用薄层法分析层状地基中条形基础的阻抗函数

薄层法是分析和模拟弹性波在层状介质中传播的一种半解析半数值方法,以往薄层法在柱坐标体系中建立求解方程,并通过直角坐标系和柱坐标系的转化关系而得到直角坐标系中的解答,本文从直角坐标直接推导了层状地基在无限长线荷载作用下的计算公式,求解了层状地基在垂直方向和水平方向上无限长线激振荷载作用下薄层法位移基本解.结合容积法得出了层状地基中基础-地基动力相互作用方程及条形基础阻抗函数的计算公式.本文计算了半无限弹性地基以及基岩上覆盖层在无限长简谐线荷载作用下的位移反应,计算了半无限弹性地基以及基岩上覆盖层地基中明置与埋置条形基础的地基阻抗函数.计算结果与已有的研究结果的比较表明两者吻合较好,验证了本文方法的适用性.     

舰载机捷联惯导自对准方案设计与仿真

舰船因风浪影响而产生大幅摇摆,使陀螺测量到的地球自转角速度信噪比大幅度下降,从而给舰载机的初始对准带来困难.针对这一问题,提出了利用惯性空间中地球重力加速度信息的捷联惯导自主粗对准方法,以及基于模糊自适应卡尔曼滤波的自主精对准方法.粗对准算法中采用了惯性凝固假设,建立了载体惯性坐标系,使舰载机相对坐标系的姿态阵初值成为单位阵,并将姿态阵分散为四个矩阵求解;考虑了舰载机的地理信息、地球的自转、对准初始时刻舰载机相对地球的相对位置,及舰载机相对系的姿态变化等信息,使姿态更新解算成为可能,从而隔离了舰船晃动.精对准中设计了一种模糊自适应卡尔曼滤波器,有效抑制量测中含有的不确定性干扰.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该运动基座上捷联惯导自对准方法能有效地解决舰船系泊和等速航行状态下舰载飞行器的初始对准问题.     

适于卫星自主定轨的SINS/GPS组合导航系统

SINS/GPS组合导航系统能够实现在高动态和强电干扰的环境下实时、高精度的导航定位,为卫星的自主定轨提供了一种切实可行的方法。通常的SINS/GPS组合导航算法都是在地理坐标系下建立的。针对卫星的特点,着重研究了基于地心惯性坐标系,位置、速度组合模式的SINS/GPS组合导航算法,建立了该坐标系下组合导航系统的状态方程和量测方程,并进行了相关数学仿真验证。仿真结果表明,该SINS/GPS组合导航系统能较准确地给出卫星的位置、速度信息,适于卫星的自主定轨。     

基于惯性参考系基准的快速传递对准方法

研究了以惯性参考系为基准的新型传递对准方法。推导了计算惯性坐标系和计算体坐标系传递对准动态误差模型,并给出了相应的"速度+姿态"观测方程。基于惯性参考系的对准方法通过链式法则将子惯导输出的姿态矩阵描述为三个变换矩阵之积,其中两个变换矩阵通过对准时间和主惯导提供的位置信息可得到精确求解,剩余的变换矩阵(子惯导体坐标系至惯性坐标系间的变换矩阵)通过子惯导陀螺仪的输出进行解算,其误差通过传递对准估计得到的失准角进行补偿。对提出的两种对准方法进行摇摆实验验证,方位对准误差优于4’(1)。与传统基于导航坐标系的方法相比,基于惯性坐标系的方法直接将误差定位到惯性坐标系上,具有算法简便的特点。     

杆系结构内力图的程序化作图方法及应用

引入单元局部坐标系和整体坐标系, 根据两种 坐标系中点的对应关系, 推导出整体坐标系中结构内力图上任意一点的坐标公式, 提出了结 构内力图的程序化作图方法. 本文提出的绘图方法可用于杆系结构有限元计算结果的图形显 示.     

