超疏水表面滑移理论及其减阻应用研究进展

减阻技术对提高原油采收率、降低液体流动阻力具有十分重要的意义.通过论述超疏水表面结构的基本理论、超疏水表面形成的主要影响因素和近年来仿生超疏水表面的制备方法,综合分析了超疏水表面滑移理论和基于这一理论的减阻技术的研究进展,并简单介绍了其在石油储层微孔道纳米降压减阻方面的应用,展望了超疏水表面滑移理论及其减阻技术的研究重点及应用前景.      

微纳结构超疏水表面的湍流减阻机理研究

超疏水表面的优异性质使其在现代生活和工业生产中具有十分广泛的潜在应用价值. 本文采用了碳纳米管缠绕技术和聚氟硅氧烷疏水化处理方法制备了具有二级微纳米结构的超疏水表面. 测量了由该超疏水表面构建的槽道中的流动压降,将其与普通表面构建的槽道内的流动压降进行比较,发现在层流情况下,流动阻力减小最多达到了22.8%. 在湍流的情况下,超疏水表面的减阻比例约为53.3%,减阻效果比层流更加明显.利用PIV (particle image velocimetry) 技术测量了具有超疏水表面的槽道内的速度场,通过超疏水表面速度滑移和湍动脉动场信息,分析了湍流减阻效果比层流更加明显的物理机制.     

不同润湿性纳米通道内库埃特流动的模拟

利用非平衡分子动力学模拟方法, 模拟了两无限大平行平板组成的纳米通道内的库埃特流动, 并给出了壁面润湿性和速度对流场密度、速度分布及壁面滑移的影响规律.数值模拟中, 统计系综采用微正则系综, 势能函数选用LJ/126模型, 壁面设为刚性原子壁面, 温度校正使用速度定标法, 牛顿运动方程的求解则采用文莱特算法.结果表明, 纳米通道内流体密度呈对称的衰减振荡分布, 且随壁面润湿性的降低, 振荡幅度减小, 振荡周期保持不变;滑移量随壁面润湿性的提高而降低, 甚至在亲水壁面时出现负滑移现象;随壁面速度的增加滑移速度逐渐增大, 且在流体呈现非线性流动阶段其增幅显著加大.另外, 还发现当壁面设置为超疏水性时, 壁面滑移呈现出随润湿性降低而减小的反常现象, 并基于杨氏方程对其进行了解释.     

铜单晶拉伸试样表面滑移带痕迹的晶体塑性分析

采用建立在晶体塑性理论基础上的晶体塑性有限变形计算方法,针对铜单晶试样单轴拉伸过程中晶体滑移在试样表面留下的滑移带痕迹进行了数值研究.作者利用三维有限元模拟不同取向铜单晶试样的拉伸变形,通过晶体塑性滑移面与试样表面交线的几何分析,得到了试样在不同晶向拉伸下不同滑移系启动造成的试样表面滑移痕迹,并对数值计算的试样表面滑移...     

基于非结构任意多边形网格的滑移面计算技术

基于任意多边形网格管理体系,针对流体多介质问题的数值模拟,发展了拉氏方法滑移面计算技术.文章给出了滑移线设置的数据结构,滑移线上主从点速度与位置的计算格式,及节点滑移后引起界面上点、相关网格邻域关系变化的算法.该滑移计算技术避免了传统算法中由于以模拟法(重叠或分离网格)代替直接法(拼接网格)而造成几何守恒律被破坏的缺陷.数值例子验证了该算法的可行性,体现了算法无缝连接的特点.     

基于Circular模型的大剪应变率点接触弹流界面滑移数值分析

采用Circular流变模型,将假定的流体的极限剪应力特性模型拟合入Reynolds方程,编写Fortran语言程序,数值模拟界面滑移效应.计算从弹流润滑(EHL)延展到动压润滑(HL)区域.随着速度增加,摩擦系数曲线出现反常波动,表现为两个异常拐点.在中、高速度下,模拟获得的接触轮廓等值线图中观测到入口凹陷及中心区下凸.进一步讨论了载荷、速度、综合弹性模量、滑滚比等因素对滑移的影响.界面滑移效应被认为是产生反常接触轮廓和摩擦力波动的主因,与试验结果互为验证.     

高速射弹超空泡流动的重力和压缩性效应

超空泡射弹是一种新型的水下高速动能武器。基于理想可压缩势流理论,考虑流体的重力效应,建立了水下细长锥形射弹超空泡流动的统一理论模型和数值计算方法,分别导出了亚、超声速条件下用于计算细长锥形射弹超空泡形态的积分-微分方程。采用二次多项式局部拟合空泡,提出了超空泡形态的数值离散和递推求解方法。通过超空泡长细比的渐近解与数值解计算结果比较,验证了所建立的理论模型和计算方法的有效性。通过分析细长锥形射弹在不同运动方式、深度、速度条件下的超空泡形态和流体动力系数计算结果,明确了流体重力和压缩性效应对超空泡尺度、射弹表面压力分布和压差阻力系数的影响。     

