恒稳推进的煤与瓦斯突出

本文建立理想的一维运动模型,对煤与瓦斯突出的机理进行了探讨,指出煤的破碎起动与瓦斯渗流的耦合是煤与瓦斯突出的内在因素,大型突出相应于恒稳推进的情况,通过分析给出了讨论煤与瓦斯突出的重要的无量纲参数以及突出判据的近似形式。     

高瓦斯煤层冲击地压发生条件与影响因素

针对高瓦斯煤层冲击地压问题,用解析方法得到冲击地压发生条件,分析了主要影响因素对满足冲击地压发生条件的临界塑性区半径和临界应力的影响规律.结合五龙矿开采实际情况对影响高瓦斯煤层冲击地压的煤的模量比、煤层瓦斯孔隙压力、支护应力和内摩擦角4个因素做了对比分析.研究发现:高瓦斯煤层在巷道掘进面附近由于存在开挖面空间效应,掘进面前方尚未开挖的煤体对巷道变形起到了限制作用,减少了冲击地压的发生,随着掘进面向前推进,后方一定距离范围内的巷道支护应力增大.随着瓦斯解吸渗流的进行,巷道壁处孔隙压力降低,巷道冲击地压危险性明显提高,此时提高支护应力,冲击危险性有所降低.高瓦斯煤层巷道发生冲击地压的临界塑性区半径和临界应力随模量比、瓦斯孔隙压力的增大而快速减小,随支护应力的增大而增大,临界塑性区半径随内摩擦角的增大而增大,临界应力与内摩擦角不是单调函数关系,存在一个极小值点,当内摩擦角小于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而减小;当内摩擦角大于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而增大.     

THE IMPACT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL CONTAINING GAS1)

为得出含瓦斯煤体的冲击力学特性,采用类单轴压缩试验方法,对吸附瓦斯压力在0 MPa, 2 MPa, 4 MPa, 6 MPa等情况下的煤样力学特性进行了研究。研究得出：随着吸附瓦斯压力的增大,煤样的抗压强度、弹性模量、冲击能指数均近似线性降低,峰值应变近似线性增大。随着吸附瓦斯压力的增大,煤体的破坏类型由脆性向延性破坏转变,破坏的分选性增强。吸附瓦斯的作用加速了煤体失稳破坏的进程,并使煤岩瓦斯动力灾害类型呈现由冲击地压主导型向煤与瓦斯突出主导型转变的趋势。     

基于仪器化压入实验的煤体微纳尺度非均质力学响应特征

煤炭是我国的主体能源, 煤矿井下冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出等灾害的频繁严重影响煤炭的安全生产. 煤体是典型的混合物, 其内部不同组分的力学性质差异较大, 使其在外部扰动的作用下容易产生内部应力集中, 导致煤体的失稳、破坏, 形成煤矿动力灾害. 本文以非均质煤体为研究对象, 利用微焦CT、扫描电子显微镜和纳?微米压入实验, 研究了煤体微纳尺度的非均质结构和力学性质, 实验研究结果表明: 煤体是有机物和多种矿物组成的混合物, 矿物以点填充、丝状填充和条带状侵入等结构存在于煤体有机物中, 不同的矿物填充或侵入区域中矿物含量和结构具有差异, 这导致煤体微纳尺度的物理力学性质具有非均质性; 纳米尺度压入实验可以捕捉矿物在有机物中的填充或侵入结构, 测量煤体混合物中矿物和有机物单组分的力学参数, 识别两者力学性质的巨大差异; 微米尺度的压入实验可以表征煤体混合物整体的力学性质, 矿物填充量越多, 煤体混合物的力学性质越强, 同时煤体混合物微观尺度的破裂模式会受到矿物填充结构的影响. 研究结果揭示了煤体微观结构和力学性质的非均质特征, 探讨了煤体混合物的非均质结构可能引起的脆性破坏, 为煤矿井下冲击地压和煤与瓦斯突出等动力灾害的预测与防治提供了理论基础.      

A continuum model for intermittent deformation of single crystal micropillars

Strain bursts are often observed during compression tests of single crystal micropillars. In this work, we formulate a new continuum model that accounts for the strain bursts within the framework of crystal plasticity. The strain bursts are separated from the loading stage (nearly elastic loading) by introducing a dimensionless constant in the continuum model, and are detected by load serrations. The boundary conditions in the context of micropillar compression are studied and they are shown to be changing and unpredictable as plastic deformation proceeds. To evaluate the validity of our model, finite element simulations of the uniaxial compression tests on nickel micropillars are performed. Our simulations produce clearly visible strain bursts during the plastic flow and the produced intermittent flows are comparable with the experimental observations. For the bulk crystal, a series of strain bursts is identified in the course of plastic flow, despite an apparently smooth stress–strain response. We also show that the intermittent flow is intensified in the micrometer-scale due to both increasing numbers of the successive strain bursts and increasing amplitude of the strain burst, when the specimen size decreases. Finally, we show that the occurrences of the strain bursts are always associated with negative values of the second-order work.     

