激波主导流动下壁板的热气动弹性稳定性理论分析

针对激波主导流动下弹性壁板的热气动弹性稳定性分析问题,建立了基于当地活塞流理论的分析模型,并用数值仿真方法来验证其正确性.首先基于Hamilton原理和Von-Karman大变形理论,建立壁板的热气动弹性运动方程,其中假设壁板受热后温度均匀分布,激波前后区域的气动力模型采用当地一阶活塞流理论;利用Galerkin方法将具有连续参数系统的偏微分颤振方程离散为有限个自由度的常微分方程;基于李雅普诺夫间接法将非线性颤振方程组在平衡位置处进行线化,再用Routh-Hurwits判据来判断线性系统的稳定性,从而来推论出非线性颤振系统的气动弹性稳定性.在时域中采用龙格-库塔法对非线性颤振方程进行数值积分,得到壁板非线性颤振响应的时间历程,与理论分析结果进行对比.研究结果表明,壁板受到斜激波冲击时,更容易发生颤振失稳,并且激波强度越大,极限环幅值和频率越大;激波主导流场中的壁板失稳边界不同于传统单纯超声速气流中壁板颤振的失稳边界;只有在斜激波前后不同的动压值都满足颤振稳定性边界的条件下,壁板才可能保持其气动弹性稳定性.     

超音速气流中受热壁板的稳定性分析

采用Galerkin方法建立二维壁板的非线性气动弹性运动方程，用一阶活塞理论模拟壁板 受到的气动力. 基于李雅普诺夫间接法分析了平壁板的稳定性，得到了壁板失稳的边界 曲线；采用牛顿迭代法分析了壁板的屈曲变形，进而分析了后屈曲状态下壁板的稳定性； 在时域中分析了后屈曲状态下壁板的颤振边界. 分析结果表明，为了保证计算精度， 在二维壁板的静态失稳及过屈曲变形分析中，至少要取二阶谐波模态；在平壁板的超音速颤 振(动态失稳)边界分析中至少应取四阶模态. 还对壁板的温升，壁板长厚比、壁板密 度和气流马赫数作了无量纲变参分析，研究了这些参数的变化对壁板稳定性的影响规律. 研 究中发现，当气流速压较低时壁板一般会稳定在低阶谐波模态的屈曲变形位置，但是如果系 统出现多个渐近稳定的不动点，即使作用在壁板上的气流速压很低，壁板也有可能在较低速 压下发生二次失稳型颤振.     

超声速复合材料层合壁板结构的颤振特性分析

对超声速复合材料壁板结构的气动弹性颠振特性进行了分析研究.采用Hamilton原理和假设模态法建立结构的运动方程,采用活塞理论模拟超声速非定常气动力,通过求解本征值问题,得到结构的固有频率和阻尼比等物理量.数值计算了结构无量纲固有频率随气动压力的变化曲线,确定颤振临界气动压力(或颤振速度),并计算了结构的受迫振动时间响应历程曲线,分析比较了不同纤维铺设方式和不同铺设角度对超声速复合材料壁板结构气动弹性稳定性的影响.本文研究结果对超声速飞行器壁板结构的气动弹性稳定性分析和设计具有理论参考价值.     

超音速气流中受热曲壁板的非线性颤振特性

基于von Karman 大变形理论及带有曲率修正的一阶活塞理论, 用Galerkin方法建立了超音速气流中受热二维曲壁板的非线性气动弹性运动方程; 采用牛顿迭代法计算得到由静气动载荷和热载荷引起的静气动弹性变形; 根据李雅谱诺夫间接法分析了壁板初始曲率与温升对颤振边界的影响; 对二维曲壁板的非线性气动弹性方程组进行数值积分求解,分析了动压参数对受热二维曲壁板分岔特性的影响, 给出了典型状态下曲壁板非线性颤振响应的时程图与相图. 分析结果表明对小初始曲率的曲壁板, 温升对其静气动弹性变形影响较大, 且随着温升的增加其颤振临界动压急剧减小; 对具有较大初始曲率的曲壁板, 温升对其静气动弹性变形的影响较弱, 且随着温升的增加颤振临界动压基本保持不变. 初始几何曲率与气动热效应使得曲壁板具有复杂的动力学特性, 不再像平壁板一样, 经过倍周期分岔进入混沌, 而会出现由静变形状态直接进入混沌运动的现象, 且在混沌运动区域中还会出现静态稳定点或谐波运动, 在大曲率情况下, 曲壁板不会产生混沌运动, 而是幅值在一定范围内的极限带振荡.      

