焦散线法确定应力强度因子的条件

基于焦散线的形成原理及含裂纹受力试件在裂尖附近区域的应力分布,得到了焦散线法确定应力强度因子的条件：初始曲线半径与试件厚度之比大于0．5。当满足该条件时,对光学各向同性材料及光学各向异性材料前表面反射的情形,只需测量焦散线沿横向的最大尺寸便可较精确地确定应力强度因子;而对于光学各向异性材料的透射或后表面反射情形,只有在忽略远场非奇异应力的影响后,才可借助焦散线的横向尺寸近似确定应力强度因子。     

含微裂纹和椭球颗粒介质的强度及本构关系

针对含随机分布微裂纹及椭球颗粒的复合材料，通过考虑椭球颗粒内的本征应变及其与微裂纹的相互作用，利用等效夹杂方法研究了微裂纹损伤对材料有效模量和强度的影响，推导了复合材料的细观应力场及本构关系，并导出了材料破坏的临界条件．     

有限尺寸下双材料界面附近裂纹位置对裂纹尖端的影响

随着复合材料的应用和发展,不同材料组成的界面结构越来越受到人们的重视。界面层两侧材料的性能相异会引起材料界面端奇异性,同时界面和界面附近存在裂纹会引起裂尖处的应力奇异性。因此双材料界面附近的力学分析是比较复杂的。本文建立双材料直角界面模型,在材料界面附近预设初始裂纹,计算了有限材料尺寸对界面应力场及其附近裂纹应力强度因子的影响。运用弹性力学中的 Goursat 公式求得直角界面端在有限尺寸下的应力场以及其应力强度系数。通过叠加原理和格林函数法进一步得到在直角界面端附近的裂纹尖端应力强度因子。计算结果表明,在适当范围内改变材料内裂纹与界面之间的距离,界面附近裂纹尖端的应力强度因子随着裂纹与界面距离的增加而减少,并且逐渐趋于稳定。分析结果可以为预测双材料结构复合材料界面失效位置提供参考。     

稳态循环应力下结构断裂可靠性设计方法

对含初始缺陷（宏观裂纹）结构进行无限寿命断裂可靠性设计，给出了疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子的二维概率密度函数及其门槛值分布函数公式，通过应力强度因子，门槛值干涉模型可求得裂纹不扩展的可靠度和指定可靠度下不扩展裂纹的最大尺寸，并确定含裂纹构件的检修周期。     

考虑夹杂相互作用的复合陶瓷夹杂界面的断裂分析

复合材料中夹杂含量较高时,夹杂间的相互作用能显著改变材料细观应力应变场分布,基体和夹杂中的平均应力应变水平也会发生较大变化,导致复合材料强度等力学性能发生显著变化. 为修正单一夹杂模型运用在实际材料中的误差,基于相互作用直推估计法,建立一种考虑含夹杂相互作用的夹杂界面裂纹开裂模型. 首先根据相互作用直推估计法,得到残余应力和外载应力共同作用下夹杂中的平均应力,再计算无限大基体中相同的夹杂达到相同应力场时的等效加载应力,将此加载应力作为含界面裂纹夹杂的等效应力边界条件,在此边界条件下求得界面裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,进而得到界面裂纹开裂的极限加载条件,并分析了夹杂弹性性能、含量、热残余应力、夹杂尺寸等因素对界面裂纹开裂条件的影响. 结果表明,方法能够有效修正单夹杂模型运用在实际材料中的误差,较大的残余应力对界面裂纹开裂有重要的影响,夹杂刚度的影响并非单调且比较复杂;在残余应力较小时,降低柔性夹杂刚度或者增大刚性夹杂刚度都有利于提高材料强度;扩大夹杂尺寸将导致裂纹开裂极限应力显著降低,从而降低材料强度.      

