单裂缝中携砂液流动规律研究

裂缝中携砂液流动是一种固液两相流,携砂液的运移与支撑剂的铺置是水力压裂裂缝保持导流能力的关键.本文基于FLUENT流体计算软件,采用双流体模型,将颗粒看作拟流体,携砂液按照牛顿流体处理,分析了支撑剂体积分数α_s、阿基米德数Ar、颗粒雷诺数Re以及裂缝入口边界对流动规律的影响.研究结果表明:携砂液在裂缝中的流动过程中,发展成为支撑剂体积分数不同的四个区域,包括砂堤区、颗粒悬浮区、颗粒滚流区和无砂区;支撑剂的沉降程度随着支撑剂体积分数和阿基米德数的增加而增加,而随着雷诺数增加而降低;入口为网眼型时,进入裂缝后过流面积的增加导致流速突降,使得支撑剂更容易在入口处产生堆积,在同一入口流速下,较均匀入口的工况铺砂高度大.     

微型管中液滴流动的三维数值模拟

对于微型设备中的低雷诺数流动，毛细力和黏性力起主导作用. 应用相场方法，引 入自由能泛函，研究了二相流体在微型管中流动问题及表面浸润现象，并给出了微型管中二 相流体的无量纲输运方程. 针对方形微管道，利用差分法给出了输运方程的数值求解方法. 最后，模拟了方形直管中的液滴流动和变形的过程，并给出了液滴前后压力差与其它主要物 理参数之间的变化关系. 结果表明，压力差随液滴半径增大而增加，而随毛细管系数的增大 而减小.     

固-液两相流黑水管道冲蚀磨损的数值模拟研究

煤气化黑水处理系统管道由于其流体介质高含固体颗粒和腐蚀性介质，且工作在高温、高压差环境中，极易受到冲蚀磨损和腐蚀的耦合作用而失效，影响其服役寿命. 采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法数值模拟研究了煤气化黑水处理系统固-液两相流管道的冲蚀磨损行为和机理，以及流体介质速度和固体颗粒粒径对管道冲蚀磨损的影响规律，并分析了盲通管和涡室结构对弯管冲蚀磨损行为的优化改善效果. 研究结果显示，煤气化黑水处理系统管线的冲蚀高危区主要分布在弯管外拱和变径管等结构突变区域；管道冲蚀磨损行为与其内部流体的运动和颗粒冲击特性有关；管道的冲蚀率均随着流体速度的增加而加剧，而粒径对弯管和变径管冲蚀率的影响并非单调关系，这与颗粒受力作用有关；弯管优化分析显示，涡室结构可以降低弯管的最大冲蚀率，减缓弯管的冲蚀磨损.      

定床弯道内水沙两相运动的数值模拟

在适体同位网格中采用非正交曲线坐标系下的三维k-ε-kp固液两相双流体湍流模型研究弯道内水流和悬浮泥沙运动,主要计算了试验室S型水槽内清水流动的三维流场、120°弯道内水沙两相流动中底沙与底流的运动轨迹以及S型水槽内水沙两相流动的两相流场和泥沙浓度场. 对于S型水槽内清水流动,数值结果与试验结果吻合良好. 120°弯道内水沙两相流动中固液两相的运动轨迹在弯道直线段基本重合,在弯道内泥沙轨迹逐步偏离水体轨迹,其偏离程度随泥沙粒径增大而增大. 从S型水槽内水沙两相流动计算结果中发现泥沙纵向流速在壁面附近比水流纵向速度大,在远离壁面区域比水流纵向速度小;弯道内泥沙横向流速比水流横向流速小;垂向流速在直线段和泥沙沉速相当,在弯道内受螺旋水流影响而变化;两相流速差别随泥沙粒径增大而变大;泥沙浓度呈现下浓上稀的分布,在弯道内横向断面上呈现凸岸大凹岸小的分布,泥沙浓度随泥沙粒径增大而减小.      

