随机梁式结构静力损伤识别的一种改进方法

针对已有的损伤识别方法会出现损伤误识别的问题,本文在已有方法的基础上发展了一种随机梁式结构静力损伤识别的改进方法。假定静力荷载下梁式结构初始模型参数（如弹性模量和几何尺寸等）及测量误差为随机量,给出已有的基于随机有限元模型的梁式结构静力损伤识别方法,并进一步提出了一种改进方法。该方法通过设定损伤概率指标的阈值和反复迭代对结构损伤识别进行改进。数值算例和简支梁静力试验表明,考虑初始模型的不确定性以及静力响应测量误差,本文方法相较已有方法可以更有效地识别梁式结构的损伤。     

基于模态数据的长细结构小损伤精确识别研究

本文针对现有的损伤识别方法不能满足部分结构损伤识别精度要求的现状，对结构的小损伤精确识别方法开展研究．以长细结构为研究对象，对具有不同损伤位置和损伤程度的圆柱形的轻阻尼梁结构进行了数值分析和实验研究，应用数值计算方法和实验确定的特征向量和特征频率对长细结构裂缝参数进行识别计算．本文在研究过程中编制了一个创新性的预测程序，通过其一次性生成目标函数图来选择合适的初始参数，从而对识别结果进行分析．研究结果表明，应用本文提出的识别方法，裂缝位置的识别误差可以控制在0.05 %~0.28 %范围内，裂缝深度识别误差低于7 %．     

基于裂纹诱导弦挠度的简支外伸梁裂纹损伤识别

基于梁横向开裂纹的线性扭转弹簧模型，给出了具有任意裂纹数目的简支外伸梁弯曲挠度的显式解析解，研究了集中载荷作用下简支外伸梁裂纹诱导弦挠度函数的性质，给出了裂纹位置和裂纹等效扭转弹簧柔度的近似表达式，从而实现了梁横向裂纹位置及裂纹损伤程度的识别．在此基础上，为利用裂纹梁的测量挠度识别裂纹损伤，提出了分段线性函数的最佳拟合法，实现了简支外伸梁裂纹的损伤参数识别．通过数值试验验证了该识别方法的适用性和可靠性，考察了识别结果对梁挠度测量误差和裂纹深度的敏感性，结果表明随着挠度测量误差的增大，裂纹损伤参数识别误差增大，但裂纹损伤识别方法具有较强的鲁棒性，在工程实际中具有一定的应用性．     

Wavelet packet based damage identification of beam structures

Most of vibration-based damage detection methods require the modal properties that are obtained from measured signals through the system identification techniques. However, the modal properties such as natural frequencies and mode shapes are not such a good sensitive indication of structural damage. The wavelet packet transform (WPT) is a mathematical tool that has a special advantage over the traditional Fourier transform in analyzing non-stationary signals. It adopts redundant basis functions and hence can provide an arbitrary time-frequency resolution. In this study, a damage detection index called wavelet packet energy rate index (WPERI), is proposed for the damage detection of beam structures. The measured dynamic signals are decomposed into the wavelet packet components and the wavelet energy rate index is computed to indicate the structural damage. The proposed damage identification method is firstly illustrated with a simulated simply supported beam and the identified damage is satisfactory with assumed damage. Afterward, the method is applied to the tested steel beams with three damage scenarios in the laboratory. Despite the noise is present for real measurement data, the identified damage pattern is comparable with the tests. Both simulated and experimental studies demonstrated that the WPT-based energy rate index is a good candidate index that is sensitive to structural local damage.     

Tikhonov's regularization approach in mode shape curvature analysis applied to damage detection

In this paper an on-going research effort aimed at detecting and localizing damage in plate-like structures by using mode shape curvature based damage detection algorithm is described. The proposed damage index uses exclusively mode shape curvature data from the damaged structure. This method was originally developed for beam-like structures. In this paper, the method is generalized to plate-like structures which are characterized by two-dimensional mode shape curvature. To calculate mode shape curvatures from the measured mode shapes, three approaches are proposed: the first one is the well-known central difference approximation, the other two are classical approaches based on Tikhonov's regularization technique with smoothing functional. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed damage detection algorithms are demonstrated experimentally on an aluminium plate containing mill-cut damage. The validity of the method is assessed by comparing the identification results of the experimental test case to the results obtained from the simulated test case. The modal frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the aluminium plate are obtained via finite element models for numerical simulations and by using a scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) for the experimental study.     

