考虑应力波透反射作用的分层颗粒材料细观动力响应分析

为探究应力波界面透反射行为对分层黏弹性颗粒材料细观动力响应的影响规律，推导了界面透反射系数的理论表达，并建立了单频应力波入射和多频应力波入射两类条件下分层黏弹性颗粒材料的细观动力响应模型．典型算例分析结果表明：单频应力波入射时，上层颗粒动力响应形成“驻波”现象；双频应力波入射时，上下层颗粒动力响应均形成“行波”现象；两类条件下，分层界面处相邻颗粒的位移振幅均出现明显突变．以高速铁路无砟轨道路基基床为应用场景，分析基床填料刚度、阻尼系数及密度等参数对界面透反射特性的影响规律，探讨分层颗粒材料动力变形的调控思路，即增加基床表层填料的刚度、阻尼系数及密度，或减小基床底层填料的密度等措施可实现增益透射、抑制反射目标．此外，动力变形调控时还需控制路基颗粒材料固有频率远离动载激振特征频率．     

薄膜涂层材料中的广义瑞利波

基于弹性动力学的线性理论，建立了涂层材料中广义瑞利波传播的理论分析模型，并 且由波动方程和边界条件推导了波的频散方程．分析了慢层和快层对相速度频散的影响，给 出了不同层厚-波长比和不同涂层-基体密度比情况下广义瑞利波相速度的理论解．算例分 析分别比较了慢层和快层结构中波的相速度、群速度，以及随深度衰减的位移与应力振 幅．另外，相速度曲线和位移振幅曲线与文献中给出的结果吻合，验证了理论模型和分析过 程的正确性．     

冲击荷载作用下滤波混凝土的动态响应与层裂损伤数值研究

借鉴局域共振材料的工作机制，通过在混凝土基体中嵌入滤波单元，设计出具有应力波衰减特性的滤波混凝土。通过将滤波混凝土结构简化为质量弹簧力学系统来分析滤波混凝土对应力波的衰减机制。采用数值模拟方法，对比研究了冲击荷载作用下普通混凝土模型和滤波混凝土模型中应力波的传播特性和层裂破坏模式。通过参数分析，研究了滤波单元的材料和几何属性对其储能效果的影响。研究结果表明：滤波单元有效降低了混凝土基体中应力波的传播速度和应力峰值；滤波单元的储能机制有效降低了混凝土基体中的能量；金属球的质量越大，滤波单元的储能效果越好，但弹性层的弹性模量和厚度需要通过适当分析进行设计以实现滤波单元的储能最大化；滤波混凝土基体的局部损伤耗散了荷载中的大量能量，有效降低了结构自由面附近的破坏程度。     

稠密颗粒床中点火传火过程的两维两相流数值模拟

本文结合火炮工程背景,建立伴随化学反应的稠密颗粒群气固两相非定常两维轴对称流和点火器内的非定常一维两相流数学模型,并考虑点火器对主装药床的耦合作用。采用MacCormack两步差分格式,模拟点火传火过程中火焰传播及其物理量沿轴向和径向变化规律。部分计算结果与实验结果相吻合。发现点火开始阶段存在明显的径向效应,当火焰波传到固壁后,轴向流占主要优势。     

竖直振动颗粒床对流机制的颗粒尺度实验研究

为了得到竖直振动颗粒床形成对流的运动模式及形成机制,本文通过高速摄影技术对竖直振动颗粒床进行了实验研究。实验发现,随着振动加速度的增加,对流环覆盖的粒子层数和强度明显增加。通过分析颗粒速度矢量图的演化,可以获得控制对流运动的各种应力波在在粒子床中传播的信息,发现应力波的强度和持续时间与振动加速度密切相关。通过实验发现,对流运动发端于重力波面上粒子从侧壁向粒子床中心的不可逆跃迁,这种横向对流的强度与重力波面的曲率密切相关,而持续的时间随粒子床振动周期的变化而变化。     

