散斑全息干涉法测量面内位移和应变

测量面内位移和应变有很多方法,诸如莫尔条纹法、全息干涉法、激光散斑干涉法等属于近代光学方法。其中莫尔条纹法需要在试件表面布上极细的网格,这在工艺上较难;而全息干涉法又需沿不同方向进行全息照相,要求较高,数据处理的程序也较繁复.最近国外采用激光散斑干涉来测量面内位移和应变,发展很快。激光散斑干涉法亦有多种。成象散斑干涉是记录被相干光照明的物体经透镜成像后所形成的具有斑点图信息的物体象,照明光可用单光束或多光束:光栏也可以是单孔或多孔。我们曾采用单光束和单孔成象的散斑干涉法对游标盘的转动进行了定标试验。另一种散斑干涉法是直接将感光片和被测物表面贴近,并牢靠地固定其相对位置.再用一束准直激光直接从感光片背面射入。由于照明光与物体表面的漫反射光是从接近180°的方向射到感光层,因而感光片记录的信息中不仅有斑点图信息,而且还包含有能实现白光再现的全息图信息,我们暂且称其为散斑全息干涉法.本文主要介绍散斑全息干涉的物理原理和它的实验方法,并利用杨氏干涉法对游标盘转动后的位移量定标和对单向拉伸的矩形板中的圆孔应力集中系数进行了定标,取得了实验结果。此外,还指出了散斑干涉法的缺点和局限性。     

用边界元法由位移场计算应变

用云纹法、散斑法等实验方获法得平面问题位移场,即 u,v 条纹图后,求应变(或应力)的方法有数值微分法、光学微分法和有限元法等。本文提出用边界法从条纹图计算应变。本法具有输入数据少、计算精度高、计算区域可灵活选择而不受边界影响、不需要确定绝对条纹级数等优点.     

双频自动网格法研究

传统的自动网格法常采用均匀布点法，这对应变集中区域的变形测量极为不利。节点过多，检测精度会下降，节点少了，会降低应变集中区域的空间分辨率。本文提出了双频自动网格法，在应变集中区域增加节点。文中研究了双频网格点的制作技术及对双频网格图的自动处理与分析。并应用双频自动网格法测量了中心带孔铝试件在拉伸加载过程中的孔边位移场。     

单光束楔形镜云纹干涉法

本文利用单光束楔形镜云纹干涉法代替传统的双光束云纹干涉法进行位移场和应变场的测量.单光束云纹干涉法具有光路简单,不受环境干扰等特点.本文将云纹干涉法的波前理论与近代光学信息技术有机地结合起来,对单光束干涉系统进行了分析,得到了记录的光强和再现的位移应变公式.利用该系统,得到了三点弯矩形梁的全场位移条纹图和应变条纹图.     

重分析边界处理与广义主从控制关系

本文讨论了在结构重分析中局部网格细分时，修改区域与未修改区域交界处的位移连续性问题，文中提出了广义主从控制的概念，把边界上的新增节点作为从节点，同时受多点控制，保证了结构的连续性，并对有限元结构中的常见单元给出了边界的位移控制关系，而且此关系已应用于ＤＤＪ程序系统，实现了算法及程序设计。     

剪切散斑和错位莫尔

在实验应力分析中,许多光测方法,例如激光全息法,激光散斑法和莫尔法等,得到的是代表物体表面位移信息的干涉条纹图.在分析中需要对位移微分才能得到应变.在位移微分的工作中,近几年来,一些学者做了不少工作,力求减少误差,期望得到满意的结果.但避免不了地要产生误差,影响分析的精度.因此由实验直接得到全场应变分布是人们关心的课...     

重分析边界处理与广义主从控制关系

本文讨论了在结构重分析中局部网格细分时，修改区域与未修改区域交界处的位移连续性问题．文中提出了广义主从控制的概念，把边界上的新增节点作为从节点，同时受多点控制，保证了结构的连续性，并对有限元结构中的常见单元给出了边界的位移控制关系，而且此关系已应用于DDJ程序系统，实现了算法及程序设计．     

激光全息干涉法测三维位移的误差分析

激光全息干涉法测三维位移,通常采用多张全息图法和单张全息图法。本文推导了这两种方法的测量误差计算公式。并应用这些公式对全息条纹三维读数仪作了较为详尽的误差分析。     

全息干涉条纹图的计算机自动处理与识别

本文应用数字图象处理与识别技术在IBM-PC/AT微处理计算机图象处理系统上对复杂的全息干涉条纹图进行了自动分析,文中采用二维灰度值检测的方法获取条纹的准峰或谷值二值图形,然后通过细化得到条纹中心,提出了用记忆跟踪算法自动去除毛刺和噪声线段.在用光标进行人机对话标定零级条纹后,可自动识别出其它整数条纹级数.分数级条纹级数可在整数级条纹数据之间进行线性或非线性插值得到.最后给出了全息条纹图分析的实例.     