考虑微结构特征的陶瓷材料含损伤本构模型

为了研究不同微结构陶瓷材料的冲击破坏特征,以从微结构角度出发、描述陶瓷材料非弹性变形和断裂行为的Deshpande-Evan模型为基础构建本构模型,计算了无约束条件下材料的应力状态。为了验证改进模型的有效性,将VUMAT子程序编程方法将与ABAQUS有限元软件相结合,并将其应用于典型陶瓷材料（YAG透明陶瓷）冲击破坏过程的分析模拟。采用改进模型分析应变率、应力三轴度、晶粒尺寸及初始缺陷分布密度对YAG透明陶瓷动态力学行为和损伤演化机制的影响规律。结果表明：随着晶粒尺寸和裂纹分布密度的增加,YAG透明陶瓷破坏程度随之加剧,完全损伤区域面积也随之增加,晶粒尺寸对YAG透明陶瓷宏观破坏特征的影响程度要大于裂纹分布密度;YAG透明陶瓷失效强度以及断裂应变随着晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度的增大而减小;随着应变率不断增加,YAG透明陶瓷在不同晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度下的峰值应力和断裂应变均随之增加;裂纹扩展速度会随着晶粒尺寸的增加呈现出先增加而后平缓的趋势,裂纹扩展速度与初始缺陷分布密度系数成线性关系。改进模型可以描述YAG透明陶瓷微结构对其宏观破坏特征的影响,为进一步分析微结构对陶瓷材料宏观...     

裂纹与薄型夹杂物的互相干涉问题

本文研究裂纹和夹杂互相干涉的弹性力学的平面问题.一对位错和一对集中力的格林函数被分别用以形成裂纹和夹杂.所得积分方程适合于任意相对方位和尺寸的一个裂纹和一个夹杂.文中描述了裂纹尖端附近应力场的奇异性.对夹杂尖端附近应力场的奇异性给了特别的注意,并为夹杂尖端的应力强度因子作了定义.对各种不同的裂纹夹杂几何情况和不同的夹杂刚度作了数值计算.根据这些数值结果——裂尖和夹杂尖端的应力强度因子,分析、讨论了裂纹夹杂的各种几何参数以及夹杂-母体材料刚度比对裂纹-夹杂互相干涉效应的影响.     

基于数字图像处理的含缺陷花岗岩破裂力学分析1）

在细观尺度上,采用数字图像处理技术研究花岗岩中由石英、长石和云母等材料的形状、大小及分布对花岗岩材料造成的非均匀性,结合RFPA-DIP 程序建立了能准确反映材料真实细观结构的含缺陷花岗岩数值模型,并进行了常规单轴压缩模拟试验,研究不同矿物颗粒结构与缺陷对其细观破裂力学行为的影响,再现了外载荷作用下不同数值模型的真实破裂过程与最终破坏模式. 试验结果表明:缺陷对试样强度的影响比改变矿物颗粒的形态构造对其强度的影响更加显著,缺陷的存在削弱了颗粒形态对花岗岩强度影响的能力;缺陷及矿物颗粒的形态构造对试样裂纹的萌生、扩展以及最终破坏模式有直接影响,缺陷与矿物颗粒的空间结构关系是导致岩石形成各种复杂破坏模式的主要因素. 起裂应力水平受试样内部细观介质构造和缺陷的影响,而缺陷的存在对起裂应力的影响更加显著.     

基于数字图像处理的含缺陷花岗岩破裂力学分析

在细观尺度上,采用数字图像处理技术研究花岗岩中由石英、长石和云母等材料的形状、大小及分布对花岗岩材料造成的非均匀性,结合RFPA-DIP程序建立了能准确反映材料真实细观结构的含缺陷花岗岩数值模型,并进行了常规单轴压缩模拟试验,研究不同矿物颗粒结构与缺陷对其细观破裂力学行为的影响,再现了外载荷作用下不同数值模型的真实破裂过程与最终破坏模式.试验结果表明:缺陷对试样强度的影响比改变矿物颗粒的形态构造对其强度的影响更加显著,缺陷的存在削弱了颗粒形态对花岗岩强度影响的能力;缺陷及矿物颗粒的形态构造对试样裂纹的萌生、扩展以及最终破坏模式有直接影响,缺陷与矿物颗粒的空间结构关系是导致岩石形成各种复杂破坏模式的主要因素.起裂应力水平受试样内部细观介质构造和缺陷的影响,而缺陷的存在对起裂应力的影响更加显著.     

钢轨表面三维疲劳裂纹扩展数值分析

在车轮循环滚动接触载荷作用下，钢轨接触表面裂纹问题频发，严重威胁高速列车运行安全，开展钢轨表面三维滚动接触疲劳裂纹扩展分析意义重大.首先，考虑不同初始裂纹角度，建立钢轨轨头含初始裂纹的三维有限元模型，对钢轨表面施加循环滚动接触载荷，进行轮轨滚动接触计算；然后，基于相互作用积分法计算裂纹前缘的应力强度因子；最后，采用最大周向应力准则和Paris公式计算当前状态下裂纹扩展方向和扩展速率，进而更新下一时刻的裂纹形状和尺寸.通过对上述过程重复实现，从而预测钢轨表面三维裂纹的扩展路径.加载过程中裂纹前缘应力强度因子计算结果表明，随着初始裂纹角度增加，K_Ⅰ的峰值逐渐减小，K_Ⅱ的峰值逐渐增大，裂纹前缘各位置的等效应力强度因子逐渐减小；裂纹前缘节点的位置越靠近钢轨表面，等效应力强度因子越大.疲劳裂纹扩展计算结果表明，随着循环次数的增加，不同初始角度下的裂纹都发生了偏折，逐渐朝着钢轨深度方向扩展，且裂纹的初始角度越大，发生扩展时需要的循环次数越多.对比三种初始裂纹角度下裂纹长度随循环次数的演化曲线可以发现，初始裂纹角度越小，裂纹扩展速率越大.所开发的方法也适用...     

陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的细观强度分析

陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的失效主要有界面脱粘、增强粒子开裂等新的细观结构损伤机制。为了减小这些不足并对细观失效过程有一个清晰的了解,近来人们对金属基复合材料进行了大量研究,在此基础上,本文用细观力学的方法和损伤模型研究了陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的强度和损伤失效。为了计算方便,陶瓷颗粒简化为在复合材料中随机分布的椭球形粒子,然后以二相胞元模型计算分析了金属基体、颗粒中的应力应变分布情况,结果表明,基体中应力极不均匀,界面区存在应力集中,并计算了界面弧形裂纹扩展时的能量。最后分别提出了基体,颗粒和界面的失效强度准则,本文结果对于颗粒增强金属基复合材料具有普遍的实用性。     

含弧形裂纹复合陶瓷强度的尺度效应

认为含弧形裂纹复合陶瓷由随机方向的三相胞元与有效介质构成,用细观力学的方法研究了复合陶瓷的损伤失效和强度。首先确定三相胞元的外载应变,再依据复合陶瓷在损伤过程中的细观应力场和广义热力学力,计算出三相胞元内基体和颗粒的损伤等效应力,当基体和颗粒的损伤等效应力分别等于两者的极限应力时,得到基体和颗粒的破坏应力。然后,根据混合型应力强度因子计算弧形裂纹扩展时的能量释放率,进而得到界面的破坏应力。最后综合考虑基体、颗粒和和界面损伤影响,获得含弧形裂纹复合陶瓷的宏观强度及其尺度效应。     

The averaged mechanical properties of prismatic lattice formed by ellipsoidal inclusions

