点火过程和初始条件对燃烧轻气炮内弹道性能的影响

采用计算流体力学方法对燃烧轻气炮膛内燃烧过程进行数值模拟,分析不同的点火点数目和点火能量以及初始温度和压力对燃烧轻气炮内弹道特性的影响。结果表明,采用合理的点火点数目、初始温度和压力条件可以有效控制氢气的燃烧过程,减弱燃烧室内的压力波动。模拟结果对燃烧轻气炮膛内燃烧过程控制具有重要参考价值。     

含能气体射流与液体相互作用的实验研究

为了研究整装式液体发射药的燃烧稳定性的控制方法,设计了点火喷射模拟装置及4种多级渐扩型观察室,利用数字高速摄像系统,观察含能气体射流在液体模拟工质中的扩展过程,并对实验中出现的喷孔壅塞现象进行了分析.结果表明:射流在渐扩型结构中扩展稳定,喷射压力、喷孔直径和渐扩结构对射流扩展形态和气液掺混过程有显著影响,通过合理调整这些参数,可以实现对射流扩展过程的有效控制;喷孔壅塞时射流扩展形态非对称,影响气液掺混,不利于控制射流的稳定性.     

微小尺度下氢气预混燃烧的实验研究

对内径为1.66mm的不锈钢管燃烧室的氢气预混燃烧实验进行了描述，采用 红外测温仪测量了燃烧室壁面的温度场分布，获得了不同燃烧热功率下的运行界限．在突扩 段内高温回流区的作用下，在带有5mm长突扩段的燃烧室内可以实现完全预混燃 烧，最高运行界限可达1.415．由于较高的进气速度和较大的燃烧室壁面散热，在不带突扩 段的不锈钢管内无法实现完全预混燃烧．结果表明突扩段对微小尺度燃烧具有稳定火焰、拓 宽燃烧运行界限的作用．通过对火焰形状和结构的观察，结合突扩段燃烧流场的分析，合理 解释了燃烧室壁面温度场随过量空气系数的变化规律．     

气相爆轰驱动二级轻气炮内弹道数值模拟

二级轻气炮是超高速弹丸驱动技术中使用最广泛的技术之一, 它在超高速气动物理现象及材料高速碰撞下力学性能的实验研究和验证方面起着不可或缺的作用. 中国科学院力学研究所基于爆轰驱动方法研制了一座大型二级轻气炮, 可弥补高压气体驱动能力有限和火药使用受限的不足. 本文基于经过实验验证的准一维数值模拟方法, 详细研究了该设备的内弹道动力学参数及发射性能, 并探讨了不同发射方法及装填参数对设备性能的影响规律和机理. 研究结果表明, 氢氧爆轰驱动相比于高压气体驱动具有明显优势; 不同爆轰驱动方式对弹丸发射性能影响较小, 但其影响到整个设备的强度设计; 对装填运行参数的研究表明增大爆轰段充气压力可以有效加强轻气炮发射性能, 而活塞质量变化对发射速度的影响较为复杂, 轻气炮实际运行中受设备设计指标及模型材料性能的限制, 优化过程中需要同时调整3种参数以达到轻气炮最佳性能.      

高压气体驱动二级轻气炮发射过程的数值模拟方法及应用

二级轻气炮是一种常见的超高速发射装置,多年来其数值研究大多采用简化一维模型,鲜有三维有限元模型。以14 mm口径高压气体驱动二级轻气炮为研究对象,采用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian, CEL）算法,根据膜片破裂与否,将二级轻气炮模型解耦为2个分级三维数值模型。为确定实验难以测得的参数（材料摩擦因数和膜片破膜压力）,设计正交试验,拟合确定活塞与泵管间摩擦因数为0.82,弹丸与发射管摩擦因数为0.30和膜片破膜压力为11.73 MPa。正交结果表明,摩擦因数对计算结果影响较大,在高压气体驱动二级轻气炮的计算中不应忽略。通过上述方法建立数字化高压气体驱动二级轻气炮,完整复现气炮发射过程,计算的弹丸终速与实验结果吻合度高。选取验证工况详细分析了气炮发射过程内流场变化,并呈现关键时刻的压力云图。该气炮简化方法、分级思想和关键参数确认方法可推广应用于固体发射药驱动、爆轰驱动等其他驱动形式的二级/多级轻气炮。     