Complex dynamics of compound bursting with burst episode composed of different bursts

Episodic or compound bursting arises from a transition between a burst episode composed of a long burst and several short bursts and a relatively long subthreshold oscillation in this work. The minimal and generic phantom bursting model proposed by Bertram et al. is employed to produce compound bursting of a single pancreatic ??-cell and compound bursting synchronization with antiphase spikes of two electrical coupling pancreatic ??-cells. Two different fast/slow analysis for the moderate and the slower slow variables in three-dimensional spaces are combined to highlight better how these two slow variables with different time scales commonly or separately result in complex dynamic of the compound bursting of both the single ??-cell and the two electrical coupling ??-cells. For the compound bursting synchronization with antiphase spikes, we reveal how varying coupling strength leads to a change of the number of short bursts within the burst episode for different types of compound bursting.     

A stochastic model for the temporal aspects of flow intermittency in micropillar compression

Systematic experimental investigations have demonstrated that the plastic deformation of micropillar proceeds through a sequence of intermittent bursts, the sizes of which follow power-law statistics. In this study, a stochastic model based on the power-law distribution of burst size is formulated in the framework of crystal plasticity in order to investigate the temporal aspects of flow intermittency in micropillar compression. A Monte Carlo simulation scheme is developed to determine the burst size when a burst activity is captured. This burst size is considered as the displacement boundary condition of burst deformation. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the model is performed and its predictions are validated by comparison with results from both micro-compression experiments and simulation tests of bulk crystals using the classic crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM). The model provides a reasonable prediction of stress–strain responses both at the macroscopic and microscopic scales. Finally, the capability of this model is shown with applications to the intermittent plastic deformation in micropillar compressions, in particular for their burst time durations and burst velocities. The results from such stochastic finite element analysis are shown to be consistent with earlier experimental findings and results of mean-field theory.     

浙江苍岭隧道岩爆工程地质特征分析与防治措施研究

根据在浙江苍岭隧道施工中发生的岩爆,通过现场地质观测资料,具体地分析了其形成的规模、位置、诱发因素以及地质条件,从地质工程的角度,对岩爆发生地段隧道的岩石组成、地质构造、地应力特征以及地下水情况进行了探讨,发现在苍岭隧道施工中发生岩爆的岩石具有岩体结构面发育适中、弹性模量大、P波波速高、地质构造简单、现代水平构造应力强且主压应力轴σ1大角度相交于隧道中轴线和地下水不发育的特征,并在此基础上,提出了掌子面喷水、布设释放地应力锚杆、减少隧道壁聚能结构等有效的岩爆防治措施。     

壁面加热湍流相干结构的实验研究

用热线风速仪测量了风洞中壁面加热平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的流向脉动速度,用条件采样方法中的m-u-level法和VITA法研究了壁面加热对壁湍流相干结构猝发条件平均波形的影响,发现壁面另热能够提高猝发强度,缩短喷射时间,使一次猝发中出现多次喷射事件的现象明显增多,增强猝发的间歇性。     

位移加载条件下微小尺寸单晶金属的应变突变模型及其间歇性塑性变形行为研究

微压缩实验发现,微小尺度单晶金属柱体在塑性变形过程中会发生显著的应变突变,呈现出特殊的间歇性塑性流动特征。本文以数百纳米直径的单晶Au柱体为研究对象,探讨其在位移加载条件下的间歇性流动行为。首先根据位移加载条件下的塑性变形特征,提出了分析其应变突变的三阶段模型。进一步结合经典晶体塑性理论框架的有限元方法,建立了以二阶功参量为基础的连续塑性力学模型。通过与实验结果相对比发现,新模型能够较好地描述位移加载条件下微小尺度面心立方单晶金属材料的应变突变现象,能够合理预测单晶柱体的特殊变形行为。此外,二阶功准则作为位移加载条件下应变突变现象的判据是有效的。进而使用该理论模型,探讨了微小金属柱体应变突变随机性、尺寸相关性以及率敏感性等问题。     

