干摩擦条件下Si3N4基和Ti（CN）基陶瓷对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的磨损机理

研究了Ｓｉ３Ｎ４基陶瓷和Ｔｉ（ＣＮ）基陶瓷分别与１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢在干摩擦条件下对摩时的磨损行为，并且通过销－盘磨损试验和磨损表面形貌分析等，提出了这２种陶瓷的磨损机理：Ｓｉ３Ｎ４基陶瓷主要是在磨损表面发生偶件材料１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ粘着层的粘着与剥落，同时陶瓷中的Ｓｉ向粘着层发生扩散转移，并在粘着层表面下２０～３０μｍ深度范围内产生裂纹和断裂而导致磨损；Ｔｉ（ＣＮ）基陶瓷在发生粘着层的粘着与剥落的同时，还由于摩擦温度很高引起陶瓷表面熔化，熔融状的陶瓷被挤走或冷凝收缩产生裂纹和断裂而导致磨损     

三种结构陶瓷摩擦副的干摩擦磨损研究

对３种结构陶瓷摩擦副－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４／ＳｉＣ的干摩擦磨损行为进行了对比试验研究，并且通过扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍义对试样的磨损表面形貌和磨屑进行了观察与分析，利用射线光电子能谱仪研究了磨屑健能和分析了表面摩化学过程。     

四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

聚乙烯醇及磷酸酯气相润滑下氮化硅的磨损特性研究

采用球－三盘磨损试验机在３７０℃，聚乙烯醇及磷酸三甲苯基酯气相润滑下研究了Ｓｉ３Ｎ４与Ｍ５０工具钢对磨时的磨损特性．结果表明：在气相润滑下聚乙烯醇可以有效地降低Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损；在聚乙烯醇中添加少量的三甲苯基磷酸酯可以进一步降低Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损．Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析发现，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的摩擦表面形成了主要由元素碳、氧和磷组成的固体润滑膜，Ｓｉ３Ｎ４发生了氧化并生成了ＳｉＯ２和—ＳｉＮＯ等化合物，而三甲苯基磷酸酯则在摩擦过程中发生了降解．     

一种陶瓷刀具材料的摩擦损性能研究

ＴｉＢ２具有熔点高、硬度高和导热性、导电性及抗氧化性能都好等优点，在切削刀具、耐磨零件和某些特殊工况下使用的材料等方面的应用前景广阔．目前，含ＴｉＢ２的Ａｌ２Ｏ３基陶瓷刀具材料已经开发出来并投入实际应用，但对其摩擦磨损特性研究却还不多．因此，采用热压烧结工艺制备了Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具材料，在ＭＭ－２００型摩擦磨损试验机上，对不同ＴｉＢ２含量的增加，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷材料与淬火４５＃钢配副的摩擦学性能作了试验研究．结果表明：ＴｉＢ２的含量增加，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷材料的耐磨性明显提高，而摩擦系数仅略有上升，在切削加工淬火４５＃钢的过程中，Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具的抗磨能力比目前广泛使用的Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＣ陶瓷刀具的高１倍以上．Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＴｉＢ２陶瓷刀具材料的磨损机理主要是粘着、耕犁和脆性微脱落     

干摩擦及水或油润滑下TiC（N）—Al2O3陶瓷／不锈钢摩擦副的磨损性能研究

用环－块磨损试验机对ＴｉＣ（Ｎ）－Ａｌ２Ｏ３复合陶瓷／不锈钢摩擦副的磨损２性能进行了试验研究。结果表明，分别在摩擦和水或２０＃机械油润滑条件下，陶瓷与不锈钢的磨损质量损失都是随着载荷速度的增加而快速 增大，而且试件在水或油润滑下的磨损２值反而比在干摩擦同。     

氮离子注入SiO2单晶磨损机理的SEM研究

利用氮离子注入技术改善ＳｉＯ２昌表面的摩擦磨损性能,并用扫描电子显微镜研究了离子注入前、后的ＳｉＯ２单昌在干摩擦条件下与Ｓｉ３Ｎ４球对摩时的磨损机理,研究结果表明,经过１＊１０＾１７Ｎ＾＋／剂量的氮离子注入后,ＳｉＯ２单昌表面的耐磨性能比注入前提高了近４个数量级,氮离子注入使ＳｉＯ２单晶表层形成ＳｉＯ２微晶态与非晶态共存混合态结构,其具有良好的抗塑变和塑性剪切能力,从而使ＳｉＯ２单晶的抗磨性能得到     

大气环境下YBa_2Cu_3O_7薄膜的摩擦行为和表面形貌

利用球 -盘摩擦试验装置考察了大气环境下 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜和多晶硅薄膜同蓝宝石球及钢球对摩时的摩擦行为 ,并用原子力显微镜对其表面形貌进行了分析 .结果表明 :表面相对较粗糙的 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的摩擦系数低于多晶硅薄膜 /蓝宝石球的摩擦系数 ;而 2种薄膜与钢球对摩时的摩擦系数相当 ;YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的启动摩擦非常稳定 ,而多晶硅薄膜的启动摩擦很不稳定 ;与钢球对摩时两者的启动摩擦则都比较稳定 .对 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜的磨损表面形貌分析研究表明 ,其表面突出物结合疏松 ,容易从基体表面磨损脱落 .     

大气环境下YBa2Cu3O7薄膜的摩擦行为和表面表貌

利用球--盘摩擦试验装置考察了大气环境下YBa2Cu3O7薄膜和多晶硅薄膜同蓝宝石球及钢球对摩时的摩擦行为,并用原子力显微镜对其表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明：表面相对较粗糙的YBa2Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的磨擦系数低于多晶硅薄膜/蓝宝石球的摩擦系数;而2种薄膜与钢球对摩时的摩擦系数相当;YBa2Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的启动摩擦非常稳定,而多晶硅薄膜的启动摩擦很不稳定;与钢球对摩时两者的启动摩擦则都比较稳定。对YBa2Cu3O7薄膜的磨损表面形貌分析研究表明,其表面突出物结合疏松,容易从基体表面摩损脱落。     

O‘—Sialon—ZrO2—SiC高温干摩擦下的摩擦磨损行为

研究了Ｏ’－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ－ＺｒＯ２－ＳｉＣ复合材料／１Ｃｒ１３钢摩擦副在６００℃不同工况条件下的摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：在６００℃干摩擦条件下,Ｏ’－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ－ＺｒＯ２－ＳｉＣ复合材料的磨损质量损失无穷氏于１Ｃｒ１我的磨损质量损失,Ｏ’－Ｓｉａｌｏｎ－ＺｒＯ２－ＳｉＣ复合材料／１Ｃｒ１３钢摩擦副的摩擦系数波动较大,磨损机制以粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).