross-ply laminates of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy were subjected to environmental degradation using controlled ultraviolet radiation (UV) and moisture condensation and the post-exposure mechanical properties were evaluated through elastic modulus and failure strength measurements. Additionally, both degraded and undegraded were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading to investigate possible synergistic effects between environmental degradation and mechanical fatigue. Experimental results show that the degradation results in reduced failure strength. Greater effects of degradation are observed when the materials are tested under flexural as opposed to uniaxial loading. Based on strength measurements and scanning electron microscopy, we identified various damage modes resulting from exposure to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and cyclic loading. The principal mechanisms that lead to reduction in mechanical properties are the loss of fiber confinement due to matrix erosion, due to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and weakened/cracked ply interfaces due to mechanical fatigue. An empirical relationship was established to quantify the specific influence of different damage mechanisms and to clarify the effects of various degradation conditions.     

纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的D失效判据

经典唯象强度理论适用于正交各向异性线弹性体。对于非线性纤维增强复合材料,通过加卸载试验和损伤力学的分析方法,可以得到一种虚拟的线性化应力-应变关系;依据损伤等效假设,针对线性损伤和非线性损伤,对基于应力的经典二次失效准则进行变换,建立了一种基于损伤的强度理论,即“D失效判据”,这一强度理论可以作为经典判据的补充和扩展。针对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的拉/剪组合试验,进行了实例计算,结果表明：利用D失效判据预测的失效包络线比蔡-希尔准则的预测曲线低,而且,失效曲线的形式与材料的损伤演化规律相关。     

一种FRP累积损伤模型及其在结构疲劳寿命估算中的应用

推荐了一种应变损伤累积模型，能够考虑单向板面内多轴应力和平均应力的影响。只需要单向板在确定应力比下的若干典型疲劳试验结果，就可以预测相同材料体系多向层压结构在不同应力比的循环载荷下的疲劳寿命，有助于降低试验成本和工作量。研究了适用于多向层压结构剩余强度估算和疲劳寿命预测的步骤和程序。针对碳纤维／树脂基T300／QY8911复合材料，试验测定了三组典型单轴循环应力（[0]16拉－拉、[90]16拉－拉和[0/90]4S剪－剪）下的S－N曲线。以此为输入，预测四种多向铺层板在各种拉－拉循环应力下的疲劳寿命，寿命预测结果和相应的试验结果吻合良好。采用了保持计算和试验的载荷／强度比相对等值的方法来近似抵消层合效应对疲劳寿命的影响。强调了进一步发展能够定量估计层间应力影响与分层扩展过程的疲劳损伤模型的重要性。     

A continuum damage model for delaminations in laminated composites

Delamination, a typical mode of interfacial damage in laminated composites, has been considered in the context of continuum damage mechanics in this paper. Interfaces where delaminations could occur are introduced between the constituent layers. A simple but appropriate continuum damage representation is proposed. A single scalar damage parameter is employed and the degradation of the interface stiffness is established. Use has been made of the concept of a damage surface to derive the damage evolution law. The damage surface is constructed so that it combines the conventional stress-based and fracture-mechanics-based failure criteria which take account of mode interaction in mixed-mode delamination problems. The damage surface shrinks as damage develops and leads to a softening interfacial constitutive law. By adjusting the shrinkage rate of the damage surface, various interfacial constitutive laws found in the literature can be reproduced. An incremental interfacial constitutive law is also derived for use in damage analysis of laminated composites, which is a non-linear problem in nature. Numerical predictions for problems involving a DCB specimen under pure mode I delamination and mixed-mode delamination in a split beam are in good agreement with available experimental data or analytical solutions. The model has also been applied to the prediction of the failure strength of overlap ply-blocking specimens. The results have been compared with available experimental and alternative theoretical ones and discussed fully.     

