CE/SE方法在内弹道瞬态两相流中的应用

根据CE/SE方法思想,构造在变换坐标系下内弹道两相流动数值计算的 格式. 采用此格式研究了膛内瞬态二维两相流动点火过程. 数值计算结果反映实际 规律并和试验结果符合. 结果表明,对中心点火方式,在点传火过程初期,膛内压力在 径向和轴向上存在较大的压力梯度,当火药全部着火后,药室内压力在径向上逐渐趋于 一致. 这表明CE/SE方法能够完全模拟瞬态二维两相流动的情况.     

中心点火火焰在药床中传播规律的试验研究

为了研究中心点火管火焰在药床中的传播规律,设计了可视化模拟试验平台,开展了不同点火药量、不同装药结构的中心点传火试验。采用高速图像采集系统记录了中心点火管火焰在药床中的传播过程,采用瞬态压力记录仪记录膛内压力的时空变化。结果表明,点火药量为20 g时,出火时间为0.6 ms;点火药量为30 g时,出火时间为1.5 ms;杆状装药床的传火时间平均为2.2 ms,粒状装药床的传火时间平均为3.4 ms,而杆粒混装药床的传火时间为3.1 ms。可见,点火药量对药床出火时间影响显著,较大的点火药量导致药床出火时间延长;不同装药床结构传火性能差异较大,单一杆状装药床传火性能优于单一粒状装药和杆粒混装药床,并且粒状装药床易形成气体壅塞,膛内会出现明显的压力波动现象;根据火焰传播时序位置点,利用一阶指数衰减函数拟合建立了火焰传播过程数学模型,拟合优度大于0.98。     

稠密颗粒床中点火传火过程的两维两相流数值模拟

本文结合火炮工程背景,建立伴随化学反应的稠密颗粒群气固两相非定常两维轴对称流和点火器内的非定常一维两相流数学模型,并考虑点火器对主装药床的耦合作用。采用MacCormack两步差分格式,模拟点火传火过程中火焰传播及其物理量沿轴向和径向变化规律。部分计算结果与实验结果相吻合。发现点火开始阶段存在明显的径向效应,当火焰波传到固壁后,轴向流占主要优势。     

膛内等离子体点火及燃烧增强过程数值模拟

在初始点火过程中 ,假设等离子体为充分发展射流流动 ,因而可采用积分近似模型进行描述。而在随后的膛内燃烧过程中通过以经验公式给出等离子体混合长度的方法来处理等离子体的运动 ,并给出了合适的相间阻力及传热公式。通过在计算网格设计中引入了自适应方法提高了数值解精度。计算膛压曲线与实验符合良好。相对常规内弹道情形 ,等离子体能量的注入使在不同时刻膛内的气、固两相速度、压力和膛底温度等出现提高 ,这是等离子体注入后对内弹道的增强过程。计算结果为固体工质电热化学炮的弹道设计提供了理论依据。     

长药室装药中多点点传火一维两相流数值模拟

针对药室长度超过3m的长药室装药设计问题,设计了以电点火具为点火源的多点点火系统,在点传火模拟实验装置上进行了多点点火的实验研究.同时,建立了点传火模拟实验装置中多点点传火过程的数学物理模型,采用MacCormack差分格式进行了数值求解,得到了点传火模拟装置中传火管的压力分布、固相和气相速度以及空隙率等数值解,分析了...     

DCD格式在破碎发射药床两相流内弹道计算中的应用

利用DCD(dispersion controlled dissipative scheme)格式,提出了一种研究发射装药发射安全性问题的两相流内弹道计算方法。将内弹道气固两相流动力学方程组中与压力有关的项进行变形,实现了用同一种格式对气相和固相统一处理,而无须分别对待,采用DCD格式无须数值粘性和人工滤波,提高了计算精度。实例计算了某榴弹内弹道两相流动力学,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。把破碎发射药床视为混合装药结构,用DCD格式计算了发射药床不同破碎程度对发射安全性的影响。计算结果表现出了通常计算方法难以反映的破碎发射药床内弹道压力极为剧烈的变化过程和极高的危险膛压。 更多还原     

两模块装药点传火过程及药粒散布特性

模块装药点传火过程中药粒堆积形态对膛内起始压力波特性有重要影响,而模块装药点传火过程中药盒破裂后药粒飞散过程决定了药粒最终堆积形态。为此设计了模块装药可视化点传火模拟试验装置,通过高速摄像系统,观测不同初始装填位置的两模块装药点传火、药盒破裂及药粒散布过程。试验结果表明,两模块初始装填位置远离底火端且两药盒装填间距增大时,药室内传火时间变长,两个模块药盒燃烧更充分,模块盒的破裂面增大。点传火试验结束后,药室内模拟药粒散布在以底火侧端面中心为起点的轴向195～500 mm区域。其中,药粒主要分布于药室右侧陡坡状堆积区域。基于试验建立了模块装药点传火过程中药盒破裂后药粒散布的三维非稳态气固两相流模型,并进行了模拟计算。计算得到的最终药粒散布与试验测得结果基本吻合,验证了模型的合理性。     

