铜表面高疏水薄膜的制备及摩擦学性能的研究

通过简单两步法在金属铜表面构筑高疏水薄膜,首先金属铜经氢氧化钠化学刻蚀处理后在表面构筑微纳结构薄膜,然后覆盖硬脂酸薄膜以实现高疏水.采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线光电子谱、傅里叶红外光谱仪和接触角测量仪等手段表征了金属铜表面高疏水薄膜的形成机制和表面形貌,并利用微纳米摩擦磨损试验机研究了高疏水薄膜的减摩耐磨特性.研究结果发现:在氢氧化钠处理导致的表面微织构化效应以及脂肪酸自组装薄膜的纳米润滑效应的联合作用下,金属铜表面形成的高疏水薄膜具有明显的减摩和耐磨特性.     

磷酸锌表面脂肪酸自组装单分子膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

采用水热法在锌片上一步合成磷酸锌薄膜,随后在表面沉积硬脂酸单分子膜以实现高疏水.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)及摩擦磨损试验机(UMT-3)对制得样品的表面形貌、结构组份及摩擦学性能进行了表征,并利用红外光谱仪(IR)对硬脂酸修饰机理进行了研究.研究结果发现:在水热处理导致的磷酸锌表面微织构化效应以及脂肪酸自组装薄膜的纳米润滑效应的联合作用下,在锌表面构筑的高疏水膜具有明显的减摩和耐磨特性.     

硬脂酸钾固体润滑薄膜的制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用浸渍-提拉法制备出硬脂酸钾薄膜,用DF-PM型静-动摩擦磨损试验机和UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机考察了在低速滑动和高速滑动条件下硬脂酸钾薄膜的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线能量色散谱仪观察分析了薄膜及偶件磨损表面的形貌及其典型元素的面分布情况.结果表明,以GCr15钢球为偶件在高速滑动和以氮化硅球作为偶件在高、低速滑动条件下,薄膜具有较好的摩擦磨损性能.由于钢球和氮化硅陶瓷球表面粗糙度及其化学状态存在差异,硬脂酸钾更容易在氮化硅球表面形成转移膜,从而具有更低的摩擦系数和更长的耐磨寿命.     

脉冲直流等离子体辅助化学气相沉积TiN和TiCN薄膜摩擦磨损特性研究

对比研究了脉冲直流等离子体辅助化学气相沉积TiN和TiCN薄膜的摩擦磨损特性，用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪及销-盘摩擦磨损试验机分析薄膜形貌和结合力，考察了不同沉积条件下2种薄膜的摩擦磨损过程及其影响因素．结果表明，TiCN薄膜具有较高硬度、良好的膜基结合力，相对于TiN薄膜而言表现出更低的摩擦系数和更好的耐磨性能．在实际使用中应注重成分和结构优化设计，以保证薄膜具有良优良的减摩性能．     

苯甲酸/硬脂酸钛基润滑脂摩擦磨损性能研究

在实验室制备出苯甲酸/硬脂酸钛基润滑脂,考察了复合钛基润滑脂的摩擦磨损性能及承载能力,并与成品锂基和脲基润滑脂进行对比,利用扫描电子显微镜观察钢球的磨斑表面形貌,并用X射线光电子能谱仪分析钢球磨斑表面主要元素的化学状态.结果表明,复合钛基润滑脂具有较好的减摩耐磨性能和极压承载能力,其摩擦系数与锂基、脲基润滑脂相当,磨斑直径与锂基润滑脂接近,略高于脲基润滑脂的磨斑直径,极压承载能力低于脲基,与锂基相同.在复合钛基润滑脂润滑下,钢球的主要磨损特征为轻微的黏着磨损,其减摩抗磨机制为在摩擦表面生成含钛元素的化学沉积膜.     

两步法制备固体润滑FeS薄膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

通过两步法,即射频溅射Fe膜与低温离子渗硫复合处理工艺,在非黑色金属(单晶硅)表面得到了固体润滑FeS薄膜.利用X射线衍射仪研究了单质Fe膜与FeS薄膜的相结构,利用原子力显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察分析了FeS薄膜的表面与擦伤磨损表面的形貌,用涂层划痕仪测量了FeS薄膜与基体的结合强度,用纳米压痕仪测定了FeS薄膜的纳米硬度及弹性模量,利用DD-92型摩擦磨损试验机评价了FeS薄膜的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,两步法制备的FeS薄膜为金属Fe与固体润滑剂FeS共同组成的复合固体润滑薄膜,与其基体结合紧密,具有适当的表面硬度;FeS薄膜具有优异的减摩耐磨抗擦伤性能,摩擦系数与磨损量明显比45#钢原始表面的低,抗擦伤载荷明显提高.     

用等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术制备类金刚石碳薄膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用射频-直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术在单晶硅衬底上沉积类金刚石碳薄膜,采用激光拉曼光谱仪和原子力显微镜对薄膜的结构和表面形貌进行表征,采用纳米压痕仪测定薄膜的硬度,并用UMT型微摩擦磨损试验机考察了薄膜在不同试验条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:所制备的类金刚石碳薄膜表面光滑致密且硬度较高;在干摩擦条件下与GCr15钢球或Al2O3球配副时显示出良好的减摩抗磨性能,摩擦系数较低,耐磨寿命较长,而在水润滑条件下同Al2O3球配副时发生灾难性磨损.     

纳米AlOOH及纳米Fe_3O_4粒子在液体石蜡中的摩擦学性能研究

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机对表面修饰的纳米AlOOH粒子及纳米Fe3O4粒子在液体石蜡中的摩擦学性能进行了对比研究.结果表明:这2种纳米粒子均能提高液体石蜡的减摩耐磨性能和PB值,纳米AlOOH粒子因具有层状结构,表现出更好的减摩耐磨性能,随着纳米粒子粒径的增大,其减摩耐磨的最佳浓度出现升高的趋势.对磨斑表面的SEM、AFM和XPS分析结果表明,纳米粒子能沉积在摩擦副表面,减少摩擦副表面微凸体的直接接触,从而减少微凸体之间的犁削和黏着.     

直流射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积类金刚石碳薄膜的结构及摩擦学性能研究

利用直流射频等离子增强化学气相沉积技术在单晶硅表面制备了类金刚石碳薄膜．采用Raman光谱、红外光谱、x射线光电子能谱和原子力显微镜等研究了薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌,在UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了薄膜在不同载荷与滑动速度下的摩擦学性能。结果表明：所制备的类金刚石碳薄膜具有典型的类金刚石结构特征,薄膜均匀、致密,表面粗糙度小,硬度较高;薄膜与Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时显示出良好的抗磨减摩性能;随着试验载荷与滑动速度的提高,薄膜的摩擦系数降低,耐磨寿命降低;薄膜的减摩抗磨性能同其在Si3N4陶瓷球偶件磨损表面形成的转移膜相关。     

钛合金表面掺金属类金刚石薄膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用阳极层流型矩形气体离子源结合非平衡磁控溅射法在钛合金基体表面制备掺金属类金刚石(Me-DLC)薄膜,通过X射线光电子能谱仪、俄歇微探针、表面形貌仪及扫描电子显微镜等对薄膜结构进行表征,用SRV型摩擦磨损试验机评价其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,类金刚石薄膜可以提高钛合金基体的承载能力和硬度,对基体材料起到有效的耐磨减摩作用,掺钨类金刚石薄膜的硬度及膜/基结合强度较高,具有良好的耐磨减摩性能,且在膜层承载能力范围内,载荷越高,DLC梯度薄膜的摩擦系数越小.     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).