含瓦斯煤单轴压缩的尺度效应实验研究

含瓦斯煤与其它岩石类材料一样,在力学特性等方面具有尺度效应。利用特制的饱和加压装置和电子万能试验机,对不同尺度、不同饱和瓦斯压力下的煤样进行了单轴压缩试验,探讨了煤样变形破坏及强度特性的变化规律。分析表明,煤样抗压强度、弹性模量随瓦斯压力的增大而减小,抗压强度随高径比的增加明显减小,弹性模量随高径比的增加略有提高。利用Weibull模型和线弹性强化理论对含瓦斯煤产生尺度效应的原因进行了合理地解释,为含瓦斯煤样尺度效应在强度表征等方面的深入研究提供了新的实验和理论依据。     

卸压开采损伤煤岩气体渗透率试验研究

我国煤系地层的煤岩体渗透率普遍较低,直接影响煤矿瓦斯抽采效果。卸压开采使采场围岩受采动应力作用具备了峰后力学行为,其渗透率也大幅度增加,有助于瓦斯的高效抽采。本文基于MTS815.02型电液伺服岩石渗透试验系统,对卸压开采后损伤煤岩的气体渗透率进行了测试。研究表明:(1)卸压损伤煤岩石的渗透率在10-5～10-4 m2之间,较受采动影响前要大107～108倍;(2)卸压过程中,煤样的气体渗透率与围压近似呈线性关系,与岩样呈双曲线关系;(3)卸压损伤煤岩逐渐加围压,气体渗透率近似为线性下降,卸压阶段,其渗透率增加;(4)加卸围压对煤岩的气体渗透率有很大影响。研究结果可为卸压瓦斯高效抽采提供理论依据。     

ACOUSTIC EMISSION AND FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL ROCK SAMPLES UNDER TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION

为了研究煤样在不同围压下的声发射及分形特征,利用RMT-150C 型岩石力学伺服试验系统和CDAE-1 型声发射检测仪对煤样试样在不同围压（5MPa,10MPa,15MPa） 进行了实验研究. 对煤样试样的声发射计数和累计计数以及声发射序列的分形特征进行了对比研究. 研究结果表明：不同围压下煤样的声发射特性具有一定的差异性,围压越高前兆信息越明显. 不同围压下煤样都具有分形特征,随着围压的增大,分形特征有所增强. 煤样在失稳破坏过程中声发射序列的分形维值都会出现一个波动-上升-突降的过程,提出可以作为煤样体失稳破坏的前兆信息.     

不同应变率下煤岩破坏特征及其本构模型

利用直径50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆,对煤岩展开20～100 s?1动态应变率下的单轴冲击压缩试验,结合高速摄影分析其变形破坏特征,并建立基于Weibull统计分布和Drucker-Prager破坏准则的煤岩动态强度型统计损伤本构模型。试验结果表明:（1）煤岩动态应力-应变曲线存在明显的非线性特征,随应变率升高,动态抗压强度与弹性模量均呈线性增长且增幅显著,破坏形态由低应变率下的轴向劈裂破坏向高应变率下的压碎破坏过渡;（2）在动态应变率20～100 s?1下,煤岩破坏后碎块具有明显的分形特性,破碎块度分维值为1.9～2.2,且随着应变率的升高,煤岩破碎程度增大,碎块块度减小;（3）基于Weibull分布参数F₀、m和应变率的关系,修正煤岩的本构模型,并与试验结果进行对比,验证该模型的合理性。     

基于仪器化压入实验的煤体微纳尺度非均质力学响应特征

煤炭是我国的主体能源, 煤矿井下冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出等灾害的频繁严重影响煤炭的安全生产. 煤体是典型的混合物, 其内部不同组分的力学性质差异较大, 使其在外部扰动的作用下容易产生内部应力集中, 导致煤体的失稳、破坏, 形成煤矿动力灾害. 本文以非均质煤体为研究对象, 利用微焦CT、扫描电子显微镜和纳?微米压入实验, 研究了煤体微纳尺度的非均质结构和力学性质, 实验研究结果表明: 煤体是有机物和多种矿物组成的混合物, 矿物以点填充、丝状填充和条带状侵入等结构存在于煤体有机物中, 不同的矿物填充或侵入区域中矿物含量和结构具有差异, 这导致煤体微纳尺度的物理力学性质具有非均质性; 纳米尺度压入实验可以捕捉矿物在有机物中的填充或侵入结构, 测量煤体混合物中矿物和有机物单组分的力学参数, 识别两者力学性质的巨大差异; 微米尺度的压入实验可以表征煤体混合物整体的力学性质, 矿物填充量越多, 煤体混合物的力学性质越强, 同时煤体混合物微观尺度的破裂模式会受到矿物填充结构的影响. 研究结果揭示了煤体微观结构和力学性质的非均质特征, 探讨了煤体混合物的非均质结构可能引起的脆性破坏, 为煤矿井下冲击地压和煤与瓦斯突出等动力灾害的预测与防治提供了理论基础.      