基于横向地球坐标的惯性导航方法

针对极区经线迅速收敛于极点造成的传统惯导机械编排在极区不适用问题,提出了CGCS2000地球椭球体模型下基于横向地球坐标的惯性导航方法。在构建横向坐标系及伪经纬网的基础上,给出了横向惯导与传统惯导间导航参数的转换关系,推导了横向地理坐标系机械编排,建立了系统误差模型,并以某型船舶为例,通过系统性能的静基座、动基座仿真分析,研究了基于横向地球坐标的惯性导航方法在极区的适用性。仿真分析表明,基于横向地球坐标的惯性导航方法可以克服传统惯导在极区存在的问题,在极点处不存在计算溢出,并可为载体穿越极点时提供高精度的姿态、位置信息,适用于极区。     

捷联惯导系统极区导航算法优化设计及误差特性分析

采用格网坐标系下的力学编排方案能够有效解决常规惯导系统力学编排方案在极区航向误差急剧发散且无法实现定位定向的难题。格网坐标系力学编排方案可以直接获得格网航向,以及地心地固坐标系下的位置坐标,且输出航向精度及定位精度不随纬度的增高而变差。通过深入研究格网坐标系力学编排方案的误差传播规律,详细分析了高纬度下格网航向保持高精度输出的数学机理。针对格网坐标系力学编排方案在极点附近存在计算奇异值的问题,提出了一种通过格网坐标系和地球坐标系间的位置方向余弦矩阵更新解算替代由地心地固位置坐标求解经纬度三角函数值的优化算法,实现了真正意义上的格网坐标系力学编排方案在极区的"无死角"导航能力。仿真分析了载体沿经线穿越极点运动时的算法性能,并与固定指北力学编排方案进行了比较,结果表明,相比于传统导航方案,格网系下输出的航向误差不随纬度升高而发散,导航精度与低纬度区域导航能力相当。     

协调方程和应力函数的注记

本文首先将K.Washizu的命题一般化,在直角坐标系中,存在着17种可能情形,将六个协调方程等价于三个方程和三个边边界条件,对于三种不可能情形举出的反例,在柱坐标系和球坐标系中也作了相应的讨论,指出分别存在18和19种可     

平移断层的倾角对地震产生的影响

利用边界单元法和滑移弱化摩擦本构关系分析了平移断层上地震的产生。从依赖于速率和状态的摩擦本构关系出发，通过忽略速度的影响得到了滑移弱化摩擦本构关系。建立了两种本构关系之间的联系，使得在两种模型中可以使用共同的参数。通过将地球表面模拟成一个包含在无穷大弹性介质中的无穷大裂纹，已有的边界积分方法可以直接用来分析断层的滑移。由于断层上的摩擦本构关系的非线性，得到的方程也是非线性的，采用牛顿迭代法进行求解。通过数值计算得到了平移断层上滑移位移、速度及摩擦力的分布规律。考察了平移断层的倾角对地震产生的影响，计算结果表明断层的倾角越小，地震产生的位置离地球表面越近且地震产生所需滑移的时间越短。     

基于ANSYS二次开发的板片空间结构的参数化建模

板片空间结构是由轻质、高强的复合板材和薄壁金属骨架或完全由板通过特定方式组合而成的一种新型空间结构体系.为研究适用于设计的理论,需要进行大规模参数化分析,因此需要适用于此分析的可行的建模方法.分析板片空间结构构件的几何拓展规律,将球面坐标系和直角坐标系结合,运用APDL语言,编制相应的建模和分析模块程序,实现了板片空间结构的参数化建模,为对板片空间结构的大规模参数化分析提供工具.并分析了板片空间结构与网壳结构的异同,将两者的建模程序相组合,实现同一程序下的两种结构的自动建模.同时运用本文所提出的建模思路可以实现大部分空间网架结构的参数化建模.     

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE LAYERED GEO-MATERIALS SUBJECTED TO AN ARBITRARY POINT LOAD IN THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE

This paper presents analytical solutions for the stress and displacement field in elastic layered geo-materials induced by an arbitrary point load in the Cartesian coordinate system. The point load solutions can be obtained by referring to the integral transform and the transfer matrix technique. However, former solutions usually exist in the cylindrical coordinate system subjected to axisymmetric loading. Based on the proposed solutions in the Cartesian coordinate, it is very easy to solve asymmetric problems and consider the condition with internal loads in multi-layered geo-materials. Moreover, point load solutions can be used to construct solutions for analytical examination of elastic problems and incorporated into numerical schemes such as boundary element methods. The results discussed in this paper indicate that there is no problem in the evaluation of the point load solutions with high accuracy and efficiency, and that the material non-homogeneity has a significant effect on the elastic field due to adjacent loading.     

