基于位移和应力灵敏度的结构拓扑优化设计

针对仅有应力约束以及含位移和应力约束的重量最小结构拓扑优化问题,基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法和渐进结构优化方法的思路,提出了一种结构拓扑优化方法. 在优化迭代循环的每一轮子循环迭代求解开始时,通过形成和引进新的位移和应力约束限, 自动构建设计变量移动限.将结构应力约束归并为几个最可能的有效应力约束,大大减少了应力灵敏度的分析量. 另外,建立了单元删除阈值和几轮迭代循环的单元删除策略. 为了确保优化迭代中结构非奇异和方法具有增添单元的功能,在结构孔洞和边界周围引入了一层人工材料单元,构建了其等效的优化模型. 结合位移和应力灵敏度分析,形成了一种新的连续体结构的拓扑优化方法. 给出的算例验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.      

连续体结构考虑离散性目标的ICM方法

为了使求解位移和应力约束下重量最轻的连续体结构拓扑优化问题的ICM(独立连续映射)方法得到更清晰的拓扑形式,引入拓扑变量离散性条件作为目标之一,与原目标组成多目标规划模型,使拓扑变量向0或1两端靠近,减小了删除率对结果的影响;用图形处理方法消除了棋盘格现象及网格依赖性;通过初选准有效约束及选择设计区域等,提高了求解效率。算例表明:改进后的算法虽然迭代次数比原算法略多,但更稳键,更实用。     

结构拓扑优化ICM方法的改善

对结构拓扑优化的ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法进行了深入探讨，通 过选取不同的过滤函数可以不进行每步删除而得到清晰的拓扑图形. 以位移约束为例阐述了 ICM方法建模及求解过程. 对位移约束、频率约束、位移及频率约束、简谐载荷激励下动位 移幅值约束等拓扑优化进行了研究，计算算例表明ICM方法在处理静力问题及动力问题的拓 扑优化都是可行的. 程序算法都在MSC.Nastran及MSC.Patran的二次开发环境下实现，与 原软件有机结合在一起.     

连续体结构拓扑优化的节点独立连续映射法

提出基于节点拓扑变量的独立连续映射连续体结构拓扑优化方法,将常规ICM中基于单元拓扑变量描述改进为基于节点拓扑变量描述,通过单元形函数插值保证了拓扑变量场的连续性.引入拓扑变量和设计变量倒数关系,根据复合函数链式求导法则,推导了各类结构响应量的敏度分析公式.以位移约束问题为例,遵循ICM法建模方式建立了连续体结构拓扑优化模型.基于数字图像处理过滤技术,提出两种改进的过滤方式以消除数值不稳定性现象.最后通过二维拓扑优化数值算例证明方法和模型的可行性和有效性.     

连续体结构拓扑优化的高精度逼近ICM方法

采用指数类函数为快滤函数的高精度逼近ICM (independent continuous and mapping)方法, 建立了以结构重量为目 标, 应力和位移共同约束下的连续体结构拓扑优化模型. 利用结构畸变比能的方法全局化应 力约束, 单位虚载荷法显式化位移约束, 归一化约束以解决约束限数量级不一致的问题. 针 对不同性态的过滤函数, 给出了指数类快滤函数参数的取值方法. 单工况和多工况的算例表 明了高精度逼近的ICM方法处理多种约束下连续体结构拓扑优化的可行性与有效性.     

基于变位移约束的结构材料优化设计

针对质量最小化、位移为约束条件的结构材料优化问题,提出了一种变位移约束的结构材料拓扑优化方法。采用分式有理式识别结构材料单元特性参数,以细观单元拓扑变量倒数为设计变量,结合均匀化方法求出宏观结构单元的等效刚度矩阵以及其对细观单元设计变量的导数,进而得到位移的一阶近似展开式。结合变约束限的思想,得到了以结构质量作为目标函数、位移作为约束条件的连续体细观结构拓扑优化近似模型;并采用对偶方法进行求解。对几种典型结构,进行了考虑单个和多个位移约束的结构材料优化设计,所得结果验证了本文方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于ICM方法的刚架拓扑优化

将ICM(独立、连续、映射)优化方法应用于刚架结构，建立了以重量为目标函数、考虑多工况下应力和位移约束的刚架结构拓扑优化模型。借助于磨光函数和过滤函数，实现了离散变量和连续变量之间的相互转换。考虑多工况应力拓扑解之间、应力和位移约束下拓扑解之间的协调，得到了合理的结果。文中给出的刚架结构拓扑优化算例表明，刚架结构的拓扑结构不同于桁架或连续体。     

基于ICM方法的多工况位移约束下板壳结构拓扑优化设计

基于ICM方法,建立了多种载荷工况下受位移约束极小化结构重量的拓扑优化近似显式模型,采用精确对偶映射下的序列二次规划算法进行求解,得到了结构的最优拓扑.数值算例表明:ICM方法也可以很好地应用于多工况下板壳结构拓扑优化设计,且收敛快,稳定性好;边界条件和位移约束值都会影响结构的最优拓扑;多工况最优传力路径不是各个单工况最优传力路径的简单叠加.     