岩石蠕变特性试验研究

针对大安山煤矿+550水平西二石门围岩蠕变变形严重的问题,采用室内蠕变试验与理论分析相结合的方法研究岩石蠕变特性。选取泥质粉砂岩作为软岩试样,通过自制三轴蠕变仪对所取岩样进行恒围压分级增轴压的三轴压缩蠕变试验,结果表明:随应力水平的提高,起始蠕变速率增大,进入稳态蠕变阶段用时延长,稳态蠕变速率从0h-1增大到3.12e-4·h-1,瞬时应变以线性关系增加,围压9MPa条件下的起始蠕变应力阈值为6MPa,当应力水平超过岩石长期强度时出现加速蠕变。基于蠕变试验规律,考虑起始蠕变应力阈值,将一种可用阶跃函数表示的开关元件与广义K体并联,并引入损伤元件对CVISC蠕变模型进行改进。采用1st-Opt中的Levenberg-Marquardt+通用全局优化法计算蠕变参数并进行反演。反演结果表明理论曲线与试验曲线的吻合效果较好,证明了所建模型的合理性。上述研究成果可为岩石工程的长期稳定性分析提供试验和理论依据。     

循环冲击层理煤岩动力学行为及破坏规律研究

为研究复杂地况下含特征层理煤岩的动态力学行为，采用■50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统，对含层理(0°、30°、45°、60°、90°)煤岩进行动态三轴循环冲击实验研究，并结合3D轮廓扫描仪量化其断裂界面，分析层理效应和围压效应对煤岩动态力学特性及其损伤破坏规律的影响。研究表明：围压的施加使煤岩应力-应变曲线出现弹性后效现象；较无围压状态，抗压强度提高3.9～4.2倍，失效应变增大2.59～3.05倍。随着层理角度的增大，煤岩的动态抗压强度、弹性模量和能量透射率均呈现先降低后升高的U形分布，在层理角为45°时均达到最小值；能量吸收率和断面粗糙度呈现先增大后减小的∩形分布，损伤变量呈现N形分布，在层理角为45°时达到最大值。煤岩的损伤破坏特征随层理角度的变化可概括为张拉破坏（0°）-剪切破坏（30°、45°和60°）-劈裂破坏（90°）的演变过程，所得特征规律可为实际复杂环境下煤层气资源安全高效开采提供理论支持。     

深部煤岩界面超低摩擦时变模型及能量转化研究

深部煤岩超低摩擦型冲击地压实质是巨量煤岩体沿煤岩界面发生失稳滑动的时变过程,期间煤岩界面摩擦力和摩擦系数随时间变化,同时伴随煤岩界面摩擦力做功向煤岩冲击动能释放能量转化特征.为定量描述煤岩界面能量转化规律,引入量纲分析法,实验测定了煤岩弹性系数、阻尼系数和待定系数,给出了深部煤岩界面摩擦系数表达式.以沈阳红阳三矿为研究对象,通过实验研究和工程实际相结合,定义了冲击动能转化率新指标,验证了所建模型可靠性,定量描述了煤岩界面摩擦力做功向煤岩冲击动能转化规律.研究结果表明:深部煤岩界面摩擦系数随冲击载荷幅值增大而线性降低,随冲击载荷频率增大而线性增加.深部煤岩界面摩擦力的降幅和降低速率变化急剧,当冲击载荷幅值为5000 N、冲击载荷频率为500 Hz时,深部煤岩界面摩擦力降幅为97%、降低速率为38.9 kN/ms～41.38 kN/ms时发生超低摩擦效应.首次从摩擦力降低幅值和降低速率定量表征超低摩擦效应.结合实验和工程实际分析发现,能耗比实验结果均值为0.441,红阳三矿“11.11”冲击地压计算结果为0.488,两者较为接近,进一步证明所建模型合理性.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-COOLED GRANITE UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE1)