基于液体碳氢燃料的旋转爆轰燃烧特性研究

为了探索液体碳氢燃料参与旋转爆轰所产生的不完全燃烧现象,采用守恒元与求解元方法,开展柱坐标系下的汽油/空气两相旋转爆轰燃烧室三维数值模拟研究,针对燃料喷注压力和反应物当量比对旋转爆轰流场结构及燃烧室性能的影响进行分析。分析结果表明:保持总当量比为1.00,随着燃料喷注压力的上升,燃烧室内燃料不均匀分布增强,产生局部富燃区,燃料在燃烧室未能完全反应,导致燃烧室燃料比冲下降;保持喷注压力不变,减小当量比,在贫燃工况下依然存在局部富燃区,导致燃烧室内出现不完全燃烧现象,降低燃烧室比冲性能。由此可知,反应物喷注方案对气液两相旋转爆轰的不完全燃烧有显著影响。     

APS—RS型高速相机在气相爆轰实验中的应用研究

基于气相燃烧转爆轰机理研究,探索利用APX-RS型高速数字相机测量氢氧混合气体在电火花点火后的火焰和前驱冲击波的变化历程,获得火焰加速以及冲击波的产生与成长过程的高速摄影图像;计算了不同位置的前驱冲击波参数和气体状态参数;分析了燃烧转爆轰机制。结果表明：APX—RS型高速相机可以成功地拍摄气相燃烧转爆轰过程,并获得氢氧混合气体燃烧转爆轰为局部爆炸机制。     

波纹管道阻火器内火焰传播的实验与数值模拟研究

对乙烯-空气预混火焰在波纹管道阻火器中的传播与淬熄过程进行了实验和数值模拟研究,实验结果显示:当乙烯接近当量浓度时,预混气体爆炸压力变化过程可分为4个阶段,等压燃烧阶段、缓慢上升阶段、快速上升阶段和压力振荡阶段;在爆炸过程中,由于反射压力波和火焰相互作用的影响,超压值出现多次振荡,压力振荡阶段一般可以持续数十毫秒;乙烯-空气火焰传播速度随管径增加、阻火单元波纹高度减小呈递增趋势,而且随着阻火单元厚度的增加,阻火器的阻火能力明显提高,可以更有效地使火焰淬熄。数值模拟结果显示:在管道封闭端点火后,火焰面呈半球形并以层流扩散的方式向四周传播;当火焰传播到管道壁面时,在管道壁面的约束作用下,火焰面发生变形,壁面附近的火焰逐渐超过了管道轴线附近的火焰,最后形成了“郁金香”状的火焰结构;当爆燃火焰经过阻火单元时,高温已燃气体被其吸收大量热量,同时在反应区产生的稀疏波作用下,气体温度逐渐降低、化学反应速率迅速减小,最终导致火焰被熄灭。通过模拟计算结果可以看出,在整个爆炸过程中,火焰传播速度与爆炸压力波动均较为明显。并提出了孔隙率和阻火单元厚度对火焰传播的影响机制。基于传热学理论模型,并结合实验数据,得出了爆燃火焰速度与爆炸压力之间的关系,为工业装置阻火器的设计和选型提供更为准确的参考依据。     

模型超燃冲压发动机内着火过程分析

在燃烧室入口来流为Ma=2.64、T0=1483K、P0＝1.65MPa、T=724K、P=76.3kPa条件下,采用高速摄影和连续激光高速纹影对等截面型开窗燃烧室内氢气射流自燃过程、火花塞点燃氢气过程和引导氢气火焰点燃煤油过程进行了观测,获得了燃烧室内着火过程中火焰和流场波系结构的动态演化过程;观察到了初始火焰区首先起始于燃烧室下游,并逆流传播实现发动机着火的过程;分析表明燃料能否着火、以及着火位置与燃料着火时间、燃烧室流速和火焰稳定器安装情况相关,多火焰稳定区延长了燃料驻留时间,使燃料更容易着火。关键词 超燃冲压发动机,点火过程,火焰传播,火焰稳定器      