基于应变的长输管道变形计算方法研究

论文提出了基于应变分析的管道变形计算方法.将管道看作梁,考虑轴线伸长的情况,根据梁大变形问题的几何方程建立应变与位移的关系,利用同一截面的不同位置及同一母线上不同位置的应变值,采用数值计算的方法通过应变与位移的关系式求解得到梁的变形量.     

从流场干涉图定量计算冲击波传播速度和压力

研究了含冲击波流场干涉图的图像处理方法。首先利用快速条纹细化算法细化干涉条纹,并利用条纹追踪算法提取冲击波波阵面,然后根据配准算法把序列冲击波波阵面配准在同一幅画面上。根据上述算法,在PC-VISION100图像处理机上开发了应用软件。实验结果表明,该方法不但可用于从流场干涉图中提取冲击波波阵面,更重要的是可用于从含冲击波流场干涉图中定量计算冲击波的传播速度和压力分布。     

Carrier fringe method of moiré interferometry for tiny strain measurements in micro-field

In this paper, we demonstrate a new optical method for tiny strain measurements based on the principle of carrier fringes of moire interferometry. A cross-line grating with frequency of 1200 lp/mm is replicated on the specimen surface, and the strain can be deduced from the changes in carrier fringes before and after the deformation of an object. Four coherent laser beams are used to obtain the carrier fringe patterns of field U and V. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation indicate that the ideal accuracy of strain can be controlled within a range of ±1με. Case study of a plane extension experiment shows that the measurement accuracy of strain can be controlled within the range of ±10με. The average strain values of every row of field U and every column of field V can be obtained by using this method, and approximated strain of every pixel in the whole-field can be further acquired, and thus it is possible to measure tiny strains occurred in a micro-field. The technology in this paper can provide comprehensive information for analyzing related mechanical content in the field of MEMS.     

The moiré grid-analyzer method for strain analysis

The complete state of strain throughout an extended field can be determined from a single photograph by the moiré grid-analyzer method. Grids are used for the active, or specimen screen, and for the rigid analyzer screen. Hence, two families of moiré fringes appear simultaneously, providing displacements inx andy directions throughout the field. Interweaving of moiré fringes so as to disguise the identity of each family is prevented by use of an initial pattern. The initial pattern also eliminates uncertainties in assignment of moiré fringe orders throughout the field, and it provides numerous data points in any local region for reliable evaluation of fringe gradients. A rigorous derivation is presented for interpretation of such patterns in terms of strains. Errors in computed shear strains caused by analyzer misalignment are automatically canceled. The effects of rigid-body rotation of elements within the specimen are routinely eliminated in strain computations. Since calculated strains are independent of analyzer orientation, no fine control of analyzer alignment is required, and small shifts of analyzer position during the experiment are permissible. Accordingly, the moiré grid-analyzer method not only makes possible analysis of problems that previously could not be approached, but also offers vast simplifications for all extended-field moiré analyses.     

Full-field speckle pattern image correlation with B-Spline deformation function

A full-field speckle pattern image correlation method is presented that will determine directly the complete, two-dimensional deformation field during the image correlation process on digital images obtained using computer vision systems. In this work, a B-Spline function is used to represent the object deformation field throughout the entire image area. This is an improvement over subset-based image correlation methods by implicitly maintaining position and derivative continuity constraints among subsets up to a specified order. The control point variables within the B-Spline deformation function are optimized iteratively with the Levenberg-Marquardt method to achieve minimum disparity between the predicted and actual deformed images. Results have shown that the proposed method is computationally efficient, accurate and robust. The general framework of this method can be applied ton-dimensional image correlation systems that solve for multi-dimension vector fields.     

The micro-connection of the second-order moiré fringes and its order determination,and the determination of the boundary strains

The micro-connection method for determining the centre lines of second-order moiré fringes presented in this paper can enhance the accuracy in measuring strain fields, and generally can determine the absolute order of the second-order moiré fringes. The strain data obtained from curved beam experiment are in good accordance with theory. The relationship between the second-order moiré fringe and the strains at the specific points of the specimen is derived. Hence a reciprocate shift method is presented for determining strain distributions in the non-overlapping region of the shifted moiré patterns, (usually in the region of specimen where no second-order moiré fringes occur is the boundary region).     