椭圆颗粒在剪切流中旋转特性的数值研究

研究颗粒在流体剪切作用下的运动特性是理解和预测颗粒悬浮流流动行为的关键.当流体的惯性不能忽略时,颗粒的运动往往变得非常复杂.本文采用格子Boltzmann方法对中等雷诺数下椭圆颗粒在剪切流中的旋转运动进行了模拟.首先,研究了雷诺数(0Re 170)的影响,结果表明当雷诺数低于临界值时,颗粒以周期性的方式旋转,角速度最小时对应的长轴方向随着雷诺数的增大而逐渐远离水平方向,而且这一倾角与雷诺数呈分段线性关系;当雷诺数大于临界值时,椭圆形颗粒最终保持静止状态,且静止时的转角与雷诺数呈幂函数关系,雷诺数越大,转角越小,椭圆的长轴越远离水平位置.其次,研究了椭圆颗粒的长短轴之比α(1α10)的影响,结果表明颗粒旋转的周期与α呈幂函数关系,α越大,颗粒旋转周期越小.此外,当α超过临界值时,颗粒也在水平位置附近保持静止状态,此时的转角与α也呈幂函数关系,α越大,转角越小.研究还发现,当雷诺数较大时椭圆颗粒在旋转过程中会产生过冲现象.     

WATER HAMMER PRESSURE OF HYDRAULIC LIFTING PIPELINE IN DEEP-SEA MINING PILOT SYSTEM

深海采矿系统可能由于突然停泵、断电或机械故障等引起提升管道中流体速度瞬间变化, 导致管道内压力剧烈变化, 这种水击现象对管道破坏极大. 基于固液两相流体连续性原理和动量定理, 推导出含粗颗粒的固液两相流体管道水击压力的计算公式. 采用深海采矿中试系统参数, 模拟计算不同水体流速、不同流体浓度以及不同管径条件下的水击压力. 分析结果表明, 流速、体积浓度和管径是影响水击压力的重要因素, 其中, 流速影响最大. 研究结果可为深海采矿系统工程设计提供依据.     

利用三维随机模型分析沥青混合料的蠕变行为

将沥青混合料看作由粗骨料和沥青砂组成的两相复合材料,根据给定的级配生成凸多面体骨料,然后利用随机投放算法建立沥青混合料试样的三维随机模型.采用广义Maxwell模型刻画沥青砂的本构行为,其参数通过单轴蠕变实验获得.在对三维随机模型的有效性进行验证之后,采用参数化建模方法建立包含不同骨料分布、含量和级配的沥青混合料有限元模型,通过数值模拟研究骨料分布、含量和级配对沥青混合料蠕变行为的影响.结果表明:骨料分布对沥青混合料力学性质的影响较小;沥青混合料瞬时弹性模量随骨料含量的增加呈近似线性增大,而且弹性模量与骨料含量之间的关系曲线处于Paul上下边界内;在计算考虑的粒径范围内,骨料平均粒径越小,沥青混合料抵抗变形的能力越强.     

生物芯片中周期性电渗驱动液体薄膜的流动特性

研究了二维周期性电渗驱动液体薄膜的流动特性. 以Debye-Hückel 假设近似下线性化的Poisson-Boltzmann方程描述双电层电动势分布和电荷密度的分布关系, 与黏性不可压缩流体Navier-Stokes方程相耦合, 得到流体在自由面与固壁之间的周期电渗流流场的精确解. 结果显示, 薄膜内速度振幅与流体黏性密切相关, 雷诺数越大, 速度振幅就越小. 该文还细致分析了雷诺数和自由面ζ电势对自由面的流速振幅和薄膜内速度相位差的影响.     

稀相气固两相流90°圆截面弯管流动特性

针对工业中常见的圆截面90°弯管中的稀相气固两相流的流动特征难于观测,以及由此造成的对其流动特性缺乏认识的问题,以天津大学的气固装置具备的实验条件为基础,以压力测量值作为模型有效性的评价依据,建立了适用于圆截面管道的计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)模型.针对FLUENT中通过定义反射系数设置颗粒-壁面碰撞关系不能反映实际过程的问题,建立了考虑颗粒与壁面接触过程中的不同运动状态的颗粒-壁面碰撞模型,并引入计算.以此为基础,对不同固气质量比、流量和管道曲率情况下的流动特性进行了研究.发现:两相流体在流经90°弯管后,速度分布的恢复长度与固气质量比、管道曲率半径等有密切关系,曲率半径为2的管道整体压损最小,过小或过大均会导致较大压损,与Mason弯管磨损试验的结论规律相近.     