地震纵横波时差耦合作用的斜坡崩滑效应研究

在燃烧室入口来流为Ma=2.64、T0=1483K、P0＝1.65MPa、T=724K、P=76.3kPa条件下,采用高速摄影和连续激光高速纹影对等截面型开窗燃烧室内氢气射流自燃过程、火花塞点燃氢气过程和引导氢气火焰点燃煤油过程进行了观测,获得了燃烧室内着火过程中火焰和流场波系结构的动态演化过程;观察到了初始火焰区首先起始于燃烧室下游,并逆流传播实现发动机着火的过程;分析表明燃料能否着火、以及着火位置与燃料着火时间、燃烧室流速和火焰稳定器安装情况相关,多火焰稳定区延长了燃料驻留时间,使燃料更容易着火。 关键词 超燃冲压发动机,点火过程,火焰传播,火焰稳定器     

Experimental study of biogas combustion using a gas turbine configuration

The aim of the present work is to compare stability combustion domains, flame structures and dynamics between CH₄/air flames and a biogas/air flames (issued from waste methanisation) in a lean gas turbine premixed combustion conditions. Velocity profiles are obtained by Laser Doppler Anemometry measurements. CH* chemiluminescence measurements and temporal acquisition of chamber pressure are performed in order to describe flame structure and instabilities. Changes in flame structure and dynamics when fuel composition is varying are found to strongly depend on laminar flame speed. No clear correlation between the unstable flame and the reaction zone penetration in the corner recirculation can be found.     

Stabilization of detonation combustion in a high-velocity flow of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture

The flow of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture diluted with argon in a supersonic axisymmetric nozzle consisting of an inlet cylinder, a convergent region, a cylindrical throat, and a divergent region is considered. The supersonic flow enters the channel along the axis of symmetry. The flow structure is calculated with allowance for hydrogen ignition. A possibility of stabilizing the combustion zone is studied and the forces acting on the nozzle from the flow are determined. The problem is solved in the two-dimensional approximation with account for detailed combustion kinetics.     

Experimental investigation of flame/solid interactions in turbulent premixed combustion

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the interaction between propagating turbulent premixed flames and solid obstacles. The experimental rig was configured specifically to allow detailed measurements with laser-based optical diagnostics. A wall-type solid obstacle was mounted inside a laboratory-scale combustion chamber with rectangular cross-section. The flame was initiated, by igniting a combustible mixture of methane in air at the center of the closed end of the combustion chamber. The flame front development was visualized by a high-speed (9000 frame/s) digital video camera and flame images were synchronized with ignition timing and chamber pressure data. The tests were carried out with lean, stoichiometric and rich mixtures of methane in air. The images were used to calculate highly resolved temporal and spatial data for the changes in flame shape, speed, and the length of the flame front. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of mixture equivalence ratio on the flame structure and resulting overpressure. The reported data revealed significant changes in flame structure as a result of the interaction between the propagating flame front and the transient recirculating flow formed behind the solid obstacle. Combustion images show that the flame accelerates and decelerates as it impinges on the obstacle wall boundaries. It is also found that the mixture concentrations have a significant influence on the nature of the flame/solid interactions and the resulting overpressure. The highest flame speed of 40 m/s was obtained with the unity fuel–air equivalence ratio. Burning of trapped mixture behind the solid obstruction was found to be highly correlated with the flame front length and the rate of pressure rise.     