二维喷动床CFD-DEM模拟中曳力模型的影响

CFD-DEM已经广泛应用到喷动床的研究中,其模拟的准确性与用于处理颗粒-流体相互作用的曳力模型密切相关。为了探究不同曳力模型对喷动床CFD-DEM模拟结果的影响,基于非结构化网格的喷动床仿真,使用7个曳力模型分别对锥底喷动床内气固两相运动进行了数值模拟。综合床层压降、喷动高度和颗粒速度特性三个方面,Wen-Yu模型和Gibilaro模型预测的气固两相运动最剧烈,其次是Di Felice模型、Syamlal-O’Brien模型、Gidaspow模型和Huilin-Gidaspow模型,BVK模型预测的气固两相运动最平缓。由于模拟的气固两相体系属于密相体系,Huilin-Gidaspow模型的光滑过渡函数没有产生效果,所以Gidaspow模型和Huilin-Gidaspow模型在各个方面的预测结果基本一致。     

非均质变截面杆中弹性波的反射和透射

基于一维弹性波理论，本文对应力波在非均质变截面杆中传播问题进行了一维简单波分析，并把分析结果与二维轴对称有限元分析结果进行了比较，表明一维简单波分析是非常有效和实用的。利用一维简单波分析方法，本文还揭示了应力波在非均质变截面杆中的传播规律，特别对含有内部交界面的非均质变截面杆（带有连接段）进行了一维等效简化分析，研究了连接段对应力波传播的影响。     

受轴向撞击破坏的玻璃─环氧圆柱壳的等效模型

 将圆柱壳受轴向撞击破坏简化为一维问题,应用一维应力波传播的理论分析了破坏过程,由此计算了圆柱壳的吸能能力．结果表明,模型计算与撞击试验符合较好．     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土材料的细观本构模型

将混凝土材料看成是水泥砂浆基体和粗骨料颗粒组成的2相复合材料,假设水泥砂浆基体和粗骨料颗粒均为弹性、均匀、各向同性的,粗骨料颗粒为球形。基于Mori-Tanaka理论和Eshelby 等效夹杂理论推出了混凝土材料弹性模量的计算公式。在Horii和Nemat-Nasser提出的脆性材料在双轴向压应力作用下破坏的滑移裂纹模型基础上,运用细观力学方法推导了微裂纹对材料弹性模量的弱化作用以及微裂纹的损伤演化方程。建立了混凝土材料在冲击荷载作用下的一维动态本构模型,模拟曲线与实验曲线符合良好,因而可以用该模型模拟混凝土材料在冲击荷载下的动态特性。     

激波点燃粉尘的数值模拟研究

建立了用于模拟入射激波后可燃粉尘颗粒点火的一维非定常两相化学反应流模型，该模型考虑了气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热和化学反应。粉尘颗粒着火前的化学反应用发生在颗粒外表面和内孔表面的非均相反应描述，颗粒内部的温度变化用一含有化学反应源项的非稳态热传导方程来描述，以颗粒外表面温度的突跃上升作为可燃粉尘颗粒点燃的着火条件。我们用该模型和ＰＳＩＣ方法，对由中等强度激波从纯气相传入煤粉－氧气混合物而引起的非定常两相流动现象，包括气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热以及点火过程进行了数值研究，计算了对应于不同载荷比、马赫数为４～５的入射激波后煤尘颗粒的点火延迟时间，分析了由于可燃粉尘颗粒的存在，入射激波及波后气固两相流动参数的变化规律。数值计算结果与实验数据符合较好。文中建立的模型和所用的基于ＰＳＩＣ算法的数值方法，用最自然的方式描述气固两相流动，即用连续流模型（欧拉方程）描述输运相（气相）的流动，用轨道颗粒模型（拉格朗日方程）描述分散相（颗粒相）的运动。用这种方法模拟含尘介质中激波后颗粒的点火是很有效的，它可以清楚地确定哪一个颗粒群最先着火，它的初始位置以及在整个点火延迟时间内     

Interaction of a shock wave with a loose dusty bulk layer

The interaction of a planar shock wave with a loose dusty bulk layer has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted in a shock tube. The incident shock wave velocity and particle diameters were measured with the use of pressure transducers and a Malvern particle sizer, respectively. The flow fields, induced by shock waves, of both gas and granular phase were visualized by means of shadowgraphs and pulsed X-ray radiography with trace particles added. In addition, a two-phase model for granular flow presented by Gidaspow is introduced and is extended to describe such a complex phenomenon. Based on the kinetic theory, such a two-phase model has the advantage of being able to clarify many physical concepts, like particulate viscosity, granular conductivity and solid pressure, and deduce the correlative constitutive equations of the solid phase. The AUSM scheme was employed for the numerical calculation. The flow field behind the shock wave was displayed numerically and agrees well with our corresponding experimental results.      