Uniaxial ratcheting and fatigue failure of tempered 42CrMo steel: Damage evolution and damage-coupled visco-plastic constitutive model

Uniaxial ratcheting and fatigue failure of tempered 42CrMo steel were observed by the tests under the uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic loading with non-zero mean stress [G.Z. Kang, Y.J. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 472 (2008) 258–268]. Based on the obtained experimental results, the evolution features of whole-life ratcheting behavior and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) damage of the material were discussed first. Then, in the framework of unified visco-plasticity and continuum damage mechanics, a damage-coupled visco-plastic cyclic constitutive model was proposed to simulate the whole-life ratcheting and predict the fatigue failure life of the material presented in the uniaxial stress cycling with non-zero mean stress. In the proposed model, the damage was divided into two parts, i.e., elastic damage and plastic damage, which were described by the evolution equations with the same form but different constants, since the maximum applied stresses in most of loading cases were lower than the nominal yielding strength of the material. The ratcheting of the material was still described by employing a nonlinear kinematic hardening rule based on the Abdel-Karim–Ohno combined kinematic hardening model [M. Abdel Karim, N. Ohno, Int. J. Plast. 16 (2000) 225–240] but extended by considering the effect of damage. The maximum strain criterion combined with an elastic damage threshold was employed to determine the failure life of the material caused by two different failure modes, i.e., fatigue failure (caused by low-cycle fatigue due to plastic shakedown) and ductile failure (caused by large ratcheting strain). The simulated whole-life ratcheting behavior and predicted failure life of tempered 42CrMo steel are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Investigation of the Effects of Environmental Fatigue on the Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composite Constituents Using Nanoindentation

Background

Fatigue failure criteria for fibre reinforced polymer composites used in the design of marine structures are based on the micromechanical behaviour (e.g. stiffness properties) of their constituents. In the literature, there is a lack of information regarding the stiffness degradation of fibres, polymer matrix and fibre/matrix interface regions affected by environmental fatigue.

Objective

The aim of present study is to characterize the stiffness properties of composite constituents using the nanoindentation technique when fatigue failure of composites is due to the combined effect of sea water exposure and cyclic mechanical loads.

Methods

In the present study, the nanoindentation technique was used to characterize the stiffness properties of composite constituents where the effects of neighbouring phases, material pile up and viscoplasticity properties of the polymer matrix are corrected by finite element simulation.

Results

The use of finite element simulation in conjunction with nanoindentation test data, results in more accurate estimation of projected indented area which is required for measuring the properties of composite constituents. In addition, finite element simulation provides a greater understanding of the stress transfer between composite constituents during the nanoindentation process.

Conclusions

Results of nanoindentation testing on the composite microstructure of environmentally fatigue failed composite test coupons establish a strong link to the stiffness degradation of the fiber/matrix interface regions, verifying the degradation of composite constituents identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis.

     

On short-beam shear tests for composite materials

Interlaminar beam tests in the form of three-point and four-point flexure are examined both experimentally and analytically. Experimental data are obtained on unidirectional composites. Photomicrographs of actual failure modes and results of a stress analysis based on classical theory of elasticity are utilized to supplement the experimental data. Complex failure modes in the presence of extremely high combined stress gradients are observed and cast serious doubts on the usefulness of interlaminar-beam experiments for characterizing the delamination resistance of composite materials. Further difficulties are encountered with ductile-matrix-resin composites.Paper was presented at V International Congress on Experimental Mechanics held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on June 10–15, 1984.     

液晶微纤原位增强PTFE复合材料抗磨性能与磨损机理

将热致型液晶与ＰＴＦＥ混合,用模压烧结法制备出新型原位复合材料,摩擦磨损试验结果表明该复合材料具有优良的抗磨性能,研究表明：液晶在ＰＴＦＥ中以微纤形态存在,能很好地起到承载作用,并有利于偶件表面薄而瓣转移膜的形成,从而改善复合材料的摩擦学性能并减轻偶件表面的损伤,液晶含量较低时,复合材料的磨损机理主要为擦伤与粘着,液晶含量较高时,其磨损机理主要为疲劳剥落。     

角铺设复合材料层合板内部脱层破坏的研究

在面内剪切外载作用下，角铺设复合材料层板板最终的宏观破坏模式是脱层，然而从细观角度来看，宏观的脱层破坏可以对应不同的细观损伤过程，以破坏面的形貌为例，有些破坏面的形貌为例，有些破坏面主要由裸露的纤维和纤维迹组成，而有些破坏面则主要由矩齿形基体材料组成。不同的过程对应着不同的力学性能、诸如脱层强度、韧性等、本文从细观角度研究了脱层破坏过程，并就铺设角、界面强度、基体开裂强度对该过程的影响进行了讨论。     

