铁路轮轨冲击振动模拟与试验

对铁路工程领域普遍存在的轮冲击振动现象进行了理论与试验研究。将车辆模拟为移动的多刚体振动系统,将轨道描述成离散点支承连续梁结构,应用快速数值 发方法编制了ＶＩＣＴ模拟软件,实现了轮轨冲击振动的快速数值模拟。     

热喷干扰气体模型对飞行器气动特性影响分析

针对不同气体模型对高超声速飞行器喷流反作用控制系统(RCS)热喷干扰流场模拟的计算效率和准确性问题, 基于喷流燃气物理化学模型, 通过数值求解含化学反应源项的三维N-S方程, 建立了飞行器RCS热喷干扰流场数值模拟方法, 分别采用化学反应流、反应冻结流、二元异质流以及空气喷流四种气体模型开展了典型外形热喷干扰流场的数值模拟, 研究了不同气体模型对热喷干扰流场结构、飞行器气动力热特性的影响, 分析了不同马赫数、飞行高度下的变化规律. 研究表明: 化学反应流模型计算精度较高, 计算与风洞试验数据的吻合程度优于其他三种简化模型; 在本文的低空条件下, 采用简化模型进行热喷干扰流场数值模拟, 会低估分离区大小, 使飞行器气动力特性预测出现偏差, 同时也会低估表面热环境, 对防热系统设计不利, 随着马赫数增加, 简化模型对气动力热特性预估的误差进一步增大, 同时不同简化模型之间的差异也进一步增大; 飞行高度较高时, 模型之间的差异减小, 此时可采用简化模型进行计算以提高计算效率. 本文的研究结果可为飞行器热喷干扰流场数值模拟及喷流反作用控制系统设计提供参考.      

基于动态预测的深水爆炸试验容器可靠性分析

为了确保深水爆炸试验容器在服役期间的安全性,提出了一种基于智能预测的随机-区间动态可靠性模型,通过动态测试数据建立了容器响应的广义回归神经网络（general regression neural network,GRNN）预测模型,获得了容器的最大应变区间变量,同时考虑容器结构的随机特性,开展了现役深水爆炸试验容器的可靠性分析,并分别采用3种方法进行了可靠性指标计算。分析结果表明,对于深水爆炸试验容器这类高可靠性且缺乏样本数据的结构,建立基于动态预测的混合可靠性模型,并通过区间计算可靠性指标的方法简便、可行;模型的区间变量随着结构动态测试数据的变化而变化,且对结构的不确定性分析也是动态的,因此得到的容器可靠性也随着其服役过程不断推进,具有动态特性,可以更好地反映容器在服役期间的性能变化,为容器的使用维护提供决策依据。     

基于CFD的三维轿车车流场的数值计算与应用分析

本文以计算流体力学（CFD）为基础,采用有限体积法探求了应用计算流体力学（CFD）研究汽车车身外部流场的可行性。计算机数值解提供了诸如：气动压力场、速度场等车身压力、速度分布以便于获得气动阻力、气动升力和气动侧向力及其由此可得的相关力等信息。三维理想轿车车身空气动力学特性参数的数值模拟结果与风洞实验数据吻合较.好进一步应用于实车分析表明：数值模拟研究汽车空气动力学特性切实可行。     

Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Identification of a Planar Servo-Pneumatic Test Facility. Part II: Experimental Identification

The main objective of this paper is the identification of the inertia parameters of a rigid body under planar motion using a planar servo-pneumatic test facility designed for vibration tests. The hardware realization of the test facility used is discussed. The pneumatic components as well as the mechanical components of the test facility are described by linear and by nonlinear mathematical models, derived in Part I [1] of this paper. These model equations are used as identification hypotheses in the identification process. A comparison of time histories obtained by computer simulations of the nonlinear test facility model and by laboratory experiments shows that this nonlinear test facility model provides a realistic identification hypothesis for the estimation experiments. Based on different model hypotheses the inertia parameters of the test table and of the payload have been successfully identified from laboratory experiments. The relative estimation errors of the identified parameters are less than 10%.     