不同润滑状态下表面润湿性的摩擦学特性研究

本文中以锡青铜为基底,采用纳秒紫外激光制备了具有微观粗糙结构的超疏水表面和亲水表面,利用扫描电子显微镜和接触角测量仪对所制备的微观结构和表面润湿性进行了表征,并通过XPS测试对所制备的样片表面润湿性转变的机理进行了分析,通过UMT-2型摩擦磨损试验机测试了在边界润滑及流体动压润滑状态下的摩擦系数,研究表面润湿性对摩擦学特性的影响.研究结果表明:材料表面润湿性在不同润滑状态下对摩擦学特性有显著的影响;在边界润滑状态下,亲水表面的摩擦学特性优于疏水表面,平均摩擦系数相对减少6.79%;在流体动压润滑状态下,疏水表面的摩擦学特性优于亲水表面,摩擦系数相对减少了10%.     

超高速发射实验及其数值分析

采用多介质流体高精度欧拉并行计算程序HVL-MFPPM,对Sandia实验室和中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所冲击波物理与爆轰物理实验室进行的两个超高速发射实验装置进行数值模拟,前者给出的二级飞片前界面速度历史与VISAR实验测试和HVL-CTH程序计算结果一致,后者给出二级飞片稳定时的速度和飞行姿态与实验测试结果吻合,同时还给出了128个和216个CPU计算的界面形状.为进一步获得更高二级飞片速度的实验装置设计提供了理论和数值分析基础.     

用二维欧拉方法模拟滑移爆轰作用下金属圆筒的收敛运动

本文用二维流体-弹塑性欧拉编码对金属圆筒在滑移爆轰作用下的收敛运动作了数值模拟。文中考虑了起爆端对金属圆筒运动的影响,给出了圆筒自由面不同时刻的运动姿态和自由面速度随时间变化规律。计算结果与实验结果符合较好。     

基于表面设计减阻的水下航行体模型实验与数值分析

针对水下航行体高速航行时提高航速的需要,开展近壁面湍流边界层减阻的研究。进行表面设计使旋涡流动加强导致局部空化从而产生壁面附着的微气泡,以降低流体粘性系数,伴随近壁面湍流结构的改变来实现一定幅度的减阻。设计并进行轴对称体模型在高压循环水洞中的空化现象观测和阻力测量并做了相应条件下的数值计算。。实验和数值结果分析的基本结论比较一致:某种特征表面形貌在湍流中有一定幅度的减阻,局部空化效应在中低流速下牺牲压差阻力而导致航行总阻力升高,在高流速条件下则降低总阻力。     

添加剂湍流减阻流动与换热研究综述

添加剂湍流减阻是指在液体的管道湍流中添加少量的高分子聚合物或某种表面活性剂从而使湍流阻力大大降低的现象.从其被发现至今,经过近半个世纪的研究(实验研究、理论分析、数值模拟和实际系统的应用研究),尽管对这一现象及其实际应用价值已有了较为深入的认识,但仍有许多方面尚有欠缺,例如对湍流减阻的机理仍然在探索中.本文归纳评述了高分子聚合物或表面活性剂添加剂湍流减阻流动与换热现象的研究现状,从湍流减阻剂的特性、减阻剂的湍流减阻机理、湍流减阻发生时的换热机理、减阻流动速度场分布和换热控制等几个方面综述了添加剂湍流减阻流动与换热特性,并综述了湍流减阻剂在实际工业系统中的应用情况,在对添加剂湍流减阻机理、有湍流减阻发生时的对流换热机理等的理解方面进行了新的总结.      

Modeling of drag reduction in turbulent channel flow with hydrophobic walls by FVM method and weakly-compressible flow equations

In this paper the effects of hydrophobic wall on skin-friction drag in the channel flow are investigated through large eddy simulation on the basis of weaklycompressible flow equations with the MacCormack's scheme on collocated mesh in the FVM framework. The slip length model is adopted to describe the behavior of the slip velocities in the streamwise and spanwise directions at the interface between the hydrophobic wall and turbulent channel flow. Simulation results are presented by analyzing flow behaviors over hydrophobic wall with the Smagorinky subgrid-scale model and a dynamic model on computational meshes of different resolutions. Comparison and analysis are made on the distributions of timeaveraged velocity, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress as well as the skin-friction drag. Excellent agreement between the present study and previous results demonstrates the accuracy of the simple classical second-order scheme in representing turbulent vertox near hydrophobic wall. In addition, the relation of drag reduction efficiency versus time-averaged slip velocity is established. It is also foundthat the decrease of velocity gradient in the close wall region is responsible for the drag reduction. Considering its advantages of high calculation precision and efficiency, the present method has good prospect in its application to practical projects.     