疲劳损伤临界值分析

通过对疲劳过程和疲劳失效的临界状态的分析，提出疲劳失效判据应与损伤程度和应力水平两个因素有关，并在试验的基础上建立了一个剩余强度退化的对数模型。根据疲劳过程中材料强度退化的事实及其规律。分析了损伤临界值与循环应力水平之间的关系，给出了一般应力水平下疲劳损伤临界值的范围，对于随机疲劳问题，给出了损伤临界值的分布规律。     

A stochastic theory of cumulative fatigue damage

A stochastic theory for the cumulative fatigue damage of structural components with random fatigue strength under random loading is proposed on the basis of Stratonovich-Khasminskii theorem. The analytical solutions for the probability densities of the cumulative fatigue damage and fatigue life and for the reliability function are given for steel and reinforced concrete components with constant fatigue strength subject to a narrow band stationary Gaussian stress process with zero mean. The results agree very well with those of digital simulation. It is noted that the theory can be applied, in principle, to both metallic and non-metallic materials, narrow band and wide band stress process, and adapted to a sequence ofn, stationary stress processes or quasi-stationary stress process. The scatter and degradation of fatigue strength and the inspection maintenance can also be incorporated into the theory.     

An energetic approach to predict fatigue crack initiation life of LY12CZ aluminum and 16 Mn steel

The local strain range is considered to be the main factor controlling the fatigue damage process. An energetic approach is applied to correlate the elastic-plastic stress and strain near a notch with the remotely applied stress. Fatigue crack initiation lives of LYI2CZ aluminum and 16 Mn steel are predicted from a knowledge of the uniaxial data involving parameters such as the elastic modulus, strain hardening strength and strain hardening exponent. These quantities are contained and identified with the fatigue strength coefficient C^* which together with the equivalent stress range provide an estimate for the fatigue life of metals. The results agree well with the test data available in the open literature.     

Accelerated aging of unidirectional hybrid composites under the long-term elevated temperature and moisture concentration

Despite their high performances, composites with polymer matrix are very sensible to the increase in temperature and moisture concentration. During long years of services, both phenomena cause a critical transient hygrothermal transverse stresses, particularly at first-ply; i.e. at two edges of the composite plates. Therefore, significant degradation of hygrothermal characteristics and ultimate strengths of materials are occurred. To get an explicit relation between the durability and the damage probability of the composite, quadratic failure criterion in stress space is used. This criterion enables us to find a direct relation between transient hygrothermal stresses produced by the increase in temperature and moisture concentration and the ultimate strengths. It is necessary to calculate the strength ratio R from initial to saturation time for each condition imposed of temperature and moisture concentration. The strength ratio gives a point of view on the damage probability of the composite plates, where the rupture occurs if R = 1. In order to limit the consequences of simultaneous effects of temperature and moisture concentration, unidirectional hybrid composites in graphite epoxy was proposed. To reach this aim, hygrothermal transverse stresses are calculated through the thickness of unidirectional hybrid plate. Finally, the strength ratio was evaluated along of the plate with a gradual increase in temperature and moisture concentration.     

碳纳米管/碳纤维增强复合材料层合板低速冲击响应和破坏的数值模拟

碳纳米管/碳纤维增强复合材料（carbon nanotube/carbon fibre reinforced plastic,CNT/CFRP）是一种多尺度复合材料,比传统CFRP有更好的综合性能和更广阔的应用前景。对CNT/CFRP在低速冲击下的响应和破坏进行了数值模拟研究。首先,基于先前的研究通过引入基体增韧因子、残余强度因子并改进损伤耦合方程,建立了新的FRP动态渐进损伤模型;然后,利用新建立的本构模型并结合黏结层损伤模型,对4种碳纳米管含量的增韧碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板在5个能量下的冲击实验进行了数值模拟;最后,将模拟结果与文献中的相关实验结果进行了比较,并讨论了冲击速度的影响。结果表明:新建立的FRP本构模型能够预测CNT/CFRP层合板在低速冲击载荷作用下的响应、破坏过程和分层形貌,模拟得到的载荷-位移曲线和破坏形貌与实验吻合较好;冲击速度会影响CNT/CFRP层合板拉伸和压缩破坏的比例,相同的冲击能量下,更大的冲击速度会造成更多的拉伸破坏。