平面问题极坐标下几何方程的一种解析法

经典弹性力学教材中都是通过单元的几何变形来推导平面问题极坐标下的几何方 程. 这里, 用解析法从直角坐标系下的几何方程推出极坐标下的几何方程.     

Applications of fractional exterior differential in three-dimensional space

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚｅｄｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｍｅａｎｉｎｇｉｓ:ｃａｎｔｈｅｍｅａｎｉｎｇｏｆｄｅｒｉｖａｔｉｖｅｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌｏｒｄｅｒｄｎｙ/ｄｘｎｂｅｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄｔｏｈａｖｅｍｅａｎｉｎｇｗｈｅｒｅｎｉｓａｎｙｎｕｍｂｅｒ (ｅ .ｇ .,ｉｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｌ,ｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｒｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ) ?Ｉｎ 1 695Ｌｅｉｂｎｉｚｉｎｖｅｎｔｅｄａｂｏｖｅｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ .Ｅｕｌａｒａ…     

A derivation of the Mehrabadi-Cowin equations

An alternative derivation to that given by Mehrabadi and Cowin (1978) is presented here for a pair of kinematic equations governing a certain class of flows in the plastic deformation of dilatant granular materials. This class has been described by Spencer (1981) as double shearing flows. In their derivation Mehrabadi and Cowin (1978), prior to presenting the equations relative to rectangular Cartesian coordinates, obtained an intermediate pair of equations relative to a non-orthogonal network of characteristic coordinates. The essential difference between the original and present derivation is that here, the flow rule, expressed relative to rotating, rectangular Cartesian coordinates, is transformed directly to obtain the kinematic equations relative to fixed rectangular Cartesian coordinate axes, without the need to obtain the characteristic equations.     

Analyses of the penetration process considering mass loss

Based on the dynamic cavity-expansion theory and momentum theorem, the key parameters of projectile penetrating into concrete target, i.e., the penetration time and time histories of DOP, deceleration, mass loss, instant mass loss rate and nose shape, are obtained by incremental calculation considering mass loss of projectile. The calculation results are consistent with the experimental results. Due to the mass loss and thus nose blunting effects, the pulse shape of deceleration may be quite different from that obtained in the analysis of a rigid projectile, and then the dissimilarity is analyzed. It is found that the pulse shape of deceleration is determined by the drag force and essentially determined by the performances of target and projectile, i.e., the shear strength of target, the Moh’s hardness of aggregate in concrete and the CRH value of projectile nose. Further analysis indicates that the pulse shape of deceleration is more sensitive to the performance of target than that of projectile.     

边坡下伏地下圆形洞室的弹性应力解析

根据洞室与边坡的相对位置,将其分为深埋地下洞室与浅埋地下洞室,并分别建立了计算模型。将浅埋圆形洞室视为分布荷载作用下半无限体表面附近的孔洞的应力分析问题,采取复变函数的保角映射得到了浅埋洞室的应力解析解。将深埋洞室视为一个双向受压无限板孔应力集中问题,得到了边坡下伏深埋圆形洞室的应力解析解。以某填筑边坡下地下圆形洞室为例,计算得到了浅埋圆形洞室周边的径向应力与环向应力分布,计算结果表明洞室圆心水平线上的环向压应力随着与洞周距离的增加逐渐减小,但径向压应力却是首先增加,然后才逐步减小。洞顶圆周出现环向拉应力,随着越来越接近地表,环向应力逐步转变为压应力并且越来越大,而径向应力逐渐变大。洞周环向拉应力在洞顶与洞底数值最大,洞室左右两端洞周环向压应力数值最大;洞周径向应力在洞顶、洞底数值较小,左右两端洞周应力最大。     