通过对高温加热-遇水快速冷却后的花岗岩试样进行单轴和三轴实验,研究了800°C内高温花岗岩遇水快速冷却后的力学性质随温度和围压的变化规律。实验结果表明：(1)400°C为高温加热-遇水快速冷却对花岗岩力学性质影响的阈值;(2)同一温度条件下,峰值偏应力、峰值应变随围压的增大而增大;弹性模量随围压的增大先增大后减小;(3)单轴实验中,温度低于400°C时,岩样表现为复合破坏,随着温度的升高破坏形式转变为拉破坏;三轴实验中,岩样整体上表现为剪切破坏。     

基于SPH方法粒子射流破岩数值模拟与实验研究

钻井液中加入体积分数为1%~3%的钢质粒子在钻头喷嘴处高速喷出冲击岩石,实现了粒子射流冲击和钻头机械联合破岩,有效提高了破岩效率。利用瞬态非线性动力学有限元模拟软件,基于光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,考虑流体对粒子射流冲击的影响,建立了粒子射流冲击破岩的物理模型,获得了粒子射流参数对破岩体积的影响规律,进行了室内实验验证,验证了SPH方法的有效性。结果表明:粒子射流冲击岩石表面形成规则的V型冲击坑;同条件下粒子射流破岩体积是水射流破岩体积的2~4倍;随着粒子射流冲蚀时间的增加,粒子射流破岩体积不断增加,但破岩效率降低;粒子射流压力大于10 MPa后,粒子射流破岩效率迅速增大;喷射角度大于6°后,破岩效率迅速减小。     

强角闪石化橄榄二辉岩的动态拉伸强度实验研究

对强角闪石化橄榄二辉岩的动态拉伸断裂强度进行了实验研究。设计了能在样品中产生持续时间大约为1.5 s拉伸应力脉冲的平板冲击回收实验。通过对回收样品的宏观和微观观察,确定了样品出现拉伸破坏开始阶段以及破坏裂纹的扩展阶段,进而确定了该岩石样品的动态拉伸强度约为265.6~315.3 MPa。同时,基于线弹性近似,导出了在一维应变条件下样品内拉伸应力和作用时间的估算公式。     

不同变质程度煤尘爆炸压力特性变化规律实验研究

为研究不同变质程度煤尘爆炸压力特性变化规律，以最大压力p_max和最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)_max表征压力特性，使用近球形煤尘爆炸装置对褐煤、长焰煤、不黏煤和气煤的爆炸压力特性变化规律展开分析。研究发现:在4种煤尘样品中，褐煤的p_max和(dp/dt)_max均最大，分别达0.71 MPa和65.69 MPa/s。随变质程度增大，长焰煤、不黏煤和气煤的p_max和(dp/dt)_max均明显减小，说明以爆炸压力特性为标准，4种煤尘爆炸强度由高到低依次是褐煤、长焰煤、不黏煤和气煤。通过对比爆炸前后煤尘挥发分含量，得出参与爆炸的挥发分含量所占质量分数为46.28%～68.19%。在喷尘压力p₀=2.0 MPa，点火延迟时间t₀=100 ms时，4种煤尘p_max值均达最大，分别为0.71、0.60、0.55和0.47 MPa。褐煤、不黏煤和气煤在p₀=2.0 MPa，t₀=80 ms时(dp/dt)_max达最大，而长焰煤则在p₀=2.0 MPa，t₀=100 ms时(dp/dt)_max达到最大。     

基于Lemaitre原理改进砂岩蠕变损伤模型研究

以煤矿巷道围岩（砂岩）为研究对象,采用MTS815.02岩石力学试验系统,对流固耦合蠕变过程中孔隙水压力作用机制展开研究,以伯格斯模型为基础,基于Lemaitre原理建立改进的伯格斯非线性蠕变损伤模型,可以得到如下主要结论：当围压越大,岩石蠕变最后一级荷载作用持续时间越长,相对经历衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变时间越长;且由最终一级破坏蠕变变形值可知,孔隙水压较小时,蠕变变形量相对较大,此时围压增大提升了岩石延性特性,但是孔隙水压增大却削弱了围压作用,由于孔隙水压使得岩石力学性能劣化,因而减少了岩石在破坏时蠕变变形量;随后基于Lemaitre原理建立的伯格斯非线性损伤蠕变模型,可以较好地描述岩石的衰减蠕变、稳定蠕变与加速蠕变阶段;且试验曲线与拟合曲线吻合度高,验证了本文所建立损伤流变模型的合理性．     