Image analysis of oil film interferometry — a method of measuring wall shear stress distributions

A method is described of measuring a wall shear stress distribution that varies in the direction of the flow. Variations in the height of a very thin oil film moving under the boundary layer generate interference fringes, which are recorded and digitised using image processing equipment.The evolution of the film surface in space and time can be reconstructed from the interference fringe patterns and used to calculate the shear stress field. This reconstruction is achieved by comparing the picture data with images that were calculated for prescribed heights that are adjusted iteratively, until the calculated intensities match the data.The method is applied to a flow approaching a step, and the results are compared with pulsed-wire measurements.     

2D PHASE SHIFTING AND LOGICAL MOIRE USED IN FRINGES ANALYSIS

Phase Shifting And Logical Moire (PSALM) is a kind of computer imageprocessing method which can be used in phase measurement and to obtain the shape,deformation and strain distribution of an object.This paper presents the structure andworking procedure of a 2D phase measurement PSALM2D program and its application.When analyzing moire interferometric fringes,we can obtain 2D distribution ofdisplacement and strain.When it is used in reflection moire we can measure the slopeof a specimen.Satisfactory visualization and quantitative results are given byPSALM2D.     

Coupling between experimental measurements and polycrystal finite element calculations for micromechanical study of metallic materials

This paper presents a methodology for multiscale coupling between the morphology and texture of a microstructure as has been characterised experimentally, and the results of mechanical strain field analysis. This methodology is based on a coupling between experimental characterisation of the microstructure, in situ and/or ex situ mechanical tests, local strain field measurements performed at the grain scale, and finite element simulations. First, with orientation imaging microscopy, a map of the microstructure is generated that can be meshed. Then, finite element calculations are carried out on this mesh, using a constitutive law which takes into account the crystallographic orientation of each grain, as has been determined by the orientation imaging itself. These numerical results are then compared to the experimental strain field as obtained by digital image correlation at the scale of the grains.     

Interferometric-fiber-optic strain sensor

An interferometric-fiber-optic sensor and an efficient fringe-detection scheme are described. The fiberoptic interferometer consists of two fibers; they are labeled the reference fiber and the sensing fiber. The reference fiber is arranged in a circular pattern, whereas the sensing fiber is arranged in an ‘S’ pattern. These fibers are exposed to the same strain field and each experiences a strain-induced phase shift. A difference in the phase shift between the two fibers indicates a change in strain. The strain-induced phase difference causes the interferometrically produced fringes to shift spatially. Analysis shows that the number of fringes passing an arbitrary point on a screen (the detection point) is linearly related to the strain in the fiber. In this analysis, the strain sensor is assumed to be perfectly bonded so that the fibers experience the same strain field as the specimen. It is further assumed that the sensor covers a sufficiently small area so that the strain can be considered constant over the entire strain sensor. Also, the phase change produced by transverse strain components (with respect to the fiber) induced by the specimen is assumed negligible compared to the phase changes attributable to the axial strain components. A cantilever beam was used as a specimen. Experimentally determined strains correlated well with the strains predicted by beam theory. The fringe-detection scheme described is a high-speed fringe counter. The speed of this counter is necessary to detect vibrational phase noise which is invisible to the human eye. Two photodiodes detect the fringes, and a logic circuit counts the fringe shifts, both strain and noise induced. Since noise is random in nature, it can be averaged out. This fringe detector exhibits good sensitivity and is the key to moving the sensor from the laboratory to the field.     

A fringe-compensation technique for stress analysis by reflection holographic interferometry

The use of holographic interferometry for stress analysis of nontransparent objects is limited by rigid-body displacements of the object. These displacements can alter the fringe patterns and often cause the fringes to disappear completely. A technique of compensation for this deterioration of the fringe pattern forreal-time holographic interferometry is described in this paper. It is especially designed to permit the accurate measurement of the out-of-plane component of strain near regions of stress concentration in plates that are subjected to in-plane loading. It is first shown that the fringes caused by a pure rigid-body displacement can be eliminated almost completely by translations of the hologram and rotation of the illumination wave. This procedure is first described when the displacement is known; then when it is unknown. A method to estimate the error made in the correction is presented. In actual stress-analysis problems, the object is both rigidly displaced and strained. Assuming the rigid displacement is known and corrected as previously, the analysis is developed to relate the fringe pattern to the strain-related displacement. This analysis takes into account the optical modifications of the system that are necessary to achieve the rigid-body-displacement correction. When the rigid-body displacement is unknown, the method is shown still to be workable through the use of various symmetries and boundary conditions. Two sample interferograms are presented as illustrations. Quantitative treatment of data from one of these are presented in a companion paper.