固体颗粒对半球扰动尾迹影响的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry, PIV)研究固体颗粒对放置在平板层流边界层中半球粗糙元尾迹的影响.实验采集了清水和加入粒径为140μm, 220μm, 350μm聚苯乙烯固体颗粒4种工况下二维速度场信息,基于半球半径的雷诺数为994 (Re_R=RU/υ),固体颗粒的体积浓度为3.0×10~(-5).对比清水和两相工况下的平均速度剖面、湍流强度等宏观统计量,分析固体颗粒对半球尾迹流动宏观特性的影响.分别利用沿流向不同位置的流向脉动速度的二维空间相关系数和法向脉动速度的功率谱密度函数分析颗粒对尾迹结构演化过程及尾迹结构脱落频率的影响.结果发现:与清水相比,回流区随颗粒粒径增大而逐渐增大;颗粒使湍流强度增大,回流区的存在导致在半球后流向位置2R前后区域湍流强度呈现不同变化趋势;颗粒使尾迹结构的流向尺度减小并且随着颗粒粒径的增大先减小后增大;在尾迹结构运动过程中颗粒的存在促进了尾迹结构的周期性加速和减速运动,促进作用随着颗粒粒径的增大先增强后减弱;颗粒的存在促进了尾迹结构的脱落,脱落频率随颗粒粒径的增大先增大后减小.     

Experimental study on the pressure drop and the entry length of the gas-solid suspension flow in a circular tube

This paper presents an experimental study on the flow characteristics of a dilute gas-solid suspension medium in a circular tube, wherein the inlet entry length and the frictional pressure drop are measured systematically. In particular, the effects of particle size on the frictional pressure-drop are examined in some detail. The spherical copper particles, whose average diameter ranges from about 45 to 170 μm, are used for the dispersed medium and the ranges of gas Reynolds number and solid loading ratio are up to 50,000 and 5 respectively. The experimental results show that the entry lengths are feasible to be correlated briefly to the apparent Reynolds number of suspension flow and also that the reduction of the frictional pressure drop is observed at the lower loading ratio for the smallest size particles.     

Formation of particle jetting in a cylindrical shock tube

A dense, solid particle flow is numerically studied at a mesoscale level for a cylindrical shock tube problem. The shock tube consists of a central high pressure gas driver section and an annular solid powder bed with air in void regions as a driven section with its far end adjacent to ambient air. Simulations are conducted to explore the fundamental phenomena, causing clustering of particles and formation of coherent particle jet structures in such a dense solid flow. The influence of a range of parameters is investigated, including driver pressure, particle morphology, particle distribution and powder bed configuration. The results indicate that the physical mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is twofold: the driver gas jet flow induced by the shock wave as it passes through the initial gaps between the particles in the innermost layer of the powder bed, and the chaining of solid particles by inelastic collision. The particle jet forming time is determined as the time when the motion of the outermost particle layer of the powder bed is first detected. The maximum number of particle jets is bounded by the total number of particles in the innermost layer of the powder bed. The number of particle jets is mainly a function of the number of particles in the innermost layer and the mass ratio of the powder bed to the gas in the driver section, or the ratio of powder bed mass (in dimensionless form) to the pressure ratio between the driver and driven sections.     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of CuO/water nanofluid under turbulent flow in a helically dimpled tube

An experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in the plain and helically dimpled tube under turbulent flow with constant heat flux is presented in this work using CuO/water nanofluid as working fluid. The effects of the dimples and nanofluid on the Nusselt number and the friction factor are determined in a circular tube with a fully developed turbulent flow for the Reynolds number in the range between 2500 and 6000. The height of the dimple/protrusion was 0.6 mm. The effect of the inclusion of nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and pressure loss in the turbulent flow region were investigated. The experiments were performed using helically dimpled tube with CuO/water nanofluid having 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% volume concentrations of nanoparticles as working fluid. The experimental results reveal that the use of nanofluids in a helically dimpled tube increases the heat transfer rate with negligible increase in friction factor compared to plain tube. The experimental results showed that the Nusselt number with dimpled tube and nanofluids under turbulent flow is about 19%, 27% and 39% (for 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% volume concentrations respectively) higher than the Nusselt number obtained with plain tube and water. The experimental results of isothermal pressure drop for turbulent flow showed that the dimpled tube friction factors were about 2-10% higher than the plain tube. The empirical correlations developed for Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of Reynolds number, pitch ratio and volume concentration fits with the experimental data within ±15%.     

