叠梁的变形与弯曲切应力影响的关系讨论

梁的弯曲切应力分析是材料力学中的一个重要内容，但是通过叠梁与整体梁不同弯曲变形形式的演示实验来说明梁层间存在切应力容易造成概念上的混淆。本文仍然采用材料力学方法分析了层间粘接后两层之间的相互作用，指出其本质是约束两层的拉伸与压缩变形而非约束层间剪切变形。正是这种约束作用使得横截面弯曲正应力重新分布，造成两种梁弯曲变形的明显差异。这一分析过程能够启发学生思考实验现象背后的力学本质，理解相关力学概念。     

层合梁弯曲正应力的测试与计算

运用电测技术对双金属层合梁的弯曲正应力进行了测试, 并且基于层合梁弯曲的 Timoshenko理论, 计算了均布载荷作用下简支层合梁的弯曲正应力. 通过对结果的比较, 弯曲 正应力的实测值、理论分析值和有限元计算三者结果较为接近, 相互佐证了本文实验方法与 理论分析的正确性. 本文的实验方法和理论分析可以直接引入材料力学的课程教学中, 可作为对传统的弹性梁纯 弯曲实验的扩展和弯曲正应力公式推导的延伸. 有利于加深学生对中性轴和复合材料概念的 理解, 是针对材料力学难点进行教学科研的有益尝试.     

双材料叠合简支梁受均布载荷作用时的解析解

采用弹性力学的应力函数法,分析了上表面受均布载荷作用的上下层弹性模量和高度不同的双层叠合简支梁,对简支端提出了两种等效边界条件,得到了相应的两种解析解。运用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对不同组合的钢-铝双层叠合简支梁进行了数值计算,并与解析解进行了比较。结果表明:两种等效边界条件仅对弯曲正应力和位移有影响,对挤压应力和切应力没有影响;两种解析解的相对误差在1.2%以内;当跨高比超过6时,最大应力的解析解与有限元解的误差在4.4%以内;上下层对调后,两层中的应力基本不变;当上下层之间有摩擦时,弯曲正应力的外侧值大于内侧值,上、下层的中性层都由相应的几何中面向接触面偏移。     

层合梁在线性载荷下脱层的有限元分析

运用Hamilton正则方程对层合梁的脱层扩张进行了分析。结合弹性材料修正后的Hellinger-Reissner变分原理和插值函数,构建了八节点层合梁每一层的线性方程;考虑到脱层梁连接界面上应力和位移的连续性,将脱层板离散成上下两层,采用"分离合并"技术建立了脱层情况下梁的控制方程;最后应用Griffth准则,导出了固定载荷情况下梁元脱层前缘的能量释放率。数值算例验证了该模型的正确性,并研究了不同边界、不同脱层深度、不同脱层长度、不同角铺层工况下梁的脱层问题。结果表明:层合梁在脱层过程中,固支边界和简支边界情况区别不大,但在同种边界情况下,脱层的深度越深,脱层能量释放率变化越剧烈;层合梁的不同铺层角度会产生不同的能量释放率,为避免层合梁发生脱层,应尽量使层合梁的铺层角度沿着22 11C/C最大处。     

考虑横法向热应变的C~0型整体-局部高阶层合梁理论

通过考虑横法向热变形,本文建立了预先满足层间应力连续的C0型整体-局部高阶层合梁理论,并用于分析复合材料层合梁热膨胀和热弯曲问题。虽然考虑了横法向应变,不增加额外的位移变量。此理论位移场不含有横向位移一阶导数,便于构造多节点高阶单元。基于虚功原理推导了复合材料层合梁平衡方程,并分析了简支多层复合材料梁热膨胀和热弯曲问题。数值结果表明,建立的模型能准确分析复合材料层合梁热膨胀和热弯曲问题,忽略横法向应变的理论分析热膨胀问题误差较大。     

纵横弯曲中轴力对最大正应力的影响

弯曲问题的强度条件是最大正应力不大于材料的许用应力,即σ_(max)[σ].纵横弯曲梁的轴力对截面最大正应力σ_(max)有重要影响,某些情况下适度的轴力可以降低最大正应力,从而提高梁的安全裕度.本文给出了这种特定情况应满足的条件及其适度轴力上限的计算方法.     