Coal Permeability Evolution and Gas Migration Under Non-equilibrium State

Laboratory test of coal permeability is generally conducted under the condition of gas adsorption equilibrium, and the results contribute to an understanding of gas migration in the original coal seams. However, gas flow under the state of non-equilibrium, accompanied by gas adsorption and desorption, is more common in coalbed methane (CBM) recovery and \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) geological sequestration sites. Therefore, research on gas migration under the non-equilibrium state has a greater significance with regard to CBM recovery and \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) geological sequestration. However, most permeability models, in which only one gas pressure has been considered, cannot be used to study gas flow under the non-equilibrium state. In this study, a new mathematical model, which includes both fracture gas pressure and matrix gas pressure, and couples the gas flow with the coal deformation, has been developed and verified. With the developed model, the spatial and temporal evolution of gas flow field during gas adsorption and desorption phases has been explored. The results show that the gas pressures present nonlinear distributions in the coal core, and the matrix gas pressure is generally lower than the fracture gas pressure during adsorption, but higher than the fracture gas pressure during desorption. For gas flow during adsorption, the main factor controlling permeability varies at different points. At the initial time, the permeability is dominated by the effective stress, and at the later time, the permeability in the part close to the gas inlet is mainly controlled by the matrix swelling, whereas that in the part close to the gas outlet is still dominated by the effective stress. For gas flow during desorption, from the gas inlet to the gas outlet, the permeability deceases at the initial time, and when the time is greater than 10,000 s, it shows a decreasing and then an increasing trend. The reason is that at the initial time, the permeability is dominated by the increased effective stress caused by the sharp decrease of the fracture gas pressure. Later, desorption of the adsorbed gas results in matrix shrinkage, which further leads to an increase of the permeability.     

Convective heat transfer characteristics of high-pressure gas in heat exchanger with membrane helical coils and membrane serpentine tubes

Since the heat transfer performance of syngas cooler affects the efficiency of the power generating system with integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) directly, it is important to obtain the heat transfer characteristics of high-pressure syngas in the cooler. Heat transfer in convection cooling section of pressurized coal gasifier with the membrane helical coils and membrane serpentine tubes under high pressure is experimentally investigated. High pressure single gas (He or N₂) and their mixture (He + N₂) gas serve as the test media in the test pressure range from 0.5 MPa to 3.0 MPa. The results show that the convection heat transfer coefficient of high pressure gas is influenced by the working pressure, gas composition and symmetry of flow around the coil, of which the working pressure is the most significant factor. The average convection heat transfer coefficients for various gases in heat exchangers are systematically analyzed, and the correlations between Nu and Re for two kinds of membrane heat exchangers are obtained. The heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger with membrane helical coils is greater than that of the membrane serpentine-tube heat exchanger under the same conditions. The heat transfer coefficient increment of the membrane helical-coil heat exchanger is greater than that of the membrane serpentine-tube heat exchanger with the increase of gas pressure and velocity.     

高瓦斯煤层冲击地压发生条件与影响因素

针对高瓦斯煤层冲击地压问题,用解析方法得到冲击地压发生条件,分析了主要影响因素对满足冲击地压发生条件的临界塑性区半径和临界应力的影响规律.结合五龙矿开采实际情况对影响高瓦斯煤层冲击地压的煤的模量比、煤层瓦斯孔隙压力、支护应力和内摩擦角4个因素做了对比分析.研究发现:高瓦斯煤层在巷道掘进面附近由于存在开挖面空间效应,掘进面前方尚未开挖的煤体对巷道变形起到了限制作用,减少了冲击地压的发生,随着掘进面向前推进,后方一定距离范围内的巷道支护应力增大.随着瓦斯解吸渗流的进行,巷道壁处孔隙压力降低,巷道冲击地压危险性明显提高,此时提高支护应力,冲击危险性有所降低.高瓦斯煤层巷道发生冲击地压的临界塑性区半径和临界应力随模量比、瓦斯孔隙压力的增大而快速减小,随支护应力的增大而增大,临界塑性区半径随内摩擦角的增大而增大,临界应力与内摩擦角不是单调函数关系,存在一个极小值点,当内摩擦角小于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而减小;当内摩擦角大于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而增大.     