深部高地应力下岩石力学行为研究进展

越来越多的煤矿和金属矿进入深部开采.随着开采深度的增加,一系列工程灾害如岩爆、煤与瓦斯突出、顶板垮落、底板突水等日益严重,且深部开采中巷道与采场的维护理论也与浅部有十分明显的区别.人们认识到这种差别的根源在于岩石所处的赋存环境上的差异,深部与浅部在赋存环境上的差别是所谓``三高''即高地应力、高地温和高孔隙水压,尤其是高地应力条件下岩石表现出十分特殊的力学行为.简要介绍了深部开采现状、深部开采面临的技术难题以及深部岩体所处的高地应力环境,在此基础上,综述了深部高地应力条件下有关岩石力学性质的研究进展,包括高应力条件下岩石的脆-延转化特性、岩石的流变特性、岩石的强度特征、岩石的破坏特征尤其是岩爆等.文章最后指出深部条件下热-水-力耦合模型是一个值得关注的研究方向.      

Numerical analysis of the effects induced by normal faults and dip angles on rock bursts

The study of mining effects under the influences of a normal fault and its dip angle is significant for the prediction and prevention of rock bursts. Based on the geological conditions of panel 2301N in a coalmine, the evolution laws of the strata behaviors of the working face affected by a fault and the instability of the fault induced by mining operations with the working face of the footwall and hanging wall advancing towards a normal fault are studied using UDEC numerical simulation. The mechanism that induces rock burst is revealed, and the influence characteristics of the fault dip angle are analyzed. The results of the numerical simulation are verified by conducting a case study regarding the microseismic events. The results of this study serve as a reference for the prediction of rock bursts and their classification into hazardous areas under similar conditions.     

煤(岩)体埋深及倾角对压应力型冲击地压的影响研究

为了研究不同埋深和煤岩倾角对煤岩体开采引起的压应力型冲击地压过程,利用颗粒流方法进行冲击地压模拟。煤岩体与顶板倾角工况设置为7种,分别为0°,5°,10°,15°,20°,30°和40°;煤岩层埋深深度设置为8种,分别为-120m～-820m,间隔100m。在上述56种工况下进行压应力型冲击地压过程模拟,计算至平衡时统计飞石颗粒数量和变形颗粒数量,研究这两个数量与埋深和倾角之间的关系。结果表明,飞石数量和变形颗粒数量与埋深均为幂函数关系,前者随倾角增加幂次数增加且均大于1,后者随倾角增加幂次数增加但均小于1;在深度不变时两者数量增长与倾角为线性关系,且随着深度增加,斜率和截距均增加。     

Time-resolved measurements of hydroxyl in stable and extinguishing partially premixed turbulent opposed-jet flames

Quantitative hydroxyl time-series measurements from a set of stable and extinguishing turbulent opposed-flow partially premixed CH₄/air flames are used to investigate the effect of Reynolds number and fuel-side equivalence ratio on the structure of turbulent partially premixed flames. The hydroxyl (OH) integral time scale, computed from the autocorrelation function, is used to characterize OH fluctuations and is found to reach a minimum at the axial location of peak OH. Analyses of the duration of and period between bursts in the OH time series are used to examine the dynamics of flame-front motion. In general, with increasing Reynolds number (Re), the distribution in OH burst times shifts towards smaller time scales. A hydroxyl intermittency parameter is also defined from the bursts to quantify the presence or absence of OH. For flames with the same fuel-side equivalence ratio, the hydroxyl intermittency at peak OH remains almost constant when going from stable to extinguishing flames. However, histograms portray an increase in burst separation times for flames displaying occasional extinction events. Hydroxyl time series for a partially premixed flame at a fuel-side equivalence ratio of 2.0 and Re = 6650 are synthesized by using mixture-fraction simulations based on calculated state relationships for OH versus mixture fraction (f). The laminar-flamelet model is employed to explore relations between OH and f so as to predict trends in mixture-fraction time scales.“Time-Series Measurements in Turbulent Opposed-Jet Flames" is submitted for consideration as a full length article to Flow Turbulence and Combustion.     

Explosion characteristics of coal gas under various initial temperatures and pressures

Explosion limits data are essential for a quantitative risk assessment of explosion hazard associated with the use of coal gas. The present work is to investigate the influence of various initial temperatures and pressures on explosion characteristics of coal gas/air mixture. The explosion limits and the minimum ignition energy of coal gas/air mixture are obtained experimentally at various temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C and pressures ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa. An empirical equation is established from the experimental results for the effects of initial temperatures and pressures on explosion limits. By adding diluent (nitrogen) into coal gas/air mixtures, the dilution effects on the explosion limits have been explored as well, and a critical flammable concentration of coal gas is determined to be at 7.4–9.0% by volume. By means of a high-speed digital video camera, the flame front development is recorded and analyzed. The tests are carried out with lean, stoichiometric and rich mixtures of coal gas in air under the conditions of initial pressure and nitrogen addition. Furthermore, the influence of the initial pressure and the concentration on the explosion pressure is measured and compared against theoretical results, where a good agreement is observed.     

