陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的细观强度分析

陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的失效主要有界面脱粘、增强粒子开裂等新的细观结构损伤机制。为了减小这些不足并对细观失效过程有一个清晰的了解,近来人们对金属基复合材料进行了大量研究,在此基础上,本文用细观力学的方法和损伤模型研究了陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料的强度和损伤失效。为了计算方便,陶瓷颗粒简化为在复合材料中随机分布的椭球形粒子,然后以二相胞元模型计算分析了金属基体、颗粒中的应力应变分布情况,结果表明,基体中应力极不均匀,界面区存在应力集中,并计算了界面弧形裂纹扩展时的能量。最后分别提出了基体,颗粒和界面的失效强度准则,本文结果对于颗粒增强金属基复合材料具有普遍的实用性。     

含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料的损伤应变场分析

研究了含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料的损伤应变场及其尺度效应。根据含共晶界面复合陶瓷的细观结构特性,利用含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料中三相胞元内的应力场分布规律,得出棒状共晶体内的无损应变场分布规律。针对棒状共晶体内存在损伤的现象,通过引入损伤变量,利用三相模型法得到了棒状共晶体内存在损伤时的应变场分布规律;根据应变和纤维状夹杂直径之间的关系,分析了棒状共晶体内的损伤应变场及其尺度效应。结果表明,含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料内三相胞元中基体、界面相和纤维夹杂内的损伤应变场对纤维夹杂直径具有明显的尺度效应。     

含强约束界面片状夹杂复合陶瓷热膨胀系数预报

以含强约束界面相片状夹杂复合陶瓷的细观结构为基础,建立含片状夹杂、强约束界面相、基体氛围和有效介质组成的四相模型,将片状夹杂、强约束界面相和基体氛围构成的三相胞元看作复合夹杂,根据Eshelby理论,确定了含同向片状夹杂复合陶瓷的有效热膨胀系数的解析表达式,复合陶瓷为横观各向同性,有2个独立的热膨胀系数.定量分析表明含同向片状夹杂的强约束界面复合陶瓷的有效热膨胀系数具有明显的尺度效应.     

颗粒缺陷相互作用下复合材料的细观损伤模型

含尖角的非椭球颗粒附近应力集中较大,诱导缺陷形成裂纹是材料损伤的重要来源.对于强界面颗粒,大刚度颗粒诱导裂纹向基体中扩展形成近似平面片状裂纹,认为诱导裂纹受颗粒应力附近应力场控制,基于有效自洽理论建立了材料细观损伤模型,得到了单向拉伸下的损伤演化,并分析了颗粒形状、尺寸、颗粒性能以及颗粒与初始缺陷相对位置等因素对材料损伤的影响.结果表明,非椭球颗粒更易诱发裂纹,同样外载应力下,损伤程度更大,含非椭球颗粒材料强度更低;含扁平型的颗粒材料裂纹损伤过程更加明显并且材料强度更大;提高颗粒刚度和含量能够增大材料强度.材料中存在尺寸过大或过小的初始裂纹时材料损伤过程不明显.     

三维编织复合材料渐进损伤的非线性模型及强度分析

建立了考虑周期性位移边界条件的细观体胞模型,对三维编织复合材料的渐进损伤过程进行数值模拟。采用Eshelby-Mori—Tanaka方法计算含损伤裂纹的材料的剐度矩阵,并将有限元网格尺寸和单元裂纹尺寸引入损伤演化方程,有效地降低了模拟结果对有限元网格的依赖程度。通过计算得到了材料应力应变的非线性关系和失效时的极限强度,并分析了材料的破坏机理。结果表明,大编织角材料的破坏模式主要是基体失效与纤维横向拉剪破坏,模拟计算结果与文献中的实验值吻合较好。     

含脱粘界面颗粒性复合材料的有效热膨胀系数

基于细观力学方法建立了包含脱粘界面在内的复合材料四相模型,将颗粒、脱粘界面和基体壳简化为椭球三相胞元,并通过Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka方法的推导得到颗粒和脱粘界面的热膨胀本征应变,进而对三相胞元热膨胀系数进行了预报.考虑到三相胞元在复合材料中随机分布,应用坐标变换公式得到复合材料平均热膨胀应变,进而求得复合材料的热膨胀系数.     