热过屈曲功能梯度壁板的气动弹性颤振

功能梯度材料的宏观物理性能随空间位置连续变化,能充分减少不同组份材料结合部位界面性能的不匹配因素.功能梯度壁板用作高速飞行器的热防护结构,能有效消除气动加热带来的壁板内部热应力集中.本文考虑热过屈曲变形引入的结构几何非线性,分析功能梯度壁板的气动弹性颤振边界.基于幂函数材料分布假设,采用混合定律计算功能梯度材料的等效力学性能.根据一阶剪切变形板理论、冯·卡门应变-位移关系和一阶活塞理论,基于虚功原理建立超声速气流中受热功能梯度壁板的非线性气动弹性有限元方程.采用牛顿-拉弗森迭代法数值求解壁板的热屈曲变形,分析超声速气流对热屈曲变形的影响机理.在壁板热过屈曲的静力平衡位置分析动态稳定性,确定了壁板的颤振边界.研究表明,当陶瓷-金属功能梯度壁板的组份材料沿厚度方向梯度分布时,会破坏结构的对称性导致壁板在面内热应力作用下发生指向金属侧的热屈曲变形.超声速气流中壁板热屈曲变形最大的位置随气流速压增大向下游推移,并伴随屈曲变形量的减小.热过屈曲壁板的几何非线性效应会提高壁板的颤振边界,这种影响在高温、低无量纲速压且壁板发生大挠度热屈曲变形时表现显著.较高无量纲气流速压下由于壁板的热屈曲变形被气动力限定在小挠度范围,几何非线性效应不明显.      

采用压电材料提高超声速飞行器壁板结构的颤振特性

采用压电材料对结构进行振动主动控制已经进行了广泛研究,论文进一步采用压电材料改进超声速壁板结构的气动弹性颤振特性,研究中考虑压电材料力电耦合效应的影响.采用Hamilton原理和Rayleigh-Ritz方法建立壁板及压电材料整体结构的运动方程,采用超声速活塞理论模拟气动力,利用加速度反馈控制策略对压电材料施加外电压,获得结构的主动质量.求解运动方程的特征值问题获得固有频率,进而确定气动弹性颤振边界,分析了反馈控制增益对超声速飞行器壁板结构主动颤振特性的影响,研究表明,采用压电材料可以提高超声速壁板结构的气动弹性颤振特性.     

基于当流活塞理论的气动弹性计算方法研究

发展了一种高效、高精度的超音速、高超音速非定常气动力计算方法--基于定常CFD技术的当地流活塞理论.运用当地流活塞理论计算非定常气动力,耦合结构运动方程,实现超音速、高超音速气动弹性的时域模拟.运用这种方法计算了一系列非定常气动力算例和颤振算例,并和原始活塞理论、非定常Euler方程结果作了比较.由于局部地使用活塞理论假设,这种方法大大地克服了原始活塞理论对飞行马赫数、翼型厚度和飞行迎角的限制.与非定常Euler方程方法相比,当地流活塞理论的效率很高.     

壁板颤振的分析模型、数值求解方法和研究进展

研究壁板颤振问题需要计及大挠度变形下结构的几何非线性效应,不仅涉及气动弹性稳定性,而且关心结构的非线性颤振响应.该文回顾了飞行器壁板颤振问题的国内外研究情况,评述了在壁板颤振研究中采用的分析模型、数值求解方法以及在理论分析和试验方面的研究成果,并提出了今后壁板颤振问题的4个研究方向.      

基于当地流活塞理论的气动弹性计算方法研究

发展了一种高效、高精度的超音速、高超音速非定常气动力计算 方法------基于定常CFD技术的当地流活塞理论. 运用当地流活塞理论计算非定常 气动力，耦合结构运动方程，实现超音速、高超音速气动弹性的时域模拟. 运用这 种方法计算了一系列非定常气动力算例和颤振算例，并和原始活塞理论、非定 常Euler方程结果作了比较. 由于局部地使用活塞理论假设，这种方法大大地克服 了原始活塞理论对飞行马赫数、翼型厚度和飞行迎角的 限制. 与非定常Euler方程方法相比，当地流活塞理论的效率很高.     