大长径比、高密实火药床点火管点传火特性的影响因素

利用计算程序对影响大长径比、高密实火药床点火管点火性能的主要因素进行了对比模拟,讨论了不同结构尺寸和装填条件下的点传火性能,通过对计算结果的分析,总结了结构参数和装填条件对大长径比、高密实火药床点火管点传火性能的影响规律:小孔直径、首孔高度、单位长度小孔面积及装填密度显著影响点火压力及点传火性能;小孔直径、首孔高度及单位长度小孔面积是影响破膜后泄压速度的主要因素,而装填密度会影响药床的透气性及火焰传播的通畅性,均对点火安全性、瞬时性及一致性产生重要影响作用。     

弹道枪不同水深下全淹没式发射膛口流场的数值分析

为了解弹道枪水下全淹没发射时，水深对膛口流场演化特性的影响，建立了二维轴对称非稳态膛口流场模型。采用流体体积函数多相流模型、标准k-ε湍流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型，结合动网格及用户自定义函数技术，对水下全淹没发射膛口流场演变全过程进行了数值模拟。搭建了弹道枪水下可视化射击实验平台，对12.7 mm口径弹道枪在水中全淹没式发射时膛口流场演化过程进行了观测，并验证了数值模型的合理性。在此基础上，对比了不同水深下（h=1～100 m）膛口流场的演化特性。通过对比发现:在不同水深条件下，在膛口流场影响范围内，弹丸膛外行程随时间的变化均满足指数函数规律；水越深，膛口流场典型波系结构形成所需时间越长，且燃气在膛口轴向马赫盘处的温度和压力峰值越低，压力振荡幅度也越小，更快趋于平稳，但在径向上，水越深，压力振荡持续时间越长。     

模块装药火炮膛内两相燃烧模型及压力波模拟

为详细了解新型模块装药火炮膛内发射过程中各模块区及中心可燃管区着火、燃烧现象以及压力波动情况,建立了准二维两相流内弹道燃烧理论模型。模拟结果表明,膛底与膛口压力、压力差数值计算结果与实验结果吻合得很好。     

Analytical solution for laminar flow through leaky tube

The laminar flow through a leaky tube is investigated, and the momentum and conservation of energy equations are solved analytically. By using the Hagen-Poiseuille velocity profile and defining unknown functions for the axial and radial velocity components, the pressure and mass transfer equations are obtained, and their profiles are plotted according to different parameters. The results indicate that the axial velocity, the radial velocity, the mass transfer parameter, and the pressure in the tube decrease as the fluid moves along the tube.     

Unsteady flow of a dusty Bingham fluid through a porous medium in a circular pipe

A time-varying flow through a porous medium of a dusty viscous incompressible Bingham fluid in a circular pipe is studied. A constant pressure gradient is applied in the axial direction, whereas the particle phase is assumed to behave as a viscous fluid. The effect of the medium porosity, the non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, and the particle phase viscosity on the transient behavior of the velocity, volumetric flow rates, and skin friction coefficients of both the fluid and particle phases is investigated. A numerical solution is obtained for the governing nonlinear momentum equations by using the method of finite differences.     

Numerical and experimental study of an innovative pipeline design in a granular pneumatic-conveying system

During gas–solid mixture conveying in a dense phase, material is conveyed in dunes on the bottom of the pipeline, or as a pulsating moving bed. This phenomenon increases the pressure drop and power consumption. We introduce a new technique to reduce the pressure drop, which is termed the perforated double tube. To validate this new model, the gas–solid flow pattern and pressure drop were studied numerically and experimentally. The power consumption was also studied experimentally. Numerical studies were performed by the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach to predict gas and particle movement in the pipeline. Comparisons between the numerical predictions and the experimental results for the gas–solid flow patterns and pressure drop show good agreement.     

Constraint strength and axial/radial particle velocity profiles for an integrated riser outlet

To study axial/radial profiles of particle velocity in the affected region of an integrated riser outlet,a cold model was developed for the integrated riser reactor combining the gas-solid distributor with the fluidized bed.Constraints,related to the gas-solid distributor and the upper fluidized bed,imposed on the particle flow in the riser outlet region,were investigated experimentally.The experimental results showed that with increasing superficial gas velocity,these constraints have strong influences on particle flow behavior,the particle circulation flux in the riser,and the height of the static bed material of the upper fluidized bed.When the constraints have greater prominence,the axial profile of the cross-sectionally averaged particle velocity in the outlet region initially increases and then decreases,the rate of decrease being proportional to the constraint strength.Along the radial direction of the outlet section,the region where the local particle velocity profile tends to decrease appears near the dimensionless radius r/R = 0.30 initially and then,with increasing constraint strength,gradually extends to the whole section from the inner wall.Based on the experimental data,an empirical model describing the constraint strength was established.The average relative error of the model is within 7.69%.     

