考虑尺寸效应的多晶金属循环塑性分析

本文采用多晶塑性分析方法,设材料点包含一定数量的各向异性单晶晶粒并考虑晶粒尺寸的影响,计算材料点的应力和应变时利用了Taylor假设。模型引入考虑尺寸效应的晶体滑移硬化函数,同时针对晶体滑移引入背应力及其方向性硬化的描述,以反映不同晶粒尺寸材料在循环加载条件下的力学行为。利用该模型,本文第一作者采用显式格式编制了与ABAQUS商用有限元软件接口的用户材料子程序（VUMAT）,实例计算证实该模型可以反映和描述多晶金属材料在材料反复加载条件下的循环塑性行为与尺寸效应。     

FeCrAl合金材料织构对其宏观力学本构关系的影响研究

FeCrAl合金具有优良的高温抗氧化性和耐辐照性能，是事故容错核燃料包壳的重要候选材料. 其在加工过程和热处理过程中易形成α纤维织构（<110>//RD）和γ纤维织构（<111>//ND），会影响材料的宏观力学性能与深加工成形能力. 本研究针对具有不同织构的多晶FeCrAl合金，建立了代表性体元模型, 使用晶体塑性有限元方法，在ABAQUS/Explicit中模拟材料单轴加载下的宏观应力应变曲线，分析不同织构对FeCrAl合金宏观力学本构关系的影响. 计算结果表明，对于具有α织构、γ织构和晶粒无择优取向的材料，在轧向上的应力应变曲线差异较小. γ织构会引起材料强烈的各向异性，在轧面法向上的屈服强度远高于轧向和横向上的屈服强度，这是因为晶粒的<111>方向平行于加载方向，滑移系难以启动. 提高γ纤维织构的比例，将增大轧面法向上的屈服强度. 本研究可以为优化FeCrAl合金材料织构、加工条件和材料力学性能提供参考.     

FeCrAl合金材料织构对其宏观力学本构关系的影响研究

FeCrAl合金具有优良的高温抗氧化性和耐辐照性能,是事故容错核燃料包壳的重要候选材料. 其在加工过程和热处理过程中易形成α纤维织构（<110>//RD）和γ纤维织构（<111>//ND）,会影响材料的宏观力学性能与深加工成形能力. 本研究针对具有不同织构的多晶FeCrAl合金,建立了代表性体元模型, 使用晶体塑性有限元方法,在ABAQUS/Explicit中模拟材料单轴加载下的宏观应力应变曲线,分析不同织构对FeCrAl合金宏观力学本构关系的影响. 计算结果表明,对于具有α织构、γ织构和晶粒无择优取向的材料,在轧向上的应力应变曲线差异较小. γ织构会引起材料强烈的各向异性,在轧面法向上的屈服强度远高于轧向和横向上的屈服强度,这是因为晶粒的<111>方向平行于加载方向,滑移系难以启动. 提高γ纤维织构的比例,将增大轧面法向上的屈服强度. 本研究可以为优化FeCrAl合金材料织构、加工条件和材料力学性能提供参考.     

磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12铝的强度测量

高压高应变率加载下材料的强度研究一直是冲击动力学的一个难题,目前动态载荷下材料的高压强度测量主要是基于平板撞击技术,冲击温升和应变率效应对材料强度的影响难以分离. 基于小型磁驱动加载装置CQ-4,开展了磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12 铝的声速和强度测量的实验研究,讨论了考虑加载-卸载过程时磁驱动压缩实验的负载电极设计、实验样品设计、数据处理与分析等内容,并获得了12 GPa 压力范围沿加载-卸载路径的声速变化和峰值压力点的强度数据.      

基于气炮实验的PTFE/Al复合材料冲击反应阈值

基于16 mm口径气炮撞击实验,对铝颗粒增强的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene)/Al(PTFE/Al)冲击反应复合材料的冲击反应阈值开展了研究。为研究不同撞击加载条件下应变率和碰撞应力对PTFE/Al冲击诱发反应的影响,实验中采用铝、钢和低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene, LDPE)这3种不同材料的靶板及不同长度的试样,进行不同加载条件下的测试分析。实验结果显示,PTFE/Al材料的冲击诱发同时受到碰撞压力和加载应变率的影响。同时,通过对试样撞靶过程进行数值模拟,并与实验和理论结果进行对比。基于实验数据,拟合出PTFE/Al材料冲击反应的的预测曲线。     