Experimental investigation of turbulence modulation in particle-laden coaxial jets by Phase Doppler Anemometry

The effect of solid particles on the flow characteristics of axisymmetric turbulent coaxial jets for two flow conditions was studied. Simultaneous measurements of size and velocity distributions of continuous and dispersed phases in a two-phase flow are presented using a Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) technique. Spherical glass particles with a particle diameter range from 102 to 212 μm were used in this two-phase flow, the experimental results indicate a significant influence of the solid particles and the Re on the flow characteristics. The data show that the gas phase has lower mean velocity in the near-injector region and a higher mean velocity at the developed region. Near the injector at low Reynolds number (Re = 2839) the presence of the particles dampens the gas-phase turbulence, while at higher Reynolds number (Re = 11 893) the gas-phase turbulence and the velocity fluctuation of particle-laden jets are increased. The particle velocity at higher Reynolds number (Re = 11 893) and is lower at lower Reynolds number (Re = 2839). The slip velocity between particles and gas phase existed over the flow domain was examined. More importantly, the present experiment results suggest that, consideration of the gas characteristic length scales is insufficient to predict gas-phase turbulence modulation in gas-particle flows.     

An experimental investigation of heat transfer to pulsating pipe air flow with different amplitudes

Heat transfer characteristics to both laminar and turbulent pulsating pipe flows under different conditions of Reynolds number, pulsation frequency, pulsator location and tube diameter were experimentally investigated. The tube wall of uniform heat flux condition was considered for both cases. Reynolds number varied from 750 to 12,320 while the frequency of pulsation ranged from 1 to 10 Hz. With locating the pulsator upstream of the inlet of the test section tube, results showed an increase in heat transfer rate due to pulsation by as much as 30% with flow Reynolds number of 1,643 and pulsation frequency of 1 Hz, depending on the upstream location of the pulsator valve. Closer the valve to the tested section inlet, the better improvement in the heat transfer coefficient is achieved. Upon comparing the heat transfer results of the upstream and the downstream pulsation, at Reynolds number of 1,366 and 1,643, low values of the relative mean Nusselt number were obtained with the upstream pulsation. Comparing the heat transfer results of the two studied test sections tubes for Reynolds number range from 8,000 to 12,000 and pulsation frequency range from 1.0 to 10 Hz showed that more improvement in heat transfer rate was observed with a larger tube diameter. For Reynolds number ranging from 8,000 to 12,000 and pulsation frequency of 10 Hz, an improvement in the relative mean Nusselt number of about 50% was obtained at Reynolds number of 8,000 for the large test section diameter of 50 mm. While, for the small test section diameter of 15 mm, at same conditions of Reynolds number and frequency, a reduction in the relative mean Nusselt number of up to 10% was obtained.     

Prediction of nanoparticle transport and deposition in bends

Nanoparticle transport and deposition in bends with circular cross-section are solved for different Reynolds numbers and Schmidt numbers. The perturbation method is used in solving the equations. The results show that the particle transport patterns are similar and independent of the particle size and other parameters when suspended nanoparticles flow in a straight tube. At the outside edge, particle deposition is the most intensive, while deposition at the inside edge is the weakest. In the upper and lower parts of the tube, depositions are approximately the same for different Schmidt numbers. Curvatures of tube, Reynolds number, and Schmidt number have second-order, forth-order, and first-order effects on the relative deposition efficiency, respectively.     