应力约束全局化策略下的连续体结构拓扑优化

利用Mises强度理论，提出了应力约束全局化策略，将局 部的应力约束问题转化为结构整体的应变能约束问题. 基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法， 引入了独立、连续的拓扑变量，对单元重量、单元刚度和单元许用应力的过滤函数进行了选 择，建立了以重量为目标，以结构应变能代替应力约束的多工况下连续体结构拓扑优化模型， 寻找到了多工况下的最佳传力路径. 运用对偶二次规划方法对上述优化模型进行了求解. 另 外，利用PCL语言，在MSC/PATRAN的开发平台上，实现了应用应力约束全局化策略进行连 续体结构拓扑优化的模块化处理. 数值算例表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

频率约束板结构拓扑优化

本文利用ICM（独立、连续、映射）方法建立了频率约束下平板结构重量最轻的拓扑优化模型。采用指数函数作为单元重量、单元质量及单元刚度的过滤函数。通过瑞利商对刚度过滤函数倒变量的泰勒一阶展式,将频率约束近似显式化。利用对偶理论将含有大量设计变量的约束优化模型转化为易于求解的少设计变量拟无约束优化模型,通过序列二次规划将转化模型进行求解,提高了求解的效率。本文选择MSC.Patran&Nastran软件及PCL二次开发语言构架了平板结构频率约束拓扑优化问题的软件。数值算例表明：本文的方法具有迭代稳定性和收敛高效性。     

Experimental buckling of GRP cylindrical shells

During the setup of an experiment, errors may occur. Sources of such errors may be due to several factors which sometimes accumulate and then cause erroneous results. An experimental investigation on buckling of GRP (glass-reinforced-plastic) cylindrical shells, subject to axial compression and/or external pressure loading, has been carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, the initial geometrical imperfections were measured. Because of the small size of these quantities and the great effect these imperfections had on buckling loads, any small errors in the measurement procedure may lead to unreasonable results. Attempts have been made to detect these errors, and to identify and minimize their effect on experimental results. Tables are provided to show a comparison between the final experimental results and the corresponding theoretical ones.     

Topology optimization design of continuum structures under stress and displacement constraints

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基于ICM方法三维连续体结构拓扑优化

基于ICM方法,建立了在应力和位移约束下以重量为目标的多工况下的三维连续体结构拓扑优化模型.利用von Mises强度理论,提出了应力全局化的方法,从而将局部的应力约束转化为全局的应变能约束问题,减少了约束数目,避免了敏度分析的困难;利用单位虚载荷法,将位移约束表示为设计变量的显式关系.为减小由于不同物理量在数量级上相差太大引起数值计算的误差,将应变能约束和位移约束进行无量纲化,由此建立了包含两类约束的无量纲化的优化模型.同时处理了多工况下的最佳传力路径的问题.利用对偶规划理论对模型进行了求解.另外,利用PCL语言在MSC/Patran的开发平台上实现了该文算法.数值算例表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

Statistical aspects of the identification of material parameters for elasto-plastic models

Summary The presented method to identify material parameters for inelastic deformation laws is based on the numerical analysis of inhomogeneous stress and strain fields received from suitable experiments. Tensile and bending tests were carried out to obtain elastic and hardening parameters. The deformation law for small elasto-plastic strains is presented as a system of nonlinear differential and algebraic equations (DAE) consisting of the stress–strain relation, evolution equations for the internal variables and the yield condition. Different rules for the evolution equations of isotropic, kinematic and distorsional hardening are proposed. The DAE are discretized using an implicit Euler method, and the resulting system of nonlinear algebraic equations is solved using the Newton method. Deterministic optimization procedures are preferred to identify material parameters from a least-squares functional of numerical and measured comparative quantities. The gradient of the objective function was calculated using a semianalytical sensitivity analysis. Due to measurement errors, the optimal sets of material parameters are non unique. The approximate estimation of confidence regions and the calculation of correlation coefficients is presented. The results of several optimization processes for material parameters of elasto-plastic deformation laws show a good agreement between measured and calculated values, but they show also problems which may occur if systematic errors will not be recognized and deleted. Received 30 September 1999; accepted for publication 8 March 2000     

Unconstrained and Cauchy-Born-constrained atomistic systems: deformational and configurational mechanics