Effect of anisotropic resistance characteristic on boundary-layer transitional flow

It is observed that the feather surface exhibits anisotropic resistances for the streamwise and spanwise flows. To obtain a qualitative understanding about the effect of this anisotropic resistance feature of surface on the boundary-layer transitional flow over a flat plate, a simple phenomenological model for the anisotropic resistance is established in this paper. By means of the large eddy simulation (LES) with high-order accurate finite difference method, the numerical investigations are conducted. The numerical results show that with the spanwise resistance hindering the formation of vortexes, the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow can be delayed, and turbulence is weakened when the flow becomes fully turbulent, which leads to significant drag reduction for the plate. On the contrary, the streamwise resistance renders the flow less stable, which leads to the earlier transition and enhances turbulence in the turbulent region, causing a drag increase for the plate. Thus, it is indicated that a surface with large resistance for spanwise flow and small resistance for streamwise flow can achieve significant drag reduction. The present results highlight the anisotropic resistance characteristic near the feather surface for drag reduction, and shed a light on the study of bird’s efficient flight.     

脊状表面减阻机理研究

针对脊状表面流场的特点,通过实验测量和数值模拟的方法对脊状表面微观流场进行了深入研究,获得了脊状表面湍流边界层的时均速度分布曲线、湍流度分布曲线和微观流场结构.为了得到脊状结构对壁面物性的影响,对脊状表面进行了疏水性测试,获得了液滴在脊状表面上的表观接触角,并通过水洞试验验证了脊状表面的减阻效果.研究表明,与光滑表面相比,脊状表面微观流场结构中存在"二次涡",近壁区的黏性底层厚度比平板的要厚得多,湍流度显著降低,且脊状表面表现出明显的疏水性.由此提出了基于壁面隔离效应、增大湍流阻尼效应和改变壁面物性效应的减阻机理.     

Mechanism of drag reduction by spanwise oscillating Lorentz force in turbulent channel flow

Numerical simulations and experimental research are both carried out to investigate the controlled effect of spanwise oscillating Lorentz force on a turbulent channel flow. The variations of the streaks and the skin friction drag are obtained through the PIV system and the drag measurement system, respectively. The flow field in the near-wall region is shown through direct numerical simulations utilizing spectral method. The experimental results are consistent with the numerical simulation results qualitatively, and both the results indicate that the streaks are tilted into the spanwise direction and the drag reduction utilizing spanwise oscillating Lorentz forces can be realized. The numerical simulation results reveal more detail of the drag reduction mechanism which can be explained, since the spanwise vorticity generated from the interaction between the induced Stokes layer and intrinsic turbulent flow in the near-wall region can make the longitudinal vortices tilt and oscillate, and leads to turbulence suppression and drag reduction.     

Drag characteristics of longitudinal and transverse riblets at low dimensionless spacings

A surface grooved with microscopic riblets aligned parallel to the flow is an effective means to reduce the turbulent skin friction up to 10% compared to a smooth surface. The maximum drag reduction is found for a dimensionless rib spacing s ⁺ in the range of 15–17. For s ⁺ < 10, a linear behaviour of the drag reduction curve is predicted by viscous theory. This linear slope of the drag reduction curve is in contradiction to Schlichting’s postulation of a hydraulically smooth behaviour of small-scale roughness in a turbulent flow. This regime of evanescent dimensionless rib spacings is investigated experimentally by direct wall shear stress measurements in a fully developed channel flow. Additionally, a numerical calculation of the viscous flow over riblets was carried out to predict the drag reducing behaviour. The experimental results show a linear drag reducing behaviour down to s ⁺ = 0.3, which is in good agreement with the numerical results of the viscous simulation. The postulation of Schlichting’s hydraulically smooth regime of a rough surface was not confirmed, neither for a riblet surface nor for a surface geometry with grooves oriented perpendicular to the flow. In the latter case, the drag increases as a quadratic function of the roughness height.     

Modeling Turbulent Droplet Motion in Vaporizing Sprays

The present article is concerned with the influence of turbulent gas-velocity fluctuations on both droplet dispersion and droplet-gas slip velocity in the context of spray simulation. The role of turbulence in generating slip and thus enhancing interphase heat and mass transfer has so far received little attention and is investigated in this work. A model for turbulent gas-velocity fluctuations along droplet trajectories is presented and is first tuned to reproduce elementary dispersion phenomena. It is then shown to give good results for more general dispersion problems as well as for slip velocities. As a fundamental source of information and for the purpose of model validation and comparison, direct numerical simulation (DNS) of droplet motion in homogeneous isotropic steady turbulence (HIST) is used. Dispersion of “injected” droplets (i.e. droplets under the influence of drift due to high injection velocity) as well as slip velocities for linear and nonlinear droplet drag are studied, and reasonable agreement is found with the model. The distributions of the slip velocity are found to be very similar for linear and highly nonlinear drag law. The present model is also used to investigate the influence of turbulence on droplet penetration. Comparison is made with an eddy-interaction model (the KIVA-2 model), which reveals various weaknesses of this model, in particular the underprediction of average slip velocity. The influence of slip due to turbulence on vaporization is shown for a fuel spray injected into a premix gas-turbine combustor. The classical eddy-interaction model is seen to underestimate the rate of vaporization due to the underprediction of slip. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.