Effect of particle size on nonlinear wave propagation in a fluidized bed

The effect of particle size (Archimedes number) on the propagation of a kinematic particle concentration wave in a fluidized bed is investigated. The dependence of the characteristic wave velocity on the porosity of the bed (particle concentration) and the Archimedes number (or the Reynolds number for flow past individual particles of the dispersed phase) is determined. The evolution of a nonlinear perturbation of the bed porosity is investigated and the formation of discontinuities in the concentration of the dispersed phase is studied in relation to the particle size (Archimedes number). It is shown, in particular, that, as distinct from a bed of small particles, in a bed of large particles with quadratic interphase interaction only compression discontinuities can be formed. The results obtained can be used to analyze the formation of inhomogeneities (slugs and bubbles) in a fluidized bed in relation to the particle size.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 96–100, May–June, 1987.     

Experimental study of near-wall turbulent characteristics in an open-channel with gravel bed using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter

This experimental study investigated the mean velocity profiles, skin friction and turbulent characteristics of a gravel bed over a wide range of roughness using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The median diameter of bed material ranged from 2 to 40 mm, and the normalized roughness heights ranged from 47 to 4,881 mm. The flow regime was fully developed turbulence with a Reynolds number in the range of 4.2 × 10⁴–9.86 × 10⁴. All velocity curves exhibited logarithmic distributions, and the log-law region was influenced greatly by both the roughness and the Reynolds number. Moreover, the roughness of the gravel bed exerted a strong effect on Reynolds stress, and the turbulence tended towards isotropic with increasing roughness. Using statistical analyses, the third-order turbulence moments, sweep, and ejection motions were also examined. The results of this experimental analysis present a contrast to the classical wall similarity hypothesis.     

Periodic Fluctuations of Flow and Porosity in Spouted Beds

The results of experimental investigations of bed flow hydrodynamics in spouted beds are compared with CFD simulations (Eulerian–Eulerian approach) for two different column geometries. The experimental results of bed porosity and fluctuation frequency of mass flow rate of grain in the fountain region are compared with the corresponding results of simulations. The simulation results confirmed the observations of Muir et al. (1990, Chem. Eng. Comm. 88: 153–171) and Yang and Keairns (1978, AlchE Symp. Ser. No. 176 74: 218) that fluctuations of bed flow in DTSB are caused by particle cluster formation in the loading region at the bottom of column. The solids cross into the jet and cover the column inlet and are carried upward periodically through a draft tube. Subsequent figures obtained from simulations, which show stages of particle cluster formation at the entrance of column, exactly match visual observations. The frequency of fluctuations of grain mass flow rate predicted in simulations (~5–6 Hz) is in the range of that experimentally determined. The fluctuating inflow of solids results in slug formation and explains the vertical variations of height and porosity of the fountain.     

Turbulent flow past a bubble and an ellipsoid using shadow-image and PIV techniques

An experimental investigation on flow around an oscillating bubble and solid ellipsoid with a flat bottom was conducted. A single air bubble (equivalent diameter D_e=9.12 mm) was attached to a small disk (1 mm) at the end of a needle and suspended across a vertical square channel (100 mm) by wire wherein water flowed downward at a constant flowrate. The solid ellipsoid (D_e9.1 mm) was suspended across the square channel in the same manner. The equivalent diameter-based Reynolds and Eotvos number range, 1950<Re<2250 and 11<Eo<11.5, placed the bubble in the ‘wobbly’ regime while the flow in its wake was turbulent. A constant flowrate and one bubble size was used such that flow in the wake was turbulent. Velocity measurements of the flow field around the bubble or solid were made using a one CCD camera Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) system enhanced by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The shape of the bubble or solid was simultaneously recorded along with the velocity using a second CCD camera and an Infrared Shadow Technique (IST). In this way both the flow-field and the boundary of the bubble (solid) were measured. The velocity vector plots of flow around and in the wake of a bubble/solid, supplemented by profiles and contours of the average and root-mean-square velocities, vorticity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy, revealed differences in the wake flow structure behind a bubble and solid. One of the significant differences was in the inherent, oscillatory motion of the bubble which not only produced vorticity in the near-wake, but as a result of apparent vorticity stretching distributed the turbulent kinetic energy associated with this flow more uniformly on its wake, in contrast to the solid.