Derivatives of the three-dimensional Green’s functions for anisotropic materials

A concise formulation is presented for the derivatives of Green’s functions of three-dimensional generally anisotropic elastic materials. Direct calculation for derivatives of the Green’s function on the Cartesian coordinate system is a common practice, which, however, usually leads to a complicated course. In this paper the Green’s function derived by Ting and Lee [Ting, T.C.T., Lee, V.G., 1997. The three-dimensional elastostatic Green’s function for general anisotropic linear elastic solids. The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 50 (3) 407–426] is extended to obtain the derivatives. Using a spherical coordinate system, the Green’s function can be shown as the composition of two independent functions, one depends only on the radial distance of the field point to the origin and the other is in spherical angles. The method of derivation is based on the total differential scheme and then takes its partial differentiation accordingly. With the application of Cauchy residue theorem, the contour integral can be evaluated in terms of the Stroh eigenvalues of a sextic equation. For the degenerate case, evaluation of residues at multiple poles is also given. Applications of the present result are made to examine the Green’s functions and stress components for isotropic and transversely isotropic materials. The results are in exact agreement with existing solutions.     

椭圆截面弹体斜侵彻金属靶体弹道研究

为研究椭圆截面弹体对半无限金属靶体的侵彻弹道规律,基于14.5 mm弹道枪平台,开展了椭圆截面弹体在0°～20°倾角、850～950 m/s撞击速度下对2A12铝合金的斜侵彻试验。基于空腔膨胀理论及局部相互作用模型,建立了椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道模型,并结合试验数据验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,进一步分析了椭圆截面弹体长短轴之比、绕弹轴旋转角度、弹体撞击速度对侵彻弹道的影响规律。弹体长短轴之比为1.0时,弹体退化为尖卵形圆截面弹体,且椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道稳定性随长短轴之比的增大而变弱,最优长短轴之比为1.0,即尖卵形圆截面弹体。椭圆截面弹体绕弹轴旋转一定角度后,侵彻弹道在平面曲线与空间曲线之间变化,当旋转角度为0°、90°时,侵彻弹道为二维平面弹道,当旋转角度在0°～90°之间时,侵彻弹道为三维空间弹道。当弹体撞击速度由800 m/s提升至1000 m/s时,椭圆截面弹体姿态角增量由18.6°降至17.8°。     

计算曲面壳体等效节点热载荷的新方法

提出了一种利用平面壳单元计算曲面壳体热应力问题等效节点热载荷的新方法, 具有较高的计算精度. 首先在平面壳元的理论基础上, 在壳单元切平面建立局部坐标系; 然后根据提出的理论, 利用单元节点整体坐标直接计算壳单元等效节点热载荷积分方程中所需的未知量, 如: 形函数对局部坐标的导数、从对局部坐标积分转换到自然坐标积分时的雅可比行列式等; 最后, 根据提出的算法求出从局部坐标转换到整体坐标的转换矩阵, 进而求出整体坐标系下壳单元等效节点热载荷. 通过与商用软件ANSYS 的计算结果进行对比分析, 证明提出的方法是正确而且精确的.      

Nonlinear dynamic response of a functionally graded plate with a through-width surface crack

A nonlinear vibration analysis of a simply supported functionally graded rectangular plate with a through-width surface crack is presented in this paper. The plate is subjected to a transverse excitation force. Material properties are graded in the thickness direction according to exponential distributions. The cracked plate is treated as an assembly of two sub-plates connected by a rotational spring at the cracked section whose stiffness is calculated through stress intensity factor. Based on Reddy’s third-order shear deformation plate theory, the nonlinear governing equations of motion for the FGM plate are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. The deflection of each sub-plate is assumed to be a combination of the first two mode shape functions with unknown constants to be determined from boundary and compatibility conditions. The Galerkin’s method is then utilized to convert the governing equations to a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system including quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms under the external excitation, which is numerically solved to obtain the nonlinear responses of cracked FGM rectangular plates. The influences of material property gradient, crack depth, crack location and plate thickness ratio on the vibration frequencies and transient response of the surface-racked FGM plate are discussed in detail through a parametric study.