一种仅使用静态响应的梁结构损伤识别方法

提出了一种仅使用静态响应的梁结构损伤识别方法。此方法引入了一种倒数变量。采用倒数变量后，位移的泰勒展开式中仅含有倒数增量的线性项。构建了基于倒数变量的损伤求解模型，然后应用非负最小二乘法求解损伤参数，可同时确定损伤位置和程度。与未引用倒数变量的方法对比，求解的损伤参数更加逼近真实的损伤情况，且讨论了噪声的影响。通过数值模拟对三跨连续梁结构进行仿真分析，结果表明，提出的方法能够对梁结构的损伤做出有效识别。     

灰色相关性分析在结构静力损伤识别中的应用

基于灰色理论的相关性分析方法，首次提出了灰色曲率关联系数的概念并将其应用到结构的静力损伤识别中，提出了对局部损伤十分敏感的静态位移曲率置信因子SDCACi，通过该因子的大小对各节点所连接的单元是否会发生损伤进行精确的判断，然后运用最小二乘法对损伤区域的损伤程度进行识别．并将该方法应用于两端固支梁的损伤识别中，由识别结果可以证明：不论测量数据(用有限元仿真计算并考虑了测量误差)的多少，该方法对结构中的单损伤和多损伤都能进行准确的定位，因此该方法在大型结构及复杂结构的损伤识别中具有广阔的应用前景．     

考虑轴力二阶效应悬臂梁的支承及裂纹参数识别

建立了轴向压力作用下悬臂裂纹梁边界支承和裂纹损伤程度识别方法．首先，将悬臂梁边界非完整支承等效为竖向和扭转弹簧、梁中开裂纹等效为内部扭转弹簧，利用Laplace变换，得到了边界弹性支承、考虑轴向压力二阶效应、具有任意裂纹数目Euler-Bernoulli悬臂梁弯曲挠度的解析解．其次，提出了边界弹性支承弹簧柔度和裂纹等效扭转弹簧柔度的识别方法．最后，通过数值试验，考察了轴向压力，裂纹深度以及测量误差等对识别结果的影响，说明了本文考虑轴向压力二阶效应的悬臂梁边界支承弹簧柔度及裂纹等效扭转弹簧柔度识别方法的适用性和可靠性，结果表明：相比于应变测量误差，挠度测量误差对裂纹损伤程度识别结果影响更加敏感，且轴向压力对裂纹损伤程度识别影响较小，因此，应严格控制挠度的测量误差．同时，边界支承扭转弹簧柔度的识别误差大于其竖向弹簧柔度识别误差．这些结果为实际工程中边界非完整支承悬臂裂纹梁的参数识别提供了指导．     

Structural damping identification method using normal FRFs

All structures exhibit some form of damping, but despite a large literature on the damping, it still remains one of the least well-understood aspects of general vibration analysis. The synthesis of damping in structural systems and machines is extremely important if a model is to be used in predicting vibration levels, transient responses, transmissibility, decay times or other characteristics in design and analysis that are dominated by energy dissipation. In this paper, new structural damping identification method using normal frequency response functions (NFRFs) which are obtained experimentally is proposed and tested with the objective that the damped finite element model is able to predict the measured FRFs accurately. The proposed structural damping identification is a direct method. In the proposed method, normal FRFs are estimated from the complex FRFs, which are obtained experimentally of the structure. The estimated normal FRFs are subsequently used for identification of general structural damping. The effectiveness of the proposed structural damping identification method is demonstrated by two numerical simulated examples and one real experimental data. Firstly, a study is performed using a lumped mass system. The lumped mass system study is followed by case involving numerical simulation of fixed–fixed beam. The effect of coordinate incompleteness and robustness of method under presence of noise is investigated. The performance of the proposed structural damping identification method is investigated for cases of light, medium, heavily and non-proportional damped structures. The numerical studies are followed by a case involving actual measured data for the case of a cantilever beam structure. The results have shown that the proposed damping identification method can be used to derive an accurate general structural damping model of the system. This is illustrated by matching the damped identified FRFs with the experimentally obtained FRFs.     

基于小波包变换的梁式结构损伤定位方法

本文针对梁式结构,基于小波包变换理论,提出一种新的损伤定位方法。该方法利用小波包变换将结构的响应分解到不同的模态,引入曲率公式定义了新的小波能量指标,使得能量指标对损伤位置更加敏感。根据工程实际,构造了对应于结构区域的损伤指标。利用D-S证据理论对得到的各阶损伤指标进行数据融合,从而优化了识别结果。通过数值模拟和实验,对新提出的方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法有效,并可应用于工程实际。     

基于高次广义柔度灵敏度的结构损伤识别

柔度矩阵可以由结构的低价模态近似计算获得，因此被广泛用于结构的模型修正和损伤识别中。由普通柔度派生而来的广义柔度，可以由低价模态数据更加精确的获得，且随着广义柔度次数的增高其精度越高，往往只需要第一或二阶模态数据即可获得很准确的高次广义柔度。因此，广义柔度灵敏度方法自提出以来受到广泛关注。本文详细研究了基于高次广义柔度灵敏度的损伤识别计算方法，研究中发现，利用广义柔度灵敏度进行损伤识别计算时，并非越高次的广义柔度其识别结果越准确，随着广义柔度次数的增加，损伤识别结果精度呈现出先提高但随后显著降低的趋势。究其原因在于，虽然随着广义柔度次数的增加，广义柔度本身的精度更高，但与之相应的灵敏度方程组系数矩阵的条件数却也显著增大了，即方程组的病态性反而更加严重了，这导致了基于高次广义柔度计算所得的损伤参数的精度反而不如低次广义柔度的情况。因此，本文的研究表明，工程中利用广义柔度进行模型修正或损伤识别时，一般采用一次广义柔度或二次广义柔度即可，且计算中为了克服方程组的病态性和数据噪声的不利影响，本文提出了一种反馈奇异值截断法，能够明显提高计算精度，获得较准确的识别结果。     

AN IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS FOR CRACK DETECTION IN THE TIMOSHENKO BEAM BASED ON THE ANTI-RESONANCE TECHNIQUE

An alternative technique for crack detection in a Timoshenko beam based on the first anti-resonant frequency is presented in this paper.Unlike the natural frequency,the anti-resonant frequency is a local parameter rather than a global parameter of structures,thus the proposed technique can be used to locate the structural defects.An impedance analysis of a cracked beam stimulated by a harmonic force based on the Timoshenko beam formulation is investigated.In order to characterize the local discontinuity due to cracks,a rotational spring model based on fracture mechanics is proposed to model the crack.Subsequently,the proposed method is verified by a numerical example of a simply-supported beam with a crack.The effect of the crack size on the anti-resonant frequency is investigated.The position of the crack of the simply-supported beam is also determined by the anti-resonance technique.The proposed technique is further applied to the"contaminated"anti-resonant frequency to detect crack damage,which is obtained by adding 1-3% noise to the calculated data.It is found that the proposed technique is effective and free from the environment noise.Finally,an experimental study is performed,which further verifies the validity of the proposed crack identification technique.     

基于裂纹附加模态Timoshenko梁的裂纹损伤识别

将梁中横向裂纹等效为无质量扭转弹簧，并忽略其对梁剪切变形的影响，得到的具有任意裂纹数目Timoshenko 梁自振模态的统一显示解析表达式．将裂纹梁的自振模态分为基本模态和裂纹附加模态，利用最小二乘拟合，建立了利用裂纹附加模态函数的梁裂纹损伤识别方法．通过数值模拟开展了简支单裂纹梁以及悬臂和固支双裂纹梁等的裂纹损伤识别，考察了测量误差对损伤识别的影响，数值结果表明本文所提出的裂纹损伤识别方法对裂纹位置的识别精度高于对裂纹损伤程度的识别精度；随着测量误差的增加，裂纹位置及裂纹损伤程度的识别误差增加，但仍在可接受的范围内，故该裂纹损伤识别方法在实际工程中具有一定的应用价值．     

FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH BREATHING CRACK USING PERTURBATION METHOD

In this paper, a new analytical method for vibration analysis of a cracked simply supported beam is investigated. By considering a nonlinear model for the fatigue crack, the governing equation of motion of the cracked beam is solved using perturbation method. The solution of the governing equation reveals the superhaxmonics of the fundamental frequency due to the nonlinear effects in the dynamic response of the cracked beam. Furthermore, considering such a solution, an explicit expression is also derived for the system damping changes due to the changes in the crack parameters, geometric dimensions and mechanical properties of the cracked beam. The results show that an increase in the crack severity and approaching the crack location to the middle of the beam increase the system damping. In order to validate the results, changes in the fundamental frequency ratios against the fatigue crack severities are compared with those of experimental results available in the literature. Also, a comparison is made between the free response of the cracked beam with a given crack depth and location obtained by the proposed analytical solution and that of the numerical method. The results of the proposed method agree with the experimental and numerical results.     

On irregularity-based damage detection method for cracked beams

A new damage detection technique using irregularity profile of a structural mode shape is proposed in this paper. The mode-shape of a cracked beam is first obtained analytically by using a general function. Its irregularity profile is then extracted from the mode shape by a numerical filter. The location and size of the crack in the beam can be determined by the peak value appearing on the irregularity profile. Two types of numerical filters, i.e., triangular and Gaussian, are examined. It has been found that the former filter is more effective in damage detection than the latter one. Numerical simulations suggest that the irregularity-based method requires a relatively low measurement resolution. Noise stress tests are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of this method under the influence of noise. As a validation, the proposed method is applied to detect crack damage in an E-glass/epoxy laminated composite beam. The successful detection of the crack in the composite beam demonstrates that the irregularity-based method is capable of assessing both the location and size of the crack and can be used efficiently and effectively in damage identification and health monitoring of beam-type structures.     

基于提升小波变换和互相关函数的梁式桥损伤检测

为了有效地提取梁式桥的损伤特征,提出了一种将提升小波变换与互相关函数幅值向量相结合的损伤识别的方法。首先利用提升小波变换将车载作用下梁桥结构的加速度响应分解到单阶模态上,再对提升重构后得到的第一阶响应进行互相关处理,利用提出的损伤指标来进行损伤定位。通过数值仿真和模拟实验,验证了方法的有效性,讨论了噪声及测点稀疏对识别结果的影响,结果表明该方法具有良好的噪声鲁棒性。另外,在综合考虑经济性和识别结果准确性的情况下,给出了合理的测点布置方式。     

基于均布荷载挠度曲率的梁结构损伤识别方法

为运用荷载挠度曲线进行损伤识别，通过力法推导了梁结构在均布荷载作用下的挠度曲率理论公式，提出通过损伤前后的挠度曲率差进行损伤定位，针对多跨连续梁均布荷载下挠度曲率指标存在的损伤识别漏判问题，提出逐跨均布荷载挠度曲率指标以避免其影响，并建立了挠度曲率与损伤程度的理论关系式，可对损伤程度进行较精确的定量描述．通过一简支梁和一三跨连续梁算例，考虑多种损伤工况，分析了指标在不同程度噪声水平下的抗干扰能力，验证了挠度曲率损伤指标应用于实际的可行性．     

Damage detection method in complicated beams with varying flexural stiffness

A damage detection method for complicated beam-like structures is proposed based on the subsection strain energy method (SSEM), and its applicability condition is introduced. For a beam with the continuously varying flexural stiffness and an edge crack, the SSEM is used to detect the crack location effectively by numerical modal shapes. As a complicated beam, the glass fiber-reinforced composite model of a wind turbine blade is studied based on an experimental modal analysis. The SSEM is used to calculate the damage index from the measured modal parameters and locate the damage position in the blade model successfully. The results indicate that the SSEM based on the modal shapes can be used to detect the damages in complicated beams or beam-like structures for engineering applications.     

Damage detection and denoising in two-dimensional structures using curvelet transform by wrapping method

The main objectives of this study are to present a vibration-based damage identification method and also a denoising mode shape approach applicable to two-dimensional structures using curvelet transform. For this purpose, the curvelet transform via wrapping method is employed. The reliability of the proposed technique is demonstrated through a verification study by comparing the results of numerical and those of the experimental data in plate structures. Two case studies, one-story and three-story shear walls assuming damages at arbitrary locations, are examined in which different noise levels are included. Good agreement between the simulated and assumed damage in both example is demonstrated. The results confirm the robustness and high performance of the proposed method in detecting the damage in plate structure and eliminating the noises.     

基于静力残余力向量的结构损伤评估方法

残余力向量法是一类常用的损伤识别方法,现有的残余力向量法都是基于动力测试的模态参数,和动力测试数据相比,静力测试数据往往精度更高,且无需模态分析等复杂操作.鉴于此,本文提出一种静力残余力向量法用于结构损伤评估.所提方法利用静力测试位移数据,并结合结构有限元模型的刚度矩阵,定义了静力残余力向量,根据该向量中不为零的元素来判断损伤自由度,再根据自由度和单元之间的对应关系来确定发生损伤的位置,并进一步提出一种求解损伤参数的代数解法.另外,针对实践中角位移难以测量的情况,进一步提出了一种静力缩聚残余力向量法,拓宽了所提方法的应用范围.以桁架结构和梁结构模型为例对所提方法进行了验证,数值算例结果说明所提方法合理有效.