用固支梁挠度曲线模拟高速路基本超车过程

高速公路上两车间超车过程是最为基本的一种超车过程，传统模型不够简洁。为此，提出用固支梁挠度曲线表示较快车辆的速度一时间关系曲线，由此得到了一种无格子模型，与传统方法作了比较，得到了有用的结论，此模型被用于实际的车辆行驶时间的计算中，计算结果与实际基本相符。     

基于车桥耦合理论的梁式桥阻尼比识别研究

提出一种基于车桥耦合动力学理论的梁式桥阻尼比识别方法. 首先按照动力学理论将测试车设计为单自由度体系, 然后利用安装在测试车上的传感器采集信号, 从测试车与桥梁接触点响应信号中得到梁式桥响应的信号, 基于车桥耦合动力学原理滤波处理得到包含梁式桥第一阶频率的信号, 最后假定梁式桥阻尼比值, 通过假定的梁式桥阻尼比值获取假定的梁式桥第一阶振型, 不断循环直至假定的阻尼比值下计算的第一阶振型最大值点居中, 即为识别的梁式桥真实阻尼比. 本文首先从车桥耦合动力学理论推导上说明了该方法的可行性, 然后考虑在不同车速与非恒定车速、路面粗糙度、环境噪音等影响因素下进行车桥耦合动力学模型分析, 最后通过实桥试验进行了初步验证. 研究结果表明: 该方法能一定程度上克服外界不利因素的影响, 达到识别梁式桥阻尼比的目的, 为识别梁式桥阻尼比提供一种更优方法, 其具有参数设置较少、操作简单方便以及更高测试精度等优点, 同时有助于推动基于车桥耦合的车桥耦合动力学理论技术在梁式桥模态参数识别工作中的实际工程应用.      

惯性测量系统中实时估计方法的耦合分析与比较

一本文通过对不同精度惯性系统的仿真，根据不同的载体和应用条件，分别实施考虑通道耦合和不考虑通道耦合的实时卡尔曼滤波估计，得到耦合因素对估计误差影响不大的结论。最后利用改装的俄制и－２１惯性系统在北京郊区的实际跑车数据，分别实施卡尔曼滤波和曲线拟合处理，对其估计误差进行了分析和比较。     

AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF MESOSCOPIC PARAMETERS OF DISCRETE ELEMENTS OF SAND MATERIAL 1)

本文依照四川大学某理论力学教学班实际教学改革的经验,通过具体举例说明计算机技术在理论力学教学中尚未开发的巨大潜力,减小数学运算使学生重点关注理论力学基本原理,批量求解使学生提前接触实际应用案例,普适性求解使学生深化对处理多变量问题的认识。同时本文还探讨了理论力学教学改革的方向和目的,即把教学重点放在普适的教学方法上,借助计算机求解多刚体、多变量问题,以期有助于理论力学教材更好地适应时代发展。     

Forced vibrations of multi-component compliant tanks and feedlines

An analytical and experimental research program was performed to investigate the effects of flexible tanks and lines and the total system dynamic response of a simple physical system which had some of the essential features of a liquid-fueled launch vehicle. Several vessel-wall materials were used to obtain a range of elastic moduli. Water was used to simulate the fuel and an electromagnetic shaker provided external excitation such as might originate from a rocket-propulsion system. Experimental data were compared to values obtained from mathematical models for the many degree-of-freedom lumped-mass representation.     