超声速飞行器壁板非线性颤振响应分析的时域法与频域法对比研究

为考查基于假设模态法在时域中开展壁板非线性颤振分析的可行性,在相同的参数下,分别采用时域方法和频域方法研究了超声速飞行器壁板的非线性颤振响应,并从壁板的颤振幅值、颤振频率和颤振型态三个方面对时域和频域分析结果的一致性作了较详细的比较。首先,基于von Karman应变－位移关系和Mindlin板理论建立考虑几何非线性的壁板力学模型,应用一阶活塞理论分析壁板上单面承受的超声速准定常气动力,基于虚功原理和有限单元法推导壁板的运动微分方程。然后,用壁板的线性固有模态作为假设模态,减缩系统的自由度而得到降阶模型。采用四阶龙格-库塔法对降阶模型作时域数值积分,得到壁板的非线性颤振响应。另一方面,假设壁板的极限环颤振为简谐振荡,可对壁板的非线性刚度作等效线性化处理,进而在频域中直接在有限元（未降阶）模型的基础上分析壁板的颤振幅值、颤振频率和颤振型态。数值分析表明,当极限环颤振为简谐振荡时,时域方法和频域方法的计算结果符合一致。本文最后讨论了时域法和频域法应用在壁板非线性颤振分析中各自的优点和局限性。     

Viscous and inviscid interactions of an oblique shock with a flexible panel

The complex self-sustained oscillations arising from the interaction of an oblique shock with a flexible panel in both the inviscid and viscous regimes have been investigated numerically. The aeroelastic interactions are simulated using either the Euler or the full compressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled to the nonlinear von Karman plate equations. Results demonstrate that for a sufficiently strong shock limit-cycle oscillations emerge from either subcritical or supercritical bifurcations even in the absence of viscous separated flow effects. The critical dynamic pressure diminishes with increasing shock strength and can be much lower than that corresponding to standard panel flutter. Significant changes in panel dynamics were also found as a function of the shock impingement point and cavity pressure. For viscous laminar flow above the panel without a shock, high-frequency periodic oscillations appear due to the coupling of boundary-layer instabilities with high-mode flexural deflections. For a separated shock laminar boundary layer interaction, non-periodic self-excited oscillations arise which can result in a significant reduction in the extent of the time-averaged separation region. This finding suggests the potential use of an aeroelastically tailored flexible panel as a means of passive flow control. Forced panel oscillations, induced by a specified variable cavity pressure underneath the panel, were also found to be effective in reducing separation. For both inviscid and viscous interactions, the significant unsteadiness generated by the fluttering panel propagates along the complex reflected expansion/recompression wave system.     

Reduced order nonlinear aeroelasticity of swept composite wings using compressible indicial unsteady aerodynamics

Nonlinear dynamic aeroelasticity of composite wings in compressible flows is investigated. To provide a reasonable model for the problem, the composite wing is modeled as a thin walled beam (TWB) with circumferentially asymmetric stiffness layup configuration. The structural model considers nonlinear strain displacement relations and a number of non-classical effects, such as transverse shear and warping inhibition. Geometrically nonlinear terms of up to third order are retained in the formulation. Unsteady aerodynamic loads are calculated according to a compressible model, described by indicial function approximations in the time domain. The aeroelastic system of equations is augmented by the differential equations governing the aerodynamics lag states to derive the final explicit form of the coupled fluid-structure equations of motion. The final nonlinear governing aeroelastic system of equations is solved using the eigenvectors of the linear structural equations of motion to approximate the spatial variation of the corresponding degrees of freedom in the Ritz solution method. Direct time integrations of the nonlinear equations of motion representing the full aeroelastic system are conducted using the well-known Runge–Kutta method. A comprehensive insight is provided over the effect of parameters such as the lamination fiber angle and the sweep angle on the stability margins and the limit cycle oscillation behavior of the system. Integration of the interpolation method employed for the evaluation of compressible indicial functions at any Mach number in the subsonic compressible range to the derivation process of the third order nonlinear aeroelastic system of equations based on TWB theory is done for the first time. Results show that flutter speeds obtained by the incompressible unsteady aerodynamics are not conservative and as the backward sweep angle of the wing is increased, post-flutter aeroelastic response of the wing becomes more well-behaved.     