考虑夹杂相互作用的复合陶瓷夹杂界面的断裂分析

复合材料中夹杂含量较高时,夹杂间的相互作用能显著改变材料细观应力应变场分布,基体和夹杂中的平均应力应变水平也会发生较大变化,导致复合材料强度等力学性能发生显著变化. 为修正单一夹杂模型运用在实际材料中的误差,基于相互作用直推估计法,建立一种考虑含夹杂相互作用的夹杂界面裂纹开裂模型. 首先根据相互作用直推估计法,得到残余应力和外载应力共同作用下夹杂中的平均应力,再计算无限大基体中相同的夹杂达到相同应力场时的等效加载应力,将此加载应力作为含界面裂纹夹杂的等效应力边界条件,在此边界条件下求得界面裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,进而得到界面裂纹开裂的极限加载条件,并分析了夹杂弹性性能、含量、热残余应力、夹杂尺寸等因素对界面裂纹开裂条件的影响. 结果表明,方法能够有效修正单夹杂模型运用在实际材料中的误差,较大的残余应力对界面裂纹开裂有重要的影响,夹杂刚度的影响并非单调且比较复杂;在残余应力较小时,降低柔性夹杂刚度或者增大刚性夹杂刚度都有利于提高材料强度;扩大夹杂尺寸将导致裂纹开裂极限应力显著降低,从而降低材料强度.      

含片状缺陷共晶复合陶瓷的细观强度模型

根据缺陷在共晶复合陶瓷中的分布特点,假设缺陷为片状、缺陷周围介质为横观各向同性,建立了含缺陷共晶复合材料的细观力学模型;根据损伤理论定义了胞元等效外载应力场,依据等效夹杂理论得到了含缺陷各向异性基体复合材料 Griffith 强度,考虑缺陷的空间分布随机性得到了复合材料强度与缺陷尺寸、缺陷体积含量等参数的关系。结果表明：强度与缺陷半径的-1/2次方成线性关系,且缺陷尺寸较小时强度变化明显;片状缺陷体积含量对强度影响显著,尤其当缺陷含量小于3%时,少量缺陷即可造成强度极大地下降;缺陷形状及基体的各向异性对强度也有着重要影响,各向同性基体中片状缺陷不为圆形时,缺陷始终从短轴开始扩展,各向异性基体中片状缺陷为圆形时,则缺陷首先从弹性模量大的方向上扩展,最终缺陷形状和弹性模量满足特定的比例关系。     

含片状缺陷共晶复合陶瓷的细观强度模型

根据缺陷在共晶复合陶瓷中的分布特点,假设缺陷为片状、缺陷周围介质为横观各向同性,建立了含缺陷共晶复合材料的细观力学模型;根据损伤理论定义了胞元等效外载应力场,依据等效夹杂理论得到了含缺陷各向异性基体复合材料Griffith强度,考虑缺陷的空间分布随机性得到了复合材料强度与缺陷尺寸、缺陷体积含量等参数的关系。结果表明:强度与缺陷半径的-1/2次方成线性关系,且缺陷尺寸较小时强度变化明显;片状缺陷体积含量对强度影响显著,尤其当缺陷含量小于3%时,少量缺陷即可造成强度极大地下降;缺陷形状及基体的各向异性对强度也有着重要影响,各向同性基体中片状缺陷不为圆形时,缺陷始终从短轴开始扩展,各向异性基体中片状缺陷为圆形时,则缺陷首先从弹性模量大的方向上扩展,最终缺陷形状和弹性模量满足特定的比例关系。     