Effect of vent opening area and arrangement on gas flow field as gas propelled cylinder exits a flow tube

The effects of auxiliary flow tube vent opening area and arrangement on the gas flow field as a gas propelled cylinder exits a flow tube were studied numerically. Configurations with a single opening of increasing size and multiple opening arrangements with equivalent opening area were considered for comparison to a baseline no-opening system. The openings are positioned near the end of the flow tube. The intended use of the openings is to reduce the pressures of the gases escaping to the surroundings and thus to reduce the intensity and size of the gas expansion zone in the surroundings. The results indicated that increasing the opening flow area decreased the pressure at the axial end of the flow tube and the radial extent of the end of flow tube exit plume. However, the radially directed flow streams leaving through the side vent openings could increase the overall radial spread of the gas expansion into the surroundings. The single opening arrangement produced as much as a 95% decrease in the pressure at the end of the flow tube and a 37% decrease in the recoil force at a given time with about 95% of the exiting flow leaving through the opening. For the parameters considered, the multiple opening arrangement produced up to a 93% decrease in the pressure at the end of the flow tube and a 90% decrease in the recoil force at a given time with about 93% of the exiting flow leaving through the openings. The results showed larger single openings to be more effective at reducing end of flow tube pressure, while the multiple openings to be more conducive to a reduced recoil force.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a rectangular gas-driven inverse liquid-solid fluidized bed

The hydrodynamic characteristics of a rectangular gas-driven inverse liquid-solid fluidized bed (GDFB) using particles of different diameters and densities were investigated in detail. Rising gas bubbles cause a liquid upflow in the riser portion, enabling a liquid downflow that causes an inverse fluidization in the downer portion. Four flow regimes (fixed bed regime, initial fluidization regime, complete fluidization regime, and circulating fluidization regime) and three transition gas velocities (initial fluidization gas velocity, minimum fluidization gas velocity, and circulating fluidization gas velocity) were identified via visual observation and by monitoring the variations in the pressure drop. The axial local bed voidage (ε) of the downer first decreases and then increases with the increase of the gas velocity. Both the liquid circulation velocity and the average particle velocity inside the downer increase with the increase of the gas velocity in the riser, but decrease with the particle loading. An empirical formula was proposed to successfully predict the Richardson-Zaki index “n”, and the predicted ε obtained from this formula has a ±5% relative error when compared with the experimental ε.     

Constraint strength and axial/radial particle velocity profiles for an integrated riser outlet

To study axial/radial profiles of particle velocity in the affected region of an integrated riser outlet, a cold model was developed for the integrated riser reactor combining the gas–solid distributor with the fluidized bed. Constraints, related to the gas–solid distributor and the upper fluidized bed, imposed on the particle flow in the riser outlet region, were investigated experimentally. The experimental results showed that with increasing superficial gas velocity, these constraints have strong influences on particle flow behavior, the particle circulation flux in the riser, and the height of the static bed material of the upper fluidized bed. When the constraints have greater prominence, the axial profile of the cross-sectionally averaged particle velocity in the outlet region initially increases and then decreases, the rate of decrease being proportional to the constraint strength. Along the radial direction of the outlet section, the region where the local particle velocity profile tends to decrease appears near the dimensionless radius r/R = 0.30 initially and then, with increasing constraint strength, gradually extends to the whole section from the inner wall. Based on the experimental data, an empirical model describing the constraint strength was established. The average relative error of the model is within 7.69%.     

Local solids flow structure in a countercurrent liquid-upward and solids-downward fluidized bed (CCLSFB) system

The local solids holdup and local particle velocity in a Countercurrent Liquid-upward and Solids-downward Fluidized Bed (CCLSFB) were investigated in details using optical fiber probes with two different models in a Plexiglas column of 1.5 m in height and 7.0 cm in inner diameter. A new flow regime map including fluidized bed, transition, and flooding regimes was established. The axial solids holdup distribution is almost uniform at low liquid velocity and/or solids flowrate and becomes less uniform with higher solids holdup at the top of the column after the operating liquid velocity is reaching the flooding velocity. The radial solids holdup profile is also nearly flat with a slightly lower solids holdup in the near-wall region at low liquid velocity and solids flowrate but becomes nonuniform as the operating liquid velocity approaches the flooding velocity. Two equations were also proposed to correlate radial local solids holdups. The descending particle velocity in CCLSFB increases with the decrease of the liquid velocity and the increase of the solids flowrate. A generally uniform particle velocity distribution was found in the axial direction, as well as in the radial direction except for a small decrease near the wall. These results on the local solids flow structure would provide basic information and theoretical supports for the design and industrial application of CCLSFB.