A numerical investigation of transient detonation in granulated material

A two-phase model based upon principles of continuum mixture theory is numerically solved to predict the evolution of detonation in a granulated reactive material. Shock to detonation transition (SDT) is considered whereby combustion is initiated due to compression of the material by a moving piston. In particular, this study demonstrates the existence of a SDT event which gives rise to a steady two-phase Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation structure consisting of a single lead shock in the gas and an unshocked solid; this structure has previously been independently predicted by a steady-state theory. The unsteady model equations, which constitute a non-strictly hyperbolic system, are numerically solved using a modern high-resolution method. The numerical method is based on Godunov's method, and utilizes an approximate solution for the two-phase Riemann problem. Comparisons are made between numerical predictions and known theoretical results for 1) an inert two-phase shock tube problem, 2) an inert compaction wave structure, and 3) a reactive two-phase detonation structure; in all cases, good agreement exists. Received 4 August 1995 / Accepted 17 February 1996     

Experimental investigation on tunnel sonic boom

Upon the entrance of a high-speed train into a relatively long train tunnel, compression waves are generated in front of the train. These compression waves subsequently coalesce into a weak shock wave so that a unpleasant sonic boom is emitted from the tunnel exit. In order to investigate the generation of the weak shock wave in train tunnels and the emission of the resulting sonic boom from the train tunnel exit and to search for methods for the reduction of these sonic booms, a 1300 scaled train tunnel simulator was constructed and simulation experiments were carried out using this facility.In the train tunnel simulator, an 18 mm dia. and 200 mm long plastic piston moves along a 40 mm dia. and 25 m long test section with speed ranging from 60 to 100 m/s. The tunnel simulator was tilted 8° to the floor so that the attenuation of the piston speed was not more than 10 % of its entrance speed. Pressure measurements along the tunnel simulator and holographic interferometric optical flow visualization of weak shock waves in the tunnel simulator clearly showed that compression waves, with propagation, coalesced into a weak shock wave. Although, for reduction of the sonic boom in prototype train tunnels, the installation of a hood at the entrance of the tunnels was known to be useful for their suppression, this effect was confirmed in the present experiment and found to be effective particularly for low piston speeds. The installation of a partially perforated wall at the exit of the tunnel simulator was found to smear pressure gradients at the shock. This effect is significant for higher piston speeds. Throughout the series of train tunnel simulator experiments, the combination of both the entrance hood and the perforated wall significantly reduces shock overpressures for piston speeds ofu _p ranging from 60 to 100 m/s. These experimental findings were then applied to a real train tunnel and good agreement was obtained between the tunnel simulator result and the real tunnel measurements.     

Mesoscale calculations of the dynamic behavior of a granular ceramic

Mesoscale calculations have been conducted in order to gain further insight into the dynamic compaction characteristics of granular ceramics. The primary goals of this work are to numerically determine the shock response of granular tungsten carbide and to assess the feasibility of using these results to construct the bulk material Hugoniot. Secondary goals include describing the averaged compaction wave behavior as well as characterizing wave front behavior such as the strain rate versus stress relationship and statistically describing the laterally induced velocity distribution. The mesoscale calculations were able to accurately reproduce the experimentally determined Hugoniot slope but under predicted the zero pressure shock speed by 12%. The averaged compaction wave demonstrated an initial transient stress followed by asymptotic behavior as a function of grain bed distance. The wave front dynamics demonstrate non-Gaussian compaction dynamics in the lateral velocity distribution and a power-law strain rate–stress relationship.     

Experimental investigation of converging shocks in water with various confinement materials

Fluid-solid coupling typically plays a negligible role in confined converging shocks in gases because of the rigidity of the surrounding material and large acoustic impedance mismatch of wave propagation between it and the gas. However, this is not true for converging shocks in a liquid. In the latter case, the coupling can not be ignored and properties of the surrounding material have a direct influence on wave propagation. In shock focusing in water confined in a solid convergent geometry, the shock in the liquid transmits to the solid and both transverse and longitudinal waves propagate in the solid. Shock focusing in water for three types of confinement materials has been studied experimentally with schlieren and photoelasticity optical techniques. A projectile from a gas gun impacts a liquid contained in a solid convergent geometry. The impact produces a shock wave in water that develops even higher pressure when focused in the vicinity of the apex. Depending on the confining material, the shock speed in the water can be slower, faster, or in between wave speeds in the solid. For solid materials with higher wave speeds than the shock in water, regions in the water is put in tension and cavitation occurs. Materials with slower wave speeds will deform easily.     

一种考虑虚拟质量力的两相压力波速经验模型

前人建立的两相压力波速经验模型未考虑虚拟质量力,本文考虑虚拟质量力、管壁弹性、管壁粗糙度等因素,通过求解双流体模型的小扰动,提出了一种新的气液两相压力波速经验模型．以一个具体的工程实例为背景,运用数值方法对其求解,得到的计算结果与前人实测的实验数据一致．结果表明,当空隙率较小时(0＜Φ＜15%)时,虚拟质量力对压力波速的影响不大,当空隙率较大时(Φ≥15%),考虑虚拟质量力计算的压力波速远大于不考虑虚拟质量力计算的压力波速．经验公式也可达到准确求解压力波速的目的．     

航空发动机轴承腔润滑的气液两相均匀流研究

基于轴承腔中润滑油的两相均匀流动模型,采用湍流模式和有限差分数值方法计算轴承腔内三维定常N-S方程,对腔内润滑油的气液两相均匀流动特性进行研究,以获得气液两相均匀流条件下润滑油流场、压力场和速度场在轴承腔内的分布情况,分析转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力以及润滑油与壁面之间剪切力的影响,同时对单相流和两相均匀流润滑性能差异进行比较.结果表明,转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力和腔内壁面与润滑油间的平均剪切力具有不同影响,而采用2种流动模型计算出的轴承腔润滑油出口压力的差异较大,同时支持了开展航空发动机轴承腔润滑两相流动分析的必要性.     

Propagation of a pressure wave in two-phase flow with very high void fraction

An experimental and theoretical study of a finite amplitude pressure wave propagating through a two-phase media of about 0.9999–0.99999 void fraction is performed. This two-phase media consists of many parallel liquid films in a gas. The films are perpendicular to the wave propagation direction and result in a two-phase fluid of extremely high void fraction. Experiments are done in a vertical shock tube and show that the shock wave is broken down into an initial sharply rising wave and a second gradually rising wave. The velocity of the first wave agrees well with the theoretical prediction assuming an adiabatic thermal equilibrium change, which approaches the gas sonic velocity in the two-phase flow in the low void fraction region. The second wave is caused by the complex reflection and destruction of the waves.     

浆体管道输送水击压力波波速的探讨

 在考虑自由气体存在的影响下，推导出浆体水击压力波波速的 计算公式.分析表明很少量的气体存在会使波速明显降低. 气体体积 浓度较大时波速随浆体浓度的增大而减小，重质物料的减小趋势较 为明显；气体体积浓度较小时轻质物料波速随浓度的增加而增加. 相同条件下非均质流波速比伪均质流波速大，两者差异主要受浆体 中固体物料的密度和浆体体积浓度影响. 考虑气体影响作用的浆击 波速计算值与实测结果更吻合.     

Evolution of a fast flame behind an induction zone

It has been shown that pressure waves can have a large effect on the burning rate of flames. In this paper, the evolution of convection-driven fast flame, which is acoustically linked to a shock wave via an induction zone, is examined in detail. It is found that there is positive feedback mechanism and the asymptotic model breaks down as blow up occurs. Comparison is made between the case of a piston driving a shock wave into a combustible atmosphere with these studies of a shock wave passing through an existing premixed flame. Received 4 August 1995 / Accepted 20 March 1996