Numerical simulation of rock fragmentation during cutting by conical picks under confining pressure

In this article, the effect of confining pressure on rock fragmentation process during cutting was investigated by numerical simulation with a discrete element method (DEM). Four kinds of sandstones with different physical properties were simulated in the rock cutting models under different confining pressures. The rock fragmentation process, the cutting force, and the specific energy under different confining pressures were analyzed. With the increase in confining pressure and rock strength, the vertical propagation of cracks was restrained. Rock samples were compacted and strengthened by confining pressure resulting in the increase of the cutting force. The specific energy of rock cutting linearly increased with the increase of the confining pressure ratio.     

Experimental investigation on strength and failure behavior of pre-cracked marble under conventional triaxial compression

Fractures in natural rocks have an important effect on the strength and failure behavior of rock mass, which are often evaluated in rock engineering practice. The theoretical evaluation of mechanical behavior of fractured rock mass has no satisfactory answer due to the role of confining pressure and crack geometry. Therefore, in this paper, conventional triaxial compression experiments were carried out to study the strength and failure behavior of marble samples with two pre-existing closed cracks in non-overlapping geometry. Based on the experimental results of a number of triaxial compression tests, the effect of crack coalescence on the axial supporting capacity and deformation property were investigated with different confining pressures. The results show that intact samples and flawed samples (marble with pre-existing cracks) have different deformation properties after peak stress, which change from brittleness to plasticity and ductility with the increase of confining pressure. The peak strength and failure mode are found depending not only on the geometry of flaw, but also on the confining pressure. The strength of flawed samples shows distinct non-linear behavior, which is in a better agreement with non-linear Hoek–Brown criterion than linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion. For a kind of rock that has been evaluated as a Hoek–Brown material, a new evaluation criterion is put forward by adopting optimal approximation polynomial theory, which can be used to confirm more precisely the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of flawed samples. For intact samples, the marble leads to typical shear failure mode with a single fracture surface under different confining pressures, while for flawed samples, under uniaxial compression and a lower confining pressure (σ₃ = 10 MPa), tests for coarse and medium marble (the coarse and medium refer to the grain size) exhibit three basic failure modes, i.e., tensile mode, shear mode, and mixed mode (tensile and shear). Shear mode is associated with lower strength behavior. However, under higher confining pressures (σ₃ = 30 MPa), for coarse marble, the axial supporting capacity is not related to the geometry of flaw. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of coarse marble. For medium marble, the failure mode and deformation behavior are dependent on the crack coalescence in the sample. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under conventional triaxial compression.     

PBX-1炸药的力学性能和本构关系

PBX的力学行为对其安全性有重要影响。为研究PBX-1的力学性能，以PBX-1为研究对象，进行准静态力学实验和SHPB（分离式霍普金森压杆）实验研究。结果表明，准静态压缩实验中，试样的裂纹出现在与加载方向大约成45°的最大剪应力方向。SHPB实验中，在应变率100～1 500 s?1范围内，随着应变率的提高，PBX-1炸药的动态屈服强度、动态压缩强度和破坏应变不断提高。动态屈服强度逐渐从静态的2.77 MPa增加至16.1 MPa；压缩强度从7.46 MPa增加至16.1 MPa，破坏应变从6.23%增加到26.4%。同时，基于Z-W-T模型，建立了一种含损伤的动态黏弹性本构模型，在330～1 500 s?1应变率范围内具有较高的精度，可以较好地描述PBX-1炸药在达到破坏前的动态力学行为。     

重组竹顺纹冲击力学性能研究

重组竹是一种新型竹基复合材料,其力学性能优于落叶松等木材。为评价重组竹在动态加载下的顺纹抗冲击力学性能,以密度1.06 g/cm3、含水率8.52%、龄期3～5年的毛竹基重组竹为研究对象,通过准静态单轴压缩和循环加卸载以及动态加载实验,研究了重组竹加载变形过程、各项力学性能指标以及对应变率的敏感性。结果表明:重组竹顺纹压缩过程可以分为弹性变形和弹塑性变形阶段,破坏类型为延性破坏,其各项强度指标随应变率的提高而提高,动态增长因子与应变率之间呈现线性关系,斜率为0.0024;重组竹压缩过程中的应变比能与应变之间呈线性关系,且随应变率的增长而增大,证明其吸能能力随着应变率的增大而提高。实验结果证明,重组竹顺纹具有良好的抗冲击力学性能和显著的应变率效应。