航天器与运载火箭耦合分析相关技术研究进展

本文以载荷分析为主要内容, 概述航天飞行器结构动力学研究的一些进展. 首先介绍航箭(航天器/运载火箭简称为航箭) 耦合系统载荷分析基本思想. 然后介绍以下3 个方面的载荷分析方法: (1) 采用基础激励理论初始载荷分析的近似方法; (2) 考虑航箭耦合影响的航天器/运载耦合系统分支模态综合法. 导出采用约束模态质量界面加速度的航天器载荷计算方法; 当仅考虑静定约束特殊情况时, 退化的方程与Chen 采用有限元法导出的方程相同. 给出新航天器载荷瞬态分析技术, 即一个以前的航天器/运载耦合系统载荷结果可以用来获得相同运载火箭发射一个新航天器结构的必要的载荷信息. (3) 考虑航箭耦合影响的航天器/运载耦合系统模态综合法. 包括: 固定界面模态综合法, 以及航天器/运载耦合的界面综合动态响应计算新方法. 最后, 介绍验证载荷分析技术. 简要讨论验证技术的重要性, 提出了采用试验与理论相结合的结构动态试验仿真技术,该方法包括了一套修正数学模型的新技术, 称之为子结构试验建模综合技术. 该方法已应用于复杂的结构建模. 在进行CZ-2E 运载火箭实尺模态试验之前, 用建议的模态试验仿真技术给出CZ-2E 模态参数的预示结果, 并与随后获得的实际模态试验结果相比, 两个结果彼此之间高度一致. 这个结果证明了模态试验仿真技术已成功地预示了CZ-2E 运载火箭的模态参数, 验证了建议的模态试验仿真技术的可靠性. 讨论了振动台振动试验仿真技术. 介绍了振动台振动试验仿真的几个关键技术. 包括: 有限元模型修正技术, 40 t 振动台系统台面控制仿真方法和D 卫星振动台振动试验仿真.      

Optimal vehicle suspension characteristics for increased structural fatigue life

Heavy off-road vehicle suspension systems face unique challenges. The ride comfort versus handling compromise in these vehicles has been frequently investigated using mathematical optimisation. Further challenges exist due to the large variations in vehicle sprung mass. A passive suspension system can only provide optimal isolation at a single payload. The designer of such a suspension system must therefore make a compromise between designing for a fully-laden or unladen payload state. This work deals with suspension optimisation for vehicle structural life. The paper mainly addresses two questions: (1) What are the suspension characteristics required to ensure optimal isolation of the vehicle structure from road loads? and (2) If such optimal suspension characteristics can be found, how sensitive are they to changes in vehicle payload? The study aims to answer these questions by examining a Land Rover Defender 110 as test vehicle. An experimentally validated non-linear seven degree-of-freedom mathematical model of the test vehicle is constructed for the use in sensitivity studies. Mathematical optimisation is performed using the model in order to find the suspension characteristics for optimal structural life for the vehicle under consideration. Sensitivity studies are conducted to determine the robustness of the optimal characteristics and their sensitivity to vehicle payload variation. Recommendations are made for suspension characteristic selection for optimal structural life.     

随机风速下高速列车的运行安全可靠性

基于可靠性理论提出了随机风速作用下高速列车风致安全分析的新方法, 这种方法可以对随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性进行有效评估.首先基于Cooper理论和谐波叠加法计算随车移动点的脉动风速, 建立随机风速作用下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法, 并通过数值仿真得到气动载荷系数的标准差随侧偏角的变化规律. 然后建立高速列车车辆系统动力学模型, 并对计算模型的正确性进行验证.最后以随机风速、侧力系数、升力系数、侧滚力矩系数、摇头力矩系数和点头力矩系数为基本随机变量, 研究随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性和可靠性灵敏度, 给出随机风速作用下高速列车的概率特征风速曲线.研究结果表明:随着车速和风速的增大, 系统的失效概率增大;通过可靠性灵敏度分析发现侧力系数和侧滚力矩系数对高速列车的运行安全影响最大, 应该特别注意这两个参数的变化对高速列车运行安全性的影响;传统确定性方法得到的高速列车的安全域曲线偏于保守, 基于可靠性的方法可得到更合理的安全域曲线.     

Discrete element modelling of large soil deformations under heavy vehicles

This paper addresses the challenges of creating realistic models of soil for simulations of heavy vehicles on weak terrain. We modelled dense soils using the discrete element method with variable parameters for surface friction, normal cohesion, and rolling resistance. To find out what type of soils can be represented, we measured the internal friction and bulk cohesion of over 100 different virtual samples. To test the model, we simulated rut formation from a heavy vehicle with different loads and soil strengths. We conclude that the relevant space of dense frictional and frictional-cohesive soils can be represented and that the model is applicable for simulation of large deformations induced by heavy vehicles on weak terrain.     