基于塑性应变能复杂应力场非比例加载疲劳寿命分析

本文提出了一种以应变能预测多轴应变加载低周疲劳寿命的新方法,该方法最大特点假设疲劳裂纹是由最大剪应力和其相对应的正应力引起,解决了其他方法不能反映非比例强化的问题;该方法建立等效内应力、外加有效应力与塑性应变能的关系,从而分析得到基于塑性应变能的多轴非比例疲劳寿命的计算模型,及多轴疲劳寿命公式中材料参数确定、剪应力及其所在平面所对应的正应力、塑性应变能等的获取方法.凭借Al5083、S460N材料光滑试件、GH4169材料缺口件、Al5083焊接件的多轴非比例加载进行寿命预测的验证,证明该模型可以预测不同材料、不同加载路径下的多轴非比例应变加载低周疲劳寿命.     

考虑微观结构特征长度演化的内变量黏塑性本构模型

在金属晶体材料高应变率大应变变形过程中,存在强烈的位错胞尺寸等微观结构特征长度细化现象,势必对材料加工硬化、宏观塑性流动应力产生重要影响。基于宏观塑性流动应力与位错胞尺寸成反比关系,提出了一种新型的BCJ本构模型。利用位错胞尺寸参数,修正了BCJ模型的流动法则、内变量演化方程,引入了考虑应变率和温度相关性的位错胞尺寸演化方程,建立了综合考虑微观结构特征长度演化、位错累积与湮灭的内变量黏塑性本构模型。应用本文模型,对OFHC铜应变率在10-4~103 s-1、温度在298~542 K、应变在0~1的实验应力-应变数据进行了预测。结果表明:在较宽应变率、温度和应变范围内,本文模型的预测数据与实验吻合很好;与BCJ模型相比,对不同加载条件下实验数据的预测精度均有较大程度的提高,最大平均相对误差从9.939%减小为5.525%。     

位移加载条件下微小尺寸单晶金属的应变突变模型及其间歇性塑性变形行为研究

微压缩实验发现,微小尺度单晶金属柱体在塑性变形过程中会发生显著的应变突变,呈现出特殊的间歇性塑性流动特征。本文以数百纳米直径的单晶Au柱体为研究对象,探讨其在位移加载条件下的间歇性流动行为。首先根据位移加载条件下的塑性变形特征,提出了分析其应变突变的三阶段模型。进一步结合经典晶体塑性理论框架的有限元方法,建立了以二阶功参量为基础的连续塑性力学模型。通过与实验结果相对比发现,新模型能够较好地描述位移加载条件下微小尺度面心立方单晶金属材料的应变突变现象,能够合理预测单晶柱体的特殊变形行为。此外,二阶功准则作为位移加载条件下应变突变现象的判据是有效的。进而使用该理论模型,探讨了微小金属柱体应变突变随机性、尺寸相关性以及率敏感性等问题。     

镁合金晶体塑性本构模型与非均匀孪生变形分析

微结构演化对镁合金材料力学性能有着显著的影响，为了揭示镁合金宏观塑性各向异性特性与非均匀孪生变形的关系，开展了不同路径下的单轴加载试验以及采用含滑移、孪生机制的晶体塑性本构模型对试验条件下的镁合金变形行为进行数值模拟研究。文中本构模型描述了滑移与孪生变形机制以及晶格转动的机制，同时研究采用三维微结构代表性有限元模型，其包含晶粒尺寸、晶向和晶界倾角等微结构参数。研究结果表明，轧制镁合金具有强烈的宏观塑性各向异性行为，并对这种镁合金塑性各向异性行为的模拟结果以及多晶织构的模拟演化结果与试验测量进行对比，结果都基本吻合。对孪生非均匀变形模拟分析表明，镁合金宏观塑性各向异性行为与滑移、孪生变形机制的不同启动组合紧密相关，同时多晶体内应力的非均匀分布受到孪生变形的严重影响。而不同晶粒尺寸的晶粒所发生的孪生变形有比较大的差异，造成孪晶变体在晶粒内的分布极不均匀。本研究可为通过微结构的合理配置来设计和控制材料的力学性能提供理论依据.     