In this contribution, the deformational and configurational mechanics of (elastic) discrete atomistic systems in relation to their continuum counterparts are considered for the quasi-static case. Thereby, we firstly investigate the basic unconstrained case in the sense of lattice statics as a reference. Based on these results, we consider two Cauchy-Born-type constraints that (locally) describe the change of the position of atoms (between the material and the spatial configuration) in terms of either a linear or a quadratic map, respectively. Insertion of these kinematic constraints into the variation of the total potential energy of the unconstrained case renders eventually Cauchy-Born-type definitions for atomistic stresses and hyperstresses, for both deformational and configurational cases. In the continuum limit, these are the relevant continuum stresses and hyperstresses contributing to the local force balances of first- (classical) and second-order (non-classical) gradient continua (here first- and second-order gradient refers to the highest gradient of the deformation map characterizing the kinematics). It is emphasized that the atomistic and the Cauchy-Born-type configurational quantities represent novel and unexpected contributions. Among other things, they may be useful in assessing the singular or non-singular character of deformation fields at crack tips and comparing numerical estimates resulting from atomistic simulations with analytical predictions resulting from solutions of related boundary value problems for gradient continua.     

Numerical performance of two formulations of truss topology optimization

The present paper studies topology optimization of truss structures in multiple loading cases and with stress constraints. It is pointed out in the paper that the special difficulty of adding bars and/or deleting bars from structure in the numerical algorithm of truss topology optimization is caused by the discontinuity of stress functions at the zero cross sectional area in the conventional formulation. In a new formulation, we replace the stress constraints by new constraints. The new constraints retain the same feasibility of the stress constraints, but are continuous in the closed interval up to zero cross sectional area. The new formulation enables us to solve topology optimization problem in the frame of the existing FEM software and mathematical programming techniques. Powell constrained variable metric method is applied to a number of examples of truss topology optimization. Numerical performances of the two formulations are compared. It is shown that in the conventional formulation the iteration of numerical algorithm may be blocked by discontinuity of the stress constraint and often stops at a nonoptimum solution. And in the new formulation the bar adding and bar deleting is done rationally and a local optimum, even the global optimum can be obtained by iteration. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

采用自动分组遗传算法的频率约束下桁架拓扑优化

研究了带有频率约束的桁架结构拓扑优化问题.首先比较了同为铰结情况下采用两种不同单元-杆单元和梁单元模拟对频率计算结果的影响,发现杆模型会丢失杆件弯曲振动模态,得到的最大自振频率设计往往含有很细截面的杆件,而实际上具有很低的频率.为克服这一困难,并考虑到实际工程结构的结点具有一定的刚性,建议此类优化问题可以采用刚架模型进...     

Evaluating large eddy simulation results based on error analysis

The quantification of the prediction accuracy in large eddy simulations (LES) is very challenging due to various interacting errors associated with this approach. When dealing with errors in LES using implicit filtering, numerical and modeling errors have drawn the interest of many researchers. Little attention has been paid to other sources of discrepancies between LES results and reference data, namely sampling errors, influence of the initial conditions, improper boundary conditions or uncertainties issuing from reference data. A framework of metrics that includes all these issues is addressed in the present paper to study subgrid-scale (SGS) models for LES and to quantify their prediction accuracy and computational costs. The method is applied to a simple wall-bounded turbulent flow at moderate Reynolds number. It turns out from the results obtained with six commonly used SGS models that wall-adapting models (WALE and SIGMA) and localized dynamic models reproduce the physics of the flow field more faithfully, reveal a superior prediction accuracy and have a similar computational cost than models using van Driest wall damping. Especially at the viscous wall region (\(r^+<50\)), wall-adapting and localized dynamic models are more accurate, reflecting the proper near wall behavior of such models. Relying on the analysis of sources of various errors, uncertainties in LES are estimated and systematically assessed, and their influence on simulation results is quantified. Finally, engineering estimations of the required averaging time to obtain basic estimates of statistical quantities with a predetermined degree of accuracy are suggested.     

Characterization of hole-diameter in thin metallic plates perforated by spherical projectiles using genetic algorithms

The empirical and semi-empirical models available in literature for the estimation of hole-diameter in thin metallic plates by the strike of spherical projectile are mostly valid for the data for which these have been developed. This may be partly attributed to the form of the model employed for their development. The behavioural constraints and the limiting conditions are not satisfied by these models. In the present paper, some of the non-dimensional models have been developed that satisfy the behavioural constraints and limiting conditions. The data used in the development of earlier statistical models has been reanalyzed for the development of new models for the characterization of hole-diameter with a view towards seeing whether better characterization is possible. The genetic algorithm coupled with the penalty function method has been used for the constrained optimization of model parameters that result in low errors and high correlation coefficients.