Modeling track-terrain interaction for transient robotic vehicle maneuvers

This article describes integration of a realistic and efficient track-terrain interaction model with a multibody dynamics model of a robotic tracked vehicle. The track-terrain interface continuum is approximated by discretized and parameterizable force elements. Of particular note is a kinematic model used to estimate dynamic shear displacement, taking the form of a partial differential equation. This equation is approximated by a series of ordinary differential equations, making it compatible with multibody dynamics model formulations. Comparisons between simulated results and those obtained from field testing with a remotely-operated unmanned tracked vehicle are made to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach and to validate the use of nominal parameter data from the literature. The test vehicle was subjected to four different types of maneuvers (go-and-stop, j-turn, double lane change, and zero radius turn) on asphalt and dry sand. Simulated results using both the dynamic and steady-state track-terrain interaction models match very well with those obtained from the tests, except for the zero radius turning maneuver in sand. In this case, bulldozing effects must be incorporated to improve prediction of lateral forces.     

水泥基材料在宽围压范围的本构模型

本文首先进行了水泥石的三轴试验和静水试验,根据试验结果分析了宽围压范围下不同力学机理对水泥石宏观力学性能的影响。提出了基于热力学定律的剪切塑性、孔隙塑性与破坏准则相互作用的弹塑性损伤本构模型。该模型有效的考虑了围压对材料主要力学特征的影响,提出了与损伤准则相关联的塑性硬化函数。数值解答与试验结果比较表明,该本构模型可以很好地描述水泥石在低围压状态下的脆性、中围压下的脆-塑性转换以及高围压下的孔隙塑性为主的力学特征。     

Analysis of vibration and frequency transmission of high speed EMU with flexible model

When the operation speed of the high-speed train increases and the weight of the carbody becomes lighter,not only does the sensitivity of the wheel/rail contact get higher,but also the vibration frequency range of the vehicle system gets enlarged and more frequencies are transmitted from the wheelset to the carbody.It is important to investigate the vibration characteristics and the dynamic frequency transmission from the wheel/rail interface to the carbody of the high-speed electric multi-uint（EMU）.An elastic highspeed vehicle dynamics model is established in which the carbody,bogieframes,and wheelsets are all dealt with as flexible body.A rigid high-speed vehicle dynamics model is set up to compare with the simulation results of the elastic model.In the rigid vehicle model,the carbody,bogieframes and wheelsets are treated as rigid component while the suspension and structure parameters are the same as used in the elastic model.The dynamic characteristic of the elastic high speed vehicle is investigated in time and frequency domains and the di ff erence of the acceleration,frequency distribution and transmission of the two types of models are presented.The results show that the spectrum power density of the vehicle decreases from the wheelset to the carbody and the acceleration transmission ratio is approximately from 1%to 10%for each suspension system.The frequency of the wheelset rotation is evident in the vibration of the flexible model and is transmitted from the wheelset to the bogieframe and to thecarbody.The results of the flexible model are more reasonable than that of the rigid model.A field test data of the high speed train are presented to verify the simulation results.It shows that the simulation results are coincident with the field test data.     

Integration of uniform design and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization to the robust design for a railway vehicle suspension system under different wheel conicities and wheel rolling radii

This paper proposes a systematic method, inte-grating the uniform design(UD)of experiments and quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization(QPSO),to solve the problem of a robust design for a railway vehicle suspension system. Based on the new nonlinear creep model derived from combining Hertz contact theory, Kalker's linear the-ory and a heuristic nonlinear creep model,the modeling and dynamic analysis of a 24 degree-of-freedom railway vehi-cle system were investigated.The Lyapunov indirect method was used to examine the effects of suspension parameters, wheel conicities and wheel rolling radii on critical hunting speeds.Generally,the critical hunting speeds of a vehicle sys-tem resulting from worn wheels with different wheel rolling radii are lower than those of a vehicle system having origi-nal wheels without different wheel rolling radii.Because of worn wheels, the critical hunting speed of a running rail-way vehicle substantially declines over the long term. For safety reasons,it is necessary to design the suspension sys-tem parameters to increase the robustness of the system and decrease the sensitive of wheel noises.By applying UD and QPSO,the nominal-the-best signal-to-noise ratio of the sys-tem was increased from?48.17 to?34.05 dB.The rate of improvement was 29.31%.This study has demonstrated that the integration of UD and QPSO can successfully reveal the optimal solution of suspension parameters for solving the robust design problem of a railway vehicle suspension sys-tem.