PTFE/Al含能复合物的本构关系

室温下,利用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆获得了PTFE/Al含能复合物在应变率10-3~103s-1范围内的压缩应力应变曲线。通过对不同应变率下力学性能的分析,初步建立了材料基于Johnson-Cook塑性模型的压缩本构方程,考虑了材料的应变硬化效应和应变率效应。利用该方程进行的PTFE/Al弹丸侵彻钢靶板的数值模拟结果与实际情况较符合,验证了该方程的可靠性和合理性,对PTFE/Al材料的实际应用也具有一定的指导作用。     

Mesoscale modeling of nonlinear elasticity and fracture in ceramic polycrystals under dynamic shear and compression

Dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms in polycrystalline ceramics are investigated through constitutive modeling and numerical simulation. Two ceramics are studied: silicon carbide (SiC, hexagonal crystal structure) and aluminum oxynitride (AlON, cubic crystal structure). Three dimensional finite element simulations incorporate nonlinear anisotropic elasticity for behavior of single crystals within polycrystalline aggregates, cohesive zone models for intergranular fracture, and contact interactions among fractured interfaces. Boundary conditions considered include uniaxial strain compression, uniaxial stress compression, and shear with varying confinement, all at high loading rates. Results for both materials demonstrate shear-induced dilatation and increasing shear strength with increasing confining pressure. Failure statistics for unconfined loading exhibit a smaller Weibull modulus (corresponding to greater scatter in peak failure strength) in AlON than in SiC, likely a result of lower prescribed cohesive fracture strength and greater elastic anisotropy in the former. In both materials, the predicted Weibull modulus tends to decrease with an increasing number of grains contained in the simulated microstructure.     

On the strain hardening and texture evolution in high manganese steels: Experiments and numerical investigation

We present a systematic investigation on the strain hardening and texture evolution in high manganese steels where twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) plays a significant role for the materials' plastic deformation. Motivated by the stress–strain behavior of typical TWIP steels with compositions of Fe, Mn, and C, we develop a mechanistic model to explain the strain-hardening in crystals where deformation twinning dominates the plastic deformation. The classical single crystal plasticity model accounting for both dislocation slip and deformation twinning are then employed to simulate the plastic deformation in polycrystalline TWIP steels. While only deformation twinning is activated for plasticity, the simulations with samples composed of voronoi grains cannot fully capture the texture evolution of the TWIP steel. By including both twinning deformation and dislocation slip, the model is able to capture both the stress–strain behaviors and the texture evolution in Fe–Mn–C TWIP steel in different boundary-value problems. Further analysis on the strain contributions by both mechanisms suggests that deformation twinning plays the dominant role at the initial stage of plasticity in TWIP steels, and dislocation slip becomes increasingly important at large strains.     

Discrete dislocation dynamics modelling of mechanical deformation of nickel-based single crystal superalloys

Discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) has been used to model the deformation of nickel-based single crystal superalloys with a high volume fraction of precipitates at high temperature. A representative volume cell (RVC), comprising of both the precipitate and the matrix phase, was employed in the simulation where a periodic boundary condition was applied. The dislocation Frank-Read sources were randomly assigned with an initial density on the 12 octahedral slip systems in the matrix channel. Precipitate shearing by superdislocations was modelled using a back force model, and the coherency stress was considered by applying an initial internal stress field. Strain-controlled loading was applied to the RVC in the [0 0 1] direction. In addition to dislocation structure and density evolution, global stress-strain responses were also modelled considering the influence of precipitate shearing, precipitate morphology, internal microstructure scale (channel width and precipitate size) and coherency stress. A three-stage stress-strain response observed in the experiments was modelled when precipitate shearing by superdislocations was considered. The polarised dislocation structure deposited on the precipitate/matrix interface was found to be the dominant strain hardening mechanism. Internal microstructure size, precipitate shape and arrangement can significantly affect the deformation of the single crystal superalloy by changing the constraint effect and dislocation mobility. The coherency stress field has a negligible influence on the stress-strain response, at least for cuboidal precipitates considered in the simulation. Preliminary work was also carried out to simulate the cyclic deformation in a single crystal Ni-based superalloy using the DDD model, although no cyclic hardening or softening was captured due to the lack of precipitate shearing and dislocation cross slip for the applied strain considered.     