基于五阶WENO格式的燃气在药床中流动过程二维两相流研究

为研究内弹道初始阶段中心点火管燃气在膛内药床中的流动特性和传播规律,设计了可视化点传火实验平台,并进行了膛内假药床的点传火实验。基于加权本质无震荡(weighted essentially non-oscillatory, WENO)格式,构造了膛内轴对称二维内弹道两相流模型,对膛内燃气在假药床中的流动过程进行数值模拟。计算结果与可视化实验结果符合较好,全局压力平均误差为5.35%。表明数值计算准确地描述了燃气流动特性,完整地呈现了点火管燃气在假药床中的发展过程。在点火初始阶段,膛内压力径向效应明显,气相沿径向传播较快,药床药粒基本不会发生运动;随着燃气逐渐在膛内传播,膛内压力呈现径向一致、轴向梯度分布的特征,在压力梯度作用下,气相轴向速度开始占据主导,径向速度在膛底和中部区域减小为零,而固相速度随气相速度变化而变化;气相在到达弹底前,由于固相颗粒的壅塞,会提前出现速度反向波动现象。     

A ballistic compressor-based experiment for the visualization of liquid propellant jet combustion above 100 MPa

 This paper describes the components and operation of an experimental setup for the visualization of liquid propellant (LP) jet combustion at pressures above 100 MPa. The apparatus consists of an in-line ballistic compressor and LP injector. The ballistic compressor, based on a modified 76 mm gun, provides high-pressure (ca. 55 MPa) clear hot gas for the jet ignition. A piston (projectile) is fired toward a test chamber beyond the barrel’s end, and its rebound is arrested in a transition section that seals the test chamber to the barrel. The LP jet is injected once the piston is restrained, and combustion of the jet further elevates the pressure. At a preset pressure, a disc in the piston ruptures and the combustion gas vents sonically into the barrel. If a monopropellant is used, the jet injection-combustion process then resembles liquid rocket combustion but at very high pressures (ca. 140 MPa). This paper discusses the ballistics of the compression and compares experimental results to those predicted by a numerical model of the apparatus. Experimentally, a pressure of 70 MPa was achieved upon a 12.5 volumetric compression factor by firing a 10 kg piston into 1.04 MPa argon using a charge of 75 g of small-grain M1 propellant. Received: 16 December 1996/Accepted: 15 July 1997     

中心点火火焰在药床中传播规律的试验研究

为了研究中心点火管火焰在药床中的传播规律,设计了可视化模拟试验平台,开展了不同点火药量、不同装药结构的中心点传火试验。采用高速图像采集系统记录了中心点火管火焰在药床中的传播过程,采用瞬态压力记录仪记录膛内压力的时空变化。结果表明,点火药量为20 g时,出火时间为0.6 ms;点火药量为30 g时,出火时间为1.5 ms;杆状装药床的传火时间平均为2.2 ms,粒状装药床的传火时间平均为3.4 ms,而杆粒混装药床的传火时间为3.1 ms。可见,点火药量对药床出火时间影响显著,较大的点火药量导致药床出火时间延长;不同装药床结构传火性能差异较大,单一杆状装药床传火性能优于单一粒状装药和杆粒混装药床,并且粒状装药床易形成气体壅塞,膛内会出现明显的压力波动现象;根据火焰传播时序位置点,利用一阶指数衰减函数拟合建立了火焰传播过程数学模型,拟合优度大于0.98。     

Shock tube studies of thermal radiation of diesel-spray combustion under a range of spray conditions