王营子矿煤层中水—煤层气两相流体渗流规律的研究

本文通过在实验室中自行设计的装置,测定了阜新王营子矿煤层中水、煤层气共同流动时的两相流体的流量、渗透率及随水的饱合度变化关系,并根据这种数据模拟出了该煤层反映水、煤层气渗透基本规律的数学关系式,从而为它的煤层气开采提供了理论依据。     

瓦斯煤尘共存条件下的煤尘云爆炸下限

近年来瓦斯煤尘共存条件下的爆炸事故呈多发趋势。运用20 L爆炸特性测试系统,对瓦斯煤尘共存复合体系的爆炸特性进行实验研究,得到了瓦斯在不同点火能量、静止及湍流状态下的爆炸下限,以及不同条件下煤尘的爆炸下限。结果表明:随着瓦斯浓度的增加,煤尘的爆炸下限呈指数衰减;瓦斯浓度存在某临界点,高于此临界点,复合体系爆炸过程中瓦斯起主导作用,表现为"强瓦斯"性,反之,煤尘起主导作用,表现为"强煤尘"性。研究结论为有效预防煤矿井下瓦斯煤尘共存爆炸事故提供重要的理论依据。     

Modeling of Coal Fine Migration During CBM Production in High-Rank Coal

During CBM (coalbed methane) production, the interaction of coal fracture surface with water flow commonly generates and starts coal fine flow. Part of flowing coal fines deposit in coal fracture system due to water production reduction and methane production increase. The fine sedimentation results in the reduction of coal permeability and well productivity. Despite the increasing awareness of the importance of fine migration, limited research has been carried out on the flow model of coal fine coupled with water and gas. In this paper, a flow model of coal fine is established coupled with water and gas flow, taking coal fine generation, migration and sedimentation process into consideration. Then, case simulations are conducted to illustrate effects of water production schedule, permeability performance and gas content on production performance in flow model. The simulation results indicate that methane rate with the lowest initial water rate is observed to have the highest production in late production period. This is mainly due to the reason that the low water flow cannot generate and start the flow of coal fine. Further, the case with high initial water production has faster gas and water flow rate, thus higher coal fine generation rates, which can improve well productivity at earlier production period. As water production declines quickly, both permeability and production performance decrease, which leads to the loss of well productivity. Meanwhile, higher gas content will lead to a faster water production decline at late production period. This indicates that a portion of coal fines plugged in the fracture as water production deceases and the CBM reservoir with high gas content should not adopt a high initial water production schedule.     

Gravitational collapse of a susy star

The evidence for a positive vacuum energy in our universe suggests that we might be living in a false vacuum destined to ultimately decay to a true vacuum free of dark energy. At present the simplest example of such a universe is one that is exactly supersymmetric (susy). It is expected that the nucleation rate of critically sized susy bubbles will be enhanced in regions of high density such as in degenerate stars. The consequent release of energy stored in Pauli towers provides a possible model for gamma ray bursts. Whether or not all or any of the currently observed bursts are due to this mechanism, it is important to define the signatures of this susy phase transition. After such a burst, due to the lifting of degeneracy pressure, the star would be expected to collapse into a black hole even though its mass is below the Chandrasekhar limit. Previous studies have treated the star as fully releasing its stored energy before the collapse. In this article we make an initial investigation of the effects of the collapse during the gamma ray emission.     

温度作用下煤体裂隙演化规律数值模拟及声发射特性研究

温度的作用会在煤体上产生热应力, 进而引发煤体的裂隙发育乃至引发破裂, 有利于瓦斯的抽采.利用RFPA 有限元软件模拟加温热处理时煤体的破裂过程, 观察不同温度下煤体破裂的裂纹裂隙发展规律.采用声发射的试验方法对不同围压下温度改变时煤体内部裂隙发展进行细微观察并与RFPA 数值模拟结果进行对比. 研究结果表明: 温度改变产生的热应力能够使煤体温度升高, 进而破坏原有割理系统产生新的裂隙裂纹; 当温度达到一定值时, 煤体内部孔隙裂隙发育扩展较为明显, 形成主裂纹, 有效渗透通道增加, 降低煤体对气体分子的吸附能力, 提高游离气体含量, 渗透率明显提高. 该研究可为预防瓦斯相关灾害和瓦斯的抽采提供理论参考.