An atomistically-informed dislocation dynamics model for the plastic anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry of BCC metals

Atomistic simulations have shown that a screw dislocation in body-centered cubic (BCC) metals has a complex non-planar atomic core structure. The configuration of this core controls their motion and is affected not only by the usual resolved shear stress on the dislocation, but also by non-driving stress components. Consequences of the latter are referred to as non-Schmid effects. These atomic and micro-scale effects are the reason slip characteristics in deforming single and polycrystalline BCC metals are extremely sensitive to the direction and sense of the applied load. In this paper, we develop a three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) simulation model to understand the relationship between individual dislocation glide behavior and macro-scale plastic slip behavior in single crystal BCC Ta. For the first time, it is shown that non-Schmid effects on screw dislocations of both {110} and {112} slip systems must be implemented into the DD models in order to predict the strong plastic anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry experimentally observed in the stress-strain curves of single crystal Ta. Incorporation of fundamental atomistic information is critical for developing a physics-based, predictive meso-scale DD simulation tool that can connect length/time scales and investigate the underlying mechanisms governing the deformation of BCC metals.     

A dislocation-based constitutive law for pure Zr including temperature effects

In this work, a single crystal constitutive law for multiple slip and twinning modes in single phase hcp materials is developed. For each slip mode, a dislocation population is evolved explicitly as a function of temperature and strain rate through thermally-activated recovery and debris formation and the associated hardening includes stage IV. A stress-based hardening law for twin activation accounts for temperature effects through its interaction with slip dislocations. For model validation against macroscopic measurement, this single crystal law is implemented into a visco-plastic-self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystal model which accounts for texture evolution and contains a subgrain micromechanical model for twin reorientation and morphology. Slip and twinning dislocations interact with the twin boundaries through a directional Hall–Petch mechanism. The model is adjusted to predict the plastic anisotropy of clock-rolled pure Zr for three different deformation paths and at four temperatures ranging from 76 K to 450 K (at a quasi-static rate of 10⁻³ 1/s). The model captures the transition from slip-dominated to twinning-dominated deformation as temperature decreases, and identifies microstructural mechanisms, such as twin nucleation and twin–slip interactions, where future characterization is needed.     

Dislocation-mediated strain hardening in tungsten: Thermo-mechanical plasticity theory and experimental validation

A self-consistent thermo-mechanical model to study the strain-hardening behavior of polycrystalline tungsten was developed and validated by a dedicated experimental route. Dislocation–dislocation multiplication and storage, as well dislocation-grain boundary (GB) pinning were the major mechanisms underlying the evolution of plastic deformation, thus providing a link between the strain hardening behavior and material's microstructure. The microstructure of the polycrystalline tungsten samples has been thoroughly investigated by scanning and electron microscopy. The model was applied to compute stress–strain loading curves of commercial tungsten grades, in the as-received and as-annealed states, in the temperature range of 500–1000 °C. Fitting the model to the independent experimental results obtained using a single crystal and as-received polycrystalline tungsten, the model demonstrated its capability to predict the deformation behavior of as-annealed samples in a wide temperature range and applied strain. The relevance of the dislocation-mediated plasticity mechanisms used in the model have been validated using transmission electron microscopy examination of the samples deformed up to different amounts of strain. On the basis of the experimental validation, the limitations of the model are determined and discussed.     

高速冲击表面处理对金属材料力学性能和组织结构的影响

高速冲击表面处理过程中的应变率对金属材料的宏观力学性能和微观组织结构都具有重要影响。根据当前应变率效应的研究成果,从宏观与微观相结合的角度出发,综述了高速冲击表面处理过程中应变率对金属材料强度和塑性的影响规律,并重点阐述了不同应变率下金属材料内部微观组织结构的演变规律,主要包括晶粒结构、绝热剪切带、相变、位错组态和析出相以及变形孪晶等。此外,还分析了组织结构随应变率的演化和微观变形机制的转变对材料力学性能的强化和弱化机理。最后,对高速冲击表面处理梯度组织的变形特点进行了总结。提出了不同组织结构对材料性能影响的综合效应模型,以期为应变率效应的深入研究奠定基础。     

金属Mo中韧位错运动特性的分子动力学研究

通过分子动力学方法(MDM), 采用镶嵌原子势法(EAM), 沿[111]方向插入两层(211)半原 子面形成位错，模拟了低温不同冲击载荷下和相同载荷不同温度下金属Mo中韧位错的动力 学特性. 结果表明：在低温冲击载荷下，Mo中的韧位错可以由静止加速到超过波速. 随着 载荷的增加，在位错运动的[111]方向将会出现3个波速；在相同载荷不同温度下，位错的 速度随着温度的升高而减小，即影响位错速度的拖动系数$B(T)$随温度升高而增大. 随着冲 击载荷的增大，拖动系数随温度的变化趋势减缓，即外加载荷对B(T)也有影响.