A tailored interface shock tube and an over-tailored interface shock tube were used to measure the thermal energy radiated during diesel-spray combustion of light oil, α-methylnaphthalene and cetane by changing the injection pressure. The ignition delay of methanol and the thermal radiation were also measured. Experiments were performed in a steel shock tube with a 7 m low-pressure section filled with air and a 6 m high-pressure section. Pre-compressed fuel was injected through a throttle nozzle into air behind a reflected shock wave. Monochromatic emissive power and the power emitted across all infrared wavelengths were measured with IR-detectors set along the central axis of the tube. Time-dependent radii where soot particles radiated were also determined, and the results were as follows. For diesel spray combustion with high injection pressures (from 10 to 80 MPa), the thermal radiation energy of light oil per injection increased with injection pressure from 10 to 30 MPa. The energy was about 2% of the heat of combustion of light oil at P _inj = about 30 MPa. At injection pressure above 30 MPa the thermal radiation decreased with increasing injection pressure. This profile agreed well with the combustion duration, the flame length, the maximum amount of soot in the flame, the time-integrated soot volume and the time-integrated flame volume. The ignition delay of light oil was observed to decrease monotonically with increasing fuel injection pressure. For diesel spray combustion of methanol, the thermal radiation including that due to the gas phase was 1% of the combustion heat at maximum, and usually lower than 1%. The thermal radiation due to soot was lower than 0.05% of the combustion heat. The ignition delays were larger (about 50%) than those of light oil. However, these differences were within experimental error.

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An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 18th Int. Symposium on Shock Waves at Sendai, Japan during July 21 to 26, 1991 and at the 19th Int. Symposium on Shock Waves at Marseille, France during July 26 to 30, 1993.     

Investigation over the recirculation influence on the combustion of micro organic dust particles

This paper investigates the role of recircnlation and non-unity Lewis number on the combustion of organic dust particles. Since recirculation effect is more noticeable in micro-combustors, it is necessary to propose a modeling approach of this phenomenon to better simulate the performance of micro-combustors. In this research, in order to model the combustion of organic dust particles, it is assumed that the dust particles va- porize first to yield a known chemical structure which is oxidized in the gas phase, and the chemical structure of this gaseous fuel is assumed methane. To study the flame structure and solve the governing equations, it is considered that the flame structure consists of three zones titled the preheat-vaporization zone, the narrow reaction zone and finally the post flame zone. The recirculation phenomenon is evaluated by entering the exhausted heat from the post flame zone into the preheat zone. The solution is based on the follow- ing approach. First, the governing equations in each zone are nondimensionalized. Then the needed boundary and matching conditions are applied in each zone. After that, these equations and the required boundary and matching conditions are simultaneously solved with the analytical model. Consequently, the remarkable effects of recirculation and non- unity Lewis number on the combustion characteristics of the organic dust particles such as burning velocity and temperature profiles for different particle radii are obtained. The results show reasonable agreement with published experimental data.     

Stability of the combustion process in elastic combustion chambers

High-frequency instability phenomena in rigid combustion chambers have been studied theoretically in [1–3]. This phenomenon is attributed to the interaction between the combustion processes and combustion-product fluctuations in the chamber. One of the possible mechanisms of formation of high-frequency instability is examined in [3], where the combustion rate is represented in the form of a retarded pressure functional. In this case, the problem is reduced to studying the stability of a certain distributed self-oscillating time-lag system.If the oscillation frequencies of the combustion products are comparable to the natural vibrations of the shell which forms the combustion chamber, then it is natural to expect that the elasticity of the chamber walls will affect the combustion process. Coupled effects of acoustoelastic instability can arise, in whose development the vibrations of the chamber wall play a substantial role. These effects are particularly undesirable from the point of view of the vibrational stability of combustion chambers.In this paper, a theory of high-frequency instability of stationary combustion is developed with allowance for elastic deformations of the combustion chamber walls. The theory is based on the mechanism of vibrational combustion [1–3], according to which the combustion front is assumed to the concentrated, while the velocity jump at the front is expressed through a retarded pressure functional. It is assumed that the combustion product flow is one-dimensional and isentropic and that the chamber is cylindrical. The deformations of the chamber are described via the moment theory of shells. The existence is revealed of additional instability regions produced by the interaction between the elastic vibrations of the chamber walls and the acoustic oscillations of the combustion products. The influence of the relation between the elastic and acoustic frequencies and of the structural damping factor in the combustion chamber walls on the stability of the stationary combustion process is examined. The problem discussed is treated as a mathematical model for more complex asymmetric problems in which the elastic and acoustic frequencies can be of the same order.