含微裂纹和椭球颗粒介质的强度及本构关系

针对含随机分布微裂纹及椭球颗粒的复合材料，通过考虑椭球颗粒内的本征应变及其与微裂纹的相互作用，利用等效夹杂方法研究了微裂纹损伤对材料有效模量和强度的影响，推导了复合材料的细观应力场及本构关系，并导出了材料破坏的临界条件．     

Thermo–elasto–plastic stresses in functionally graded materials under consideration of the fabrication process

Summary  The present study analyzes elasto–plastic thermal stresses in some particle-reinforced functionally graded material plates (FGP) by taking into consideration residual stresses of the fabrication process. For the FGP, the region near the cooling metal surface consists of distributed ceramic particles in a metal matrix, while the region near the heating ceramic surface contains distributed metal particles in a ceramic matrix. We use the thermo–elasto–plastic constitutive equation of a particle-reinforced composite, taking into consideration temperature changes and damage as well as the reinforcing effect of particles. Elasto–plastic thermal stresses are discussed here with the goal of reducing the thermal stresses. Two kinds of particle-reinforced FGP are considered: the first kind (FGP1) represents distributed ceramic particles in the metal matrix, and the second one (FGP2) represents distributed metal particles in the ceramic matrix. We modify the thermo–elasto–plastic constitutive equation of a particle-reinforced composite for the FGP2 by taking into consideration temperature changes and damage as well as the reinforcing effect of particles. Using the temperature-dependent material properties, three cases of temperature conditions are studied. The first one is the cooling from the fabrication temperature to the room temperature, the second one is the heating from the room temperature, and the last one is the heating after cooling from the fabrication temperature. The particle volume fraction is assumed to vary according to a power function in the thickness direction of the FGPs. Using the finite element method, the effects of the distribution parameter of the composition on the macroscopic stress, the stress in the matrix and the stress in the particle in the FGPs are discussed. Also, the effects of the particle volume fraction and the fabrication temperature on the maximum tensile matrix stress are discussed. Received 22 November 2000; accepted for publication 24 April 2001     

THE USE OF THERMOELASTICITY TO EVALUATE STRESS REDISTRIBUTION AND NOTCH SENSITIVITY IN CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

Thermoelastic stress analysis was used to document the effect of composite damage on the stress distribution in three ceramic matrix composites. Composite damage was found to significantly alter the thermoelastic response of each material, with the greatest effect noted in SiC/CAS. Thermoelastic imaging of these materials affords a more complete picture of how the various damage mechanisms affect the stress distribution. In particular, a stress concentration factor computed from thermoelastic images, serves as an indicator of stress redistribution. The stress concentration factors were computed by comparing notch root to far field temperatures, and monitored after the introduction of various amounts of damage. In each material, the stress concentration factor diminished as the damaging load approached the ultimate stress. Reduction in the stress concentration is associated with local changes in modulus, mechanistically arising from combinations of fiber, matrix and interface fracture. Stress redistribution occurs as a consequence of modulus changes, leading to lower notch sensitivity in each of the tested composites.     

Particle fracture in high-volume-fraction ceramic-reinforced metals: Governing parameters and implications for composite failure

Weibull parameters of angular alumina particles are determined from experimental tensile test data on high-ceramic-content metal matrix composites using a micromechanical model that accounts for internal damage in the form of particle cracking, the dominant damage mode in these composites. The fraction of broken particles is assessed from the drop of Young's modulus and particle fracture is assumed to be stress controlled. Two extreme load-sharing modes, namely a purely local and a global load-sharing mode, are considered to account for the load redistribution due to particle fracture. Consistent powder strength parameters can be thus “back-calculated” for particles that are embedded in different Al-Cu matrices. On the other hand, this calculation fails for pure Al matrix composites, which exhibit a much larger strain to failure than Al-Cu matrix composites. It is shown that for Al matrix composites, the role of plastic (composite) strain on particle fracture constitutes a second parameter governing particle damage. This finding is rationalized by particle-particle interactions in these tightly packed ceramic particle-reinforced composites, and by the increase of matrix stress heterogeneity that is brought with increasing plastic strain. Failure of the alloyed matrix composites is well described by the (lower bound) local load-sharing micromechanical model, which predicts a catastrophic failure due to an avalanche of damage. The same model predicts failure of pure aluminium matrix composites to occur at the onset of tensile instability, also in agreement with experimental results once the role of plastic strain on damage accumulation is accounted for.     

非理想界面对三相复合材料应力场的影响

对非理想界面的三相复合材料,提出了计算弹性应力场的微观力学模型,在适当的简化假设下,对带界相的颗粒增强和纤维增强复合材料,得到了应力场的计算公式。以剪切载荷为例给出了数值例子。给出的数值结果表明非理想界面对三相复合材料应力场的影响。     

Une condition de déviation des fissures dans les CMC et les multicouches

A crack deflection criterion is proposed on the basis of the Cook and Gordon mechanism. The stress state induced by a crack was computed in an elementary cell of bimaterial using the finite element method. An interface failure criterion was established in terms of strengths and elastic moduli of constituents. A master curve was produced. It allows matrix crack deflection to be predicted with respect to constituents properties and interface strength. The model can be used also to evaluate the strength of interfaces and interphases in ceramic matrix composites and in multilayers. To cite this article: S. Pompidou, J. Lamon, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

用广义胞元法研究弱界面复合材料偏轴拉伸强度

本文用广义胞元法结合应力集中系数模型，从细观、宏观力学结合的角度，预测了弱界面复合材料偏轴拉伸强度值．用广义胞元法/高精度广义胞元法计算复合材料开裂前和开裂后的应力场，引入基体应力集中系数以得到基体真实应力．在计算真实应力时根据宏观试验现象考量是否对界面开裂后的复合材料进行刚度衰减，最终形成4种方案计算出复合材料的偏轴拉伸强度．通过对比芳纶纤维和亚麻纤维两种弱界面复合材料的偏轴拉伸强度试验值，找到了最可靠的预报方案并具有良好的预报精度．     

Debonding of particles in thin films

Thin composite films consisting of a matrix with embedded particles are currently being developed both as hard, wear resistant coatings and as functional surfaces. The effect of stiff particles in the film are studied for systems where the film is under residual tensile stresses. The particles, when they are fully bonded to the matrix, increase the stiffness of the composite film. In cases where the particles debond from the matrix material, the stiffness of the composite film decreases. The conditions under which the debonding process is stable are studied. For systems properly designed, a controlled debonding process of the particles can thus be used to reduce the stress levels in composite film lowering the risk for delamination of the composite film from the substrate as well as the risk of through cracks in the film. The work includes finite element based unit cell calculations of interface debonding between spherical particles and the film, and the release of residual stresses following this. The three dimensional unit cell calculations assume a periodic distribution of particles in the plane parallel to the substrate interface with equi-biaxial tension and periodicity with zero overall stress perpendicular to the substrate interface.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SHRINKAGE AND MOISTURE DIFFUSION ON IDEALIZED TOOTH STRUCTURE INVOLVING DEBONDING DAMAGE

This study highlights the joint effect of early polymerization shrinkage and longtermmoisture diffusion on the behavior of the restoration-tooth structure. The interphase debonding between particle and polymer resin in dental composite is taken into account by introducing the damage variable. The idealized model is designed and constructed for representing the restorationtooth structure, which consists of enamel, dentin, composite and interphase, each considered as homogenous material. The simulation is carried out using the general-purpose finite element software package, ABAQUS incorporated with a user subroutine for definition of damaged material behavior. The influence of Young‘s moduli of composite and interphase on stress and displacement is discussed. The compensating effect of water sorption on the polymerization shrinkage is examined with and without involving damage evolution. A comparison is made between the influence of hyper-, equi- and hypo-water sorption. Interfacial failure in the specific regions as well as cuspal movement has been predicated. The damage evolving in dental composite reduces the rigidity of composite, thus in turn reducing consequent stress and increasing consequent displacement. The development of stresses at the restoration-tooth interface can have a detrimental effect on the longevity of a restoration.