具有水平摩阻力的弹性地基上双层叠合梁的解

将双层叠合梁之间的接触状况拟合为一符合Goodman假设的弹性夹层, 并对 Winkler地基模型加以推广, 把地基视为具有水平和竖向反力的弹性支承体, 进而, 导出 具有水平摩阻力的弹性地基上双层叠合梁的微分方程组及其解析解. 随后, 提出了考虑梁截 面竖向拉压和水平剪切效应的夹层和地基广义反应模量的概念和计算式. 最后, 通过几个算 例来考察地基水平摩阻力对叠合梁挠度、截面总弯矩力和最大弯拉应力的影响. 结果表明, 地基水平摩阻力的影响将不能被忽略.     

直梁弯曲切应力的讨论

针对矩形截面直梁横力弯曲,讨论了弯曲切应力推导的假设条件,给出了弯曲切应力公式的适用范围.并通过图像的方式展示了不同截面形状下弯曲切应力的分布模式,为学生全面认识与理解弯曲切应力分布提供课堂教学补充材料.     

压电层合梁静动力学分析的高精度梁单元

给出了一个对复合材料压电层合梁进行数值分析的高精度压电层合梁单元。基于Shi三阶剪切变形板理论的位移场和Layer-wise理论的电势场,用力-电耦合的变分原理及Hamilton原理推导了压电层合梁单元列式。采用拟协调元方法推导了一个可显式给出单元刚度矩阵的两节点压电层合梁单元,并应用于压电层合梁的力-电耦合弯曲和自由振动分析。计算结果表明,该梁单元给出的梁挠度和固有频率与解析解吻合良好,并优于其它梁单元的计算结果,说明了本文所给压电层合梁单元的可靠性和准确性。研究结果可为力-电耦合作用下压电层合梁的力学分析提供一个简单、精确且高效的压电层合梁单元。     

复合材料层合梁在横向线载荷下的脱层扩展

基于可动边界变分原理对层合梁脱层扩展进行了分析;考虑了脱层间的接触效应,建立了层合梁在横向线载荷作用下的非线性控制微分方程及相应的定解条件;应用Griffith准则导出了脱层前缘各点处的能量释放率表达式;通过算例讨论了脱层长度、脱层深度、几何尺寸、材料性质等因素对脱层扩展的影响.研究表明:脱层越长、越深、横向载荷越大,脱层越容易扩展;梁的长高比L/h及材料的E_(11)/E_(22)越大,脱层越不易发生扩展.     

梁主共振情形下索梁结构1∶1内共振分析

研究梁产生主共振情形下索梁组合结构的1∶1内共振问题。基于斜拉桥中的索梁组合结构模型,忽略索梁纵向惯性力的影响,考虑弯曲刚度、几何非线性及垂度等因素,利用索梁连接处的变形协调条件,采用Hamilton变分原理建立了索梁结构面内耦合非线性偏微分方程,运用Galerkin离散和多尺度法研究了梁主共振情形下索梁的1∶1相互作用问题,获得了内共振时的平均方程和分叉响应曲线方程。以某斜拉桥中索梁结构参数为例,研究了内共振时索梁结构之间的相互影响及时程曲线。结果表明,索容易出现共振情形,并呈现出较强的非线性特点;梁振动对索振动影响显著,索振动对梁振动影响较小;索梁内共振时能量相互交换,索梁振幅呈现此消彼长的现象。     

Postbuckling of elastic beam subjected to a concentrated moment within the span length of beam