Summary The objective of this paper is to evaluate the averaged elastic properties of 3-D grained composites in which identical inclusions form a prismatic network interacting with the matrix material. The inclusions are of ellipsoidal shape with transverse circular sections located at the nodes of a doubly-periodic lattice with an orthogonal elementary cell. When the arrays of inclusions are set at equal spacings in normal directions through the thickness of the matrix, the material formed is an anisotropic composite with tetragonal symmetry at planes transverse to the fiber axis. The longitudinal and transverse elastic and shear moduli as well as the longitudinal Poisson's ratios of such composites are evaluated in this paper. The averaged properties are studied in terms of the aspect ratio and volume fraction of the inclusions as well as the relative rigidity of the constituent phases. Employing the Eshelby's theory for the stress field around a single ellipsoidal inhomogeneity, which is surrounded by the effective anisotropic material, and considering the Mori-Tanaka's concept for the mutual interaction of the neighboring inclusions, we may evaluate the averaged elastic properties of grained composites with aligned ellipsoidal inclusions at finite concentrations. The results provided in a closed-form solution concern the stiffness of 3-D grained composites with parallely dispersed ellipsoidal inclusions forming a prismatic network inside the principal material. It is shown that the stiffness is affected by both the geometry of the inclusions and their concentration. The use of different composite models in the analysis shows that intense variations of stiffness occur mainly in hard composites weakened by soft ellipsoidal inclusions. These findings come in full verification with experimental or theoretical results from the literature. Received 10 February 1998; accepted for publication 27 November 1998     

A closed-form, hierarchical, multi-interphase model for composites—Derivation, verification and application to nanocomposites

A closed form Hierarchical Multi-interphase Model (HMM) based on the classical elasticity theory is proposed to study the influence of the interphase around inclusions on the enhancement mechanism of composites in the elastic regime. The HMM is verified by three-dimensional Finite Element simulations and highly consistent results are obtained for the cases with relatively low stiffness ratios (SR) between the inclusions and the matrix (SR<100). For cases with large SRs (up to 10,000), the HMM with the assumption of ellipsoidal inclusions provides a lower bound for the stiffnesses of composites enhanced by non-ellipsoidal particles with the same aspect ratio of inclusions. The Modified Hierarchical Multi-interphase Model (MHMM) is developed by introducing morphology parameters to the HMM, to capture the high morphology sensitivity of composites at high SRs with the non-uniform stress-strain fields. In addition, one important feature of the HMM and the MHMM is the particle-size dependency. As an application of this model to predict size effects and shape effects, the enhancement efficiencies of three typical inclusions - sphere, fiber-like particle and platelet - at different scales, are studied and compared, producing useful information about the morphology optimization at the nano-scale.     

极端环境下连续碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料的力学行为

连续纤维增韧的碳化硅复合材料(以下简称C/SiC),作为超高速飞行器热结构使用时,有可能在高温环境下受到高速撞击的作用,因此,掌握其在极端环境(高温、高应变率)下的力学性能是进行结构安全设计的基础。本文采用具有高温实验能力的分离式Hopkinson杆,在293~1273K温度范围内进行了动态压缩力学性能测试,研究了环境温度和加载速率对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的高温压缩力学性能主要受应力氧化损伤和残余应力的共同影响。实验温度低于873K时,应力氧化损伤的影响很小,而由于增强纤维和基体界面残余应力的释放使界面结合强度增大,复合材料的压缩强度随温度的升高而增大;当实验温度高于873K时,应力氧化损伤加剧,其对压缩强度的削弱超过残余应力释放对强度的贡献,材料的压缩强度随温度的升高逐渐降低。由于应力氧化损伤受应变率的影响很大,当温度由873K升高至1273K时,高应变率下压缩强度降低的程度要比应变率为0.0001/s时低得多。     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

复合材料刚度性能表征的协同损伤力学模型

针对复合材料层合板的弥散型损伤,提出一个刚度性能表征的协同损伤力学模型. 该模型兼顾了微观物理损伤响应和宏观材料刚度性能表征. 从微观角度,建立细观RVE 模型求解裂纹表面张开位移和滑开位移,以此定义损伤张量,并在宏观上通过对材料应变和损伤表面位移进行均匀化处理,建立单向板或层合板的损伤刚度矩阵和损伤张量之间的联系. 以基体裂纹为例,详细分析并建立了横向裂纹和纵向裂纹的损伤本构. 计算了[±θ/90₄]_S 铺层层合板中基体横向裂纹对刚度性能的影响,结果表明该方法能够准确地预测复合材料层合板由损伤导致的刚度性能衰减.      