On the aeroelastic stability and bifurcation structure of subsonic nonlinear thin panels subjected to external excitation

Dynamic behavior of panels exposed to subsonic flow subjected to external excitation is investigated in this paper. The von Karman’s large deflection equations of motion for a flexible panel and Kelvin’s model of structural damping is considered to derive the governing equation. The panel under study is two-dimensional and simply supported. A Galerkin-type solution is introduced to derive the unsteady aerodynamic pressure from the linearized potential equation of uniform incompressible flow. The governing partial differential equation is transformed to a series of ordinary differential equations by using Galerkin method. The aeroelastic stability of the linear panel system is presented in a qualitative analysis and numerical study. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm is used to conduct the numerical simulations to investigate the bifurcation structure of the nonlinear panel system and the distributions of chaotic regions are shown in the different parameter spaces. The results shows that the panel loses its stability by divergence not flutter in subsonic flow; the number of the fixed points and their stabilities change after the dynamic pressure exceeds the critical value; the chaotic regions and periodic regions appear alternately in parameter spaces; the single period motion trajectories change rhythmically in different periodic regions; the route from periodic motion to chaos is via doubling-period bifurcation.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISCOUS AEROELASTIC SOLVER FOR NONLINEAR PANEL FLUTTER

A new three-dimensional (3-D) viscous aeroelastic solver for nonlinear panel flutter is developed in this paper. A well-validated full Navier–Stokes code is coupled with a finite-difference procedure for the von Karman plate equations. A subiteration strategy is employed to eliminate lagging errors between the fluid and structural solvers. This approach eliminates the need for the development of a specialized, tightly coupled algorithm for the fluid/structure interaction problem. The new computational scheme is applied to the solution of inviscid two-dimensional panel flutter problems for subsonic and supersonic Mach numbers. Supersonic results are shown to be consistent with the work of previous researchers. Multiple solutions at subsonic Mach numbers are discussed. Viscous effects are shown to raise the flutter dynamic pressure for the supersonic case. For the subsonic viscous case, a different type of flutter behavior occurs for the downward deflected solution with oscillations occurring about a mean deflected position of the panel. This flutter phenomenon results from a true fluid/structure interaction between the flexible panel and the viscous flow above the surface. Initial computations have also been performed for inviscid, 3-D panel flutter for both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers.     

Post-flutter response of a flexible cantilever plate in low subsonic flows

Numerical simulations on the post-flutter response of a flexible cantilever plate are carried out by establishing a nonlinear aeroelastic model. The present study shows that chaotic movements may exist in the three-dimensional panel flutter problems in case of low subsonic flows. In the analysis, time traces, phase-plane plots, Poincare maps as well as power spectral densities are employed to identify the dynamic behavior of the system. It is observed that the plate undergoes period-1, period-3 and non-periodic motions with the increase of inflow velocity. The post-flutter behavior is dominated by both geometric and aerodynamic nonlinearities. Numerical results show that wingtip vortexes are in fact an important source of aerodynamic nonlinearities, which have not been fully studied before. The study also provides a criterion on how to choose a coupling strategy in the nonlinear aeroelastic simulation of a low-aspect-ratio flexible structure in low subsonic flows when the dominant nonlinear effect is different in the post-flutter response.     

Porous panels with fixed ends lose stability by divergence

The aeroelastic stability of one-dimensional porous panels with a Darcy boundary condition on its surface is examined theoretically. Analytical and numerical analyses demonstrate that a porous panel in a uniform, single-sided, incompressible flow becomes aeroelastically unstable via divergence. This primary route of instability is identical to the well-known mechanism for non-porous panels. However, the divergence speed of a porous panel is always greater than the non-porous limit and increases with a dimensionless porosity parameter formed by the aeroelastic system. Various chordwise porosity distributions along the panel are also investigated, where the uniformly-porous panel is shown to be the most stable configuration. The generality and robustness of the primary divergence instability for porous panels is established analytically using a simple but general flutter analysis approach based on the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion.