The Method of Integrodifferential Relations for Linear Elasticity Problems

Some possible modifications of the governing equations of the linear theory of elasticity are considered. The stress–strain relation is specified by an integral equality instead of the local Hooke’s law. The modified integrodifferential boundary value problem is reduced to the minimization of a nonnegative functional under differential constraints. A numerical algorithm based on polynomial approximations of unknown functions (stresses and displacements) is developed and applied to linear elasticity problems. The bilateral estimation criteria of solution errors are proposed in order to analyze the algorithm convergence rate. The numerical results obtained by applying the integrodifferential relation method and the conventional variational method are compared and discussed.     

有限长轴承非稳态油膜力自由-移动边界问题的有限条解法

讨论了不可压缩流体润滑的动载径向滑动轴承油膜压力分布的自由移动边界问题的有限条解法．将自由边界问题转化为全域(矩形域)的具有不等式约束的微分方程的边值问题，进一步化为具有不等式约束的泛函极值问题。借助有限条法在矩形域上离散这个泛函，得到了一个特殊的二次泛函的规化问题。通过变量平移变换，使其化为标准的二次规划问题。然后借助于牛顿非光滑算法，迭代求解非线性的互补方程。给出了有限长轴承真实的油膜应力分布。对于所求解方程的系数矩阵的高度稀疏性。给出了紧缩存储算法。节省了存储空间和减少了计算量。算例表明该方法是有效的。     

约束多体系统动力学正则方程的约束变尺度方法

对约束多体系统动力学的正则方程建立了最优化问题模型,采用辛差分格式,提出相应的最优化问题的约束变尺度法,该方法有效地提高了计算稳定性,算例说明了方法的有效性。     

Finite-dimensional approximation to global minimizers in functional spaces with R-convergence

A new concept of convergence (R-convergence) of a sequence of measures is applied to characterize global minimizers in a functional space as a sequence of approximate solutions in finite-dimensional spaces. A deviation integral approach is used to find such solutions. For a constrained problem, a penalized deviation integral algorithm is proposed to convert it to unconstrained ones. A numerical example on an optimal control problem with non-convex state constraints is given to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

Method of integro-differential relations in linear elasticity

Boundary-value problems in linear elasticity can be solved by a method based on introducing integral relations between the components of the stress and strain tensors. The original problem is reduced to the minimization problem for a nonnegative functional of the unknown displacement and stress functions under some differential constraints. We state and justify a variational principle that implies the minimum principles for the potential and additional energy under certain boundary conditions and obtain two-sided energy estimates for the exact solutions. We use the proposed approach to develop a numerical analytic algorithm for determining piecewise polynomial approximations to the functions under study. For the problems on the extension of a free plate made of two different materials and bending of a clamped rectangular plate on an elastic support, we carry out numerical simulation and analyze the results obtained by the method of integro-differential relations.     

A novel statistical linearization solution for randomly excited coupled bending-torsional beams resting on non-linear supports

A novel statistical linearization technique is developed for computing stationary response statistics of randomly excited coupled bending-torsional beams resting on non-linear elastic supports. The key point of the proposed technique consists in representing the non-linear coupled response in terms of constrained linear modes. The resulting set of non-linear equations governing the modal amplitudes is then replaced by an equivalent linear one via a classical statistical error minimization procedure, which provides algebraic non-linear equations for the second-order statistics of the beam response, readily solved by a simple iterative scheme. Data from Monte Carlo simulations, generated by a pertinent boundary integral method in conjunction with a Newmark numerical integration scheme, are used as benchmark solutions to check accuracy and reliability of the proposed statistical linearization technique.

     

On penalty function methods in the finite-element analysis of flow problems

In this paper the penalty function method is reviewed in the general context of solving constrained minimization problems. Mathematical properties, such as the existence of a solution to the penalty problem and convergence of the solution of a penalty problem to the solution of the original problem, are studied for the general case. Then the results are extended to a penalty function formulation of the Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations. Conditions for the equivalence of two penalty-finite element models of fluid flow are established, and the theoretical error estimates are verified in the case of Stokes's problem.     

EXACT AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN FUNCTION FOR NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS WITH INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS

An exact augmented Lagrangian function for the nonlinear nonconvex programming problems with inequality constraints was discussed. Under suitable hypotheses, the relationship was established between the local unconstrained minimizers of the augmented Lagrangian function on the space of problem variables and the local minimizers of the original constrained problem. Furthermore, under some assumptions, the relationship was also established between the global solutions of the augmented Lagrangian function on some compact subset of the space of problem variables and the global solutions of the constrained problem. Therefore, from the theoretical point of view, a solution of the inequality constrained problem and the corresponding values of the Lagrange multipliers can be found by the well-known method of multipliers which resort to the unconstrained minimization of the augmented Lagrangian function presented.     

On the reduction of the normality conditions in equality-constrained optimization problems in mechanics

A large class of problems in mechanics leads to the minimization of an objective function under equality constraints. In fact, inequality constraints can always be transformed into equality constraints by means of slack variables. The classical approach to solve equality-constrained problems relies on Lagrange multipliers, whose first-order normality conditions (FONC) lead to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. This system of equations involves as many equations as unknowns, composed of the design variables and Lagrange multipliers, and hence, is amenable to a host of solution methods. In this paper, two methods to eliminate the Lagrange multipliers are reported, by which a reduced system of normality conditions is obtained. Reduction is conducted here either symbolically or numerically using an isotropic orthogonal complement L of the Jacobian matrix of the equality constraints. The relations thus resulting are cast into what is termed the dual form of the FONC. When the problem allows for symbolic calculations, a semi-graphical approach is applied, which leads to the global optimum of the problem at hand. However, the main novelty of the paper lies in an algorithm that returns the stationary points of a constrained optimization problem without requiring the closed-form expressions of the dual form of the FONC. Moreover, numerically efficient and stable procedures are given for the intermediate computational steps. The application of this algorithm is demonstrated with three examples from mechanics.     

Model reduction using L1‐norm minimization as an application to nonlinear hyperbolic problems

We are interested in the model reduction techniques for hyperbolic problems, particularly in fluids. This paper, which is a continuation of an earlier paper of Abgrall et al, proposes a dictionary approach coupled with an L¹ minimization approach. We develop the method and analyze it in simplified 1‐dimensional cases. We show in this case that error bounds with the full model can be obtained provided that a suitable minimization approach is chosen. The capability of the algorithm is then shown on nonlinear scalar problems, 1‐dimensional unsteady fluid problems, and 2‐dimensional steady compressible problems. A short discussion on the cost of the method is also included in this paper.     

Contact problem for the flat crack under two normally incident shear H-waves with wave mode-shifting

The frictional contact interaction of the finite crack edges in an infinite plane is studied for the case of normal incidence of two harmonic shear H-waves with multiple mode-shifted frequencies. Boundary integral equation method and constrained optimization algorithm are used for the problem solution. The forces of contact interaction and displacement discontinuity are analyzed. Influence of the waves frequencies on the stress intensity factor for different normalized wave numbers and coefficients of friction is considered here.     

Local and Global Injective Solution of the Rotationally Symmetric Sphere Problem

There are problems in the classical linear theory of elasticity whose closed form solutions, while satisfying the governing equations of equilibrium together with well-posed boundary conditions, predict the existence of regions, often quite small, inside the body where material overlaps. Of course, material overlapping is not physically realistic, and one possible way to prevent it combines linear theory with the requirement that the deformation field be injective. A formulation of minimization problems in classical linear elasticity proposed by Fosdick and Royer [3] imposes this requirement through a Lagrange multiplier technique. An existence theorem for minimizers of plane problems is also presented. In general, however, it is not certain that such minimizers exist. Here, the Euler–Lagrange equations corresponding to a family of three-dimensional problems is investigated. In classical linear elasticity, these problems do not have bounded solutions inside a body of anisotropic material for a range of material parameters. For another range of parameters, bounded solutions do exist but yield stresses that are infinite at a point inside the body. In addition, these solutions are not injective in a region surrounding this point, yielding unrealistic behavior such as overlapping of material. Applying the formulation of Fosdick and Royer on this family of problems, it is shown that both the displacements and the constitutive part of the stresses are bounded for all values of the material parameters and that the injectivity constraint is preserved. In addition, a penalty functional formulation of the constrained elastic problems is proposed, which allows to devise a numerical approach to compute the solutions of these problems. The approach consists of finding the displacement field that minimizes an augmented potential energy functional. This augmented functional is composed of the potential energy of linear elasticity theory and of a penalty functional divided by a penalty parameter. A sequence of solutions is then constructed, parameterized by the penalty parameter, that converges to a function that satisfies the first variation conditions for a minimizer of the constrained minimization problem when this parameter tends to infinity. This approach has the advantages of being mathematically appealling and computationally simple to implement.     

Stroh formulation for a generally constrained and pre-stressed elastic material

The Stroh formalism is essentially a spatial Hamiltonian formulation and has been recognized to be a powerful tool for solving elasticity problems involving generally anisotropic elastic materials for which conventional methods developed for isotropic materials become intractable. In this paper we develop the Stroh/Hamiltonian formulation for a generally constrained and prestressed elastic material. We derive the corresponding integral representation for the surface-impedance tensor and explain how it can be used, together with a matrix Riccati equation, to calculate the surface-wave speed. The proposed algorithm can deal with any form of constraint, pre-stress, and direction of wave propagation. As an illustration, previously known results are reproduced for surface waves in a pre-stressed incompressible elastic material and an unstressed inextensible fibre-reinforced composite, and an additional example is included analyzing the effects of pre-stress upon surface waves in an inextensible material.     

薄体位势问题边界元法中的解析积分算法

薄体结构的数值分析是边界元法的难点问题之一。该文导出了一种完全解析积分算法，用这种算法计算了薄体平面位势问题边界元法中出现的几乎弱奇异、强奇异和超奇异积分。当边界离散为一系列线性单元，边界积分方程离散计算的积分可归纳为三种形式。对薄体问题，源点与积分单元距离通常相距很近，这些积分产生显著几乎奇异性，直接采用常规高斯积分不能有效计算。为此该文导出了这些几乎奇异积分的全解析计算公式。按源点与单元的距离是否为零，公式分两种情况。新算法采用全解析积分公式处理几乎奇异积分，首先精确计算出薄体问题边界未知位势和法向位势梯度，然后再进一步计算了域内点的物理参量。算例表明该文算法可处理狭长比为1．E-08的薄体问题，显示了边界元法分析薄体问题具有独特的优势。     

边界元法计算近边界点参量的一个通用算法

针对边界元法存在近力界点参量计算的困难,给出了一个通用性方法,将近边界点到边界单元的距离参数通过分部积分变换到积分式之外,从而计算出二维问题近边界点参量的几乎强奇异和超奇异积分,由此,对任何近边界点参量,提出了整套计算方案,算例证明了本法的有效性。     

Self-Contact for Rods on Cylinders

We study self-contact phenomena in elastic rods that are constrained to lie on a cylinder. By choosing a particular set of variables to describe the rod centerline the variational setting is made particularly simple: the strain energy is a second-order functional of a single scalar variable, and the self-contact constraint is written as an integral inequality. Using techniques from ordinary differential equation theory (comparison principles) and variational calculus (cut-and-paste arguments) we fully characterize the structure of constrained minimizers. An important auxiliary result states that the set of self-contact points is continuous, a result that contrasts with known examples from contact problems in free rods.     

Eulerian formulation of constrained elastica

The formulation of the constrained elastica problem proposed in this paper is predicated on two key concepts: first, the deformed elastica is described by means of the distance from the conduit axis; second, the problem is formulated in terms of the Eulerian curvilinear coordinate of the conduit rather than the natural curvilinear coordinate of the elastica. This approach is further implemented within a segmentation algorithm, which transforms the global constrained elastica problem into a sequence of analogous auxiliary problems that result from dividing the conduit and the elastica into segments limited by contacts. Each auxiliary segment entails solving a segment of elastica subject to isoperimetric constraints corresponding to the assumed positions of the segment ends along the conduit. This new formulation resolves in one stroke a series of issues that afflict the classical Lagrangian approach: (i) the contact detection is reduced to checking whether a threshold on the distance function is violated, (ii) the isoperimetric conditions are transformed into regular boundary conditions, instead of being treated as external integral constraints, (iii) the method yields a well-conditioned set of equations that does not degenerate with decreasing flexural rigidity of the elastica and/or decreasing clearance between the conduit and the elastica.     

Minimum fuel trajectory transfer in a general gravity field using a finite number of engine firings to cause velocity discontinuities

A method is presented to compute the firing logic for a rocket to transfer from one arbitrary trajectory to another such trajectory in a fixed maximum number of firings of the engine in a manner to minimize the amount of fuel consumed while satisfying various orbital constraints.

The iterative procedure presented may be used to solve other constrained non-linear parameter minimization problems. The method involves iteratively minimizing the first differential of the “cost” function subject to improving the first differentials of the constraints by using linear programming. Both equality and inequality constraints are amenable to solution by this method.     

Birkhoff系统的一类积分不变量的构造

分别建立了自由Birkhoff系统和约束Birkhoff系统的非等时变分方程,并且利用系统的Birkhoff方程及其非等时变分方程证明,可由第一积分直接构造该系统基于非等时变分的一类积分不变量。文中,举例说明结果的应用。     

基于对偶变量变分原理的完整约束系统保辛算法

基于对偶变量变分原理，选择积分区间两端位移为独立变量，构造了求解完整约束哈密顿动力系统的高阶保辛算法。首先，利用拉格朗日多项式对作用量中的位移、动量及拉格朗日乘子进行近似；然后，对作用量中不包含约束的积分项采用Gauss积分近似，对作用量中包含约束的积分项采用Lobatto积分近似，从而得到近似作用量；最后，在此近似作用量的基础上，利用对偶变量变分原理，将求解完整约束哈密顿动力系统问题转化为一组非线性方程组的求解。算法具有保辛性和高阶收敛性，能够在位移的插值点处高精度地满足完整约束。算法的收敛阶数及数值性质通过数值算例验证。