裂纹扩展独立于网格的一种有限元单元子划分方法

提出了一种有限元模拟裂纹扩展的单元子划分结合子结构的方法。本方法中,裂纹可以进入或穿过一个单元,或沿单元的边界扩展,因此裂纹可以沿任意路径扩展而不受初始网格的限制。对上述几类包含裂纹的单元按照裂纹的路径进行子划分,覆盖一条裂纹的所有子划分单元就组成了一个子结构,子结构规模随裂纹的扩展而增大。子结构中因单元子划分而新增的结点自由度,通过自由度的凝聚用初始网格结点的自由度表示,因此结构整体分析的总自由度不变。以上述方法为基础建立了裂纹萌生和扩展的准则。用本文的方法分析了单（双）材料无限大平面中心（界面）裂纹的裂尖场,验证了本文方法的精度,并模拟了颗粒复合材料中微裂纹在颗粒、基体和界面中逐步扩展的过程,考核了本文方法对复杂裂纹扩展问题模拟的适用性。     

Element-failure concepts for dynamic fracture and delamination in low-velocity impact of composites

An element-failure algorithm is proposed and incorporated into a finite element code for simulating dynamic crack propagation and impact damage in laminated composite materials. In this algorithm, when a crack is propagating within a finite element, the element is deemed to have partially failed, but not removed from the computations. Consequently, only a fraction of the stresses that were computed before the crack tip entered the element contribute to the nodal forces of the element. When the crack has propagated through the element, the element is completely failed and therefore can only resist volumetric compression. This treatment of crack propagation in isotropic solids allows fracture paths within individual elements and is able to accommodate crack growth in any arbitrary direction without the need for remeshing. However, this concept is especially powerful when extended to the modeling of damage and delamination in fibre-reinforced composite laminates. This is because the nature of damage in composite laminates is generally diffused, characterized by multiple matrix cracks, fibre pullout, fibre breakage and delaminations. It is usually not possible to define or identify crack tips in the tradition of fracture mechanics. Since parts of a damaged composite structure are often able to partially transmit load despite the presence of some damage, it is advantageous to model the damaged portions with partially failed elements. The damage may be efficiently modeled and tracked using element-failure concepts, with the application of appropriate failure criteria and damage evolution laws. The idea is to embody the effects of damage into the effective nodal forces of the finite element. In this paper, we report the novel use of element-failure concepts in the analysis of low-velocity impact damage of composite laminates. The initiation and propagation of delaminations arising from the impact are predicted and the results show qualitative agreement with experimental observation of the formation of multiple delaminations in impact-damaged specimens. While such delaminations do not permit transmission of tensile stress waves across the cracked surfaces, transmission of compressive stress waves are allowed in the simulation. It is further shown that, when elements are allowed to fail, the dynamic stress wave distributions are altered significantly. In the element-failure algorithm, the issue of interpenetration of delamination surfaces in the model does not arise. This is a significant advantage over the conventional method of explicitly modeling the delamination surfaces and crack front, where generally, much computational time must be spent in employing contact algorithms to ensure physically admissible solutions. Finally, we also demonstrate the simulation of crack propagation of pre-notched specimens of an isotropic material under initial conditions of mode II loading using the element-failure algorithm. The numerical results showed that the cracks propagated at an angle of about 70° with respect to the notches, in agreement with the experimental results of Kalthoff.