This paper aims to present the exact closed form solutions and postbuckling behavior of the beam under a concentrated moment within the span length of beam. Two approaches are used in this paper. The nonlinear governing differential equations based on elastica theory are derived and solved analytically for the exact closed form solutions in terms of elliptic integral of the first and second kinds. The results are presented in graphical diagram of equilibrium paths, equilibrium configurations and critical loads. For validation of the results from the first approach, the shooting method is employed to solve a set of nonlinear differential equations with boundary conditions. The set of nonlinear governing differential equations are integrated by using Runge–Kutta method fifth order with adaptive step size scheme. The error norms of the end conditions are minimized within prescribed tolerance (10⁻⁵). The results from both approaches are in good agreement. From the results, it is found that the stability of this type of beam exhibits both stable and unstable configurations. The limit load point existed. The roller support can move through the hinged support in some cases of β and leads to the more complex of the configuration shapes of the beam.     

Variational formulation of the static Levinson beam theory

In this communication, we provide a consistent variational formulation for the static Levinson beam theory. First, the beam equations according to the vectorial formulation by Levinson are reviewed briefly. By applying the Clapeyron's theorem, it is found that the stresses on the lateral end surfaces of the beam are an integral part of the theory. The variational formulation is carried out by employing the principle of virtual displacements. As a novel contribution, the formulation includes the external virtual work done by the stresses on the end surfaces of the beam. This external virtual work contributes to the boundary conditions in such a way that artificial end effects do not appear in the theory. The obtained beam equations are the same as the vectorially derived Levinson equations. Finally, the exact Levinson beam finite element is developed.     

不连续岩石梁的失稳解析

本文根据不连续岩石梁的物理力学特性提出了无拉力岩石梁的力学解析模型。根据Ｆｒｅｅｂｏｄｙ法及Ｃａｓｔｉｇｌｉａｎｏ定量导出了不连续梁各物理量的求解方程式。进而采用挠度增量δｍａｘ＾ｉ＋１＝δｍａｘ＾ｉ＋Δδ↑－的逐次解析方法，求解了不连续梁的失稳问题，得出了与Ｆ．Ｄ．Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ的试验值相吻合的结果。探讨了不连续岩石梁在不同荷载条件下的失稳特性。     

Chaotic behavior in the nonlinear elastic beam

The dynamic response of the non-linear elastic simply supported beam subjected to axial forces and transverse periodic load is studied. Melnikov method is used to consider the dynamic behavior of the system whose post-buckling path is steady. The effect of the higher order terms in the controlling equation is taken into account. It is found that the fifth-order terms have a great influence on the dynamic behavior of the system. The result shows that there exist either homoclinic orbits or heteroclinic orbits in the system. In this paper, the critical values of the system entering chaotic states are given. The diagram of an example is shown. The project is supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China.     

Atomic beam magnetometer

The application of a novel atomic beam magnetic resonance technique to the measurement of magnetic fields is described. The technique has been used previously in electric field experiments to determine the upper limit to the permanent electric dipole moment of the cesium atom. Two different electric field modulation schemes were used which demonstrate the sensitivity of the technique. In one scheme (sinusoidal modulation) the sensitivity to magnetic field changes is inferred; in the second scheme (squarewave modulation) small magnetic field changes were measured directly.     

Atomic beam magnetometer

The application of a novel atomic beam magnetic resonance technique to the measurement of magnetic fields is described. The technique has been used previously in electric field experiments to determine the upper limit to the permanent electric dipole moment of the cesium atom. Two different electric field modulation schemes were used which demonstrate the sensitivity of the technique. In one scheme (sinusoidal modulation) the sensitivity to magnetic field changes is inferred; in the second scheme (squarewave modulation) small magnetic field changes were measured directly.     

Numerical simulation of the instability of an ion beam

We consider a numerical model of the instability of an ion beam. The energy of the oscillations is concentrated mainly in several neighboring modes that have a maximum increment in the linear theory. The instability has been traced up to the complete vanishing of the beam.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 165–168, September–October, 1971.The authors thank R. Z. Sagdeev for interest in the work and I. K. Konkasbaev for useful discussions.