基于非结构化同位网格的SIMPLE算法

通过基于非结构化网格的有限体积法对二维稳态Navier—Stokes方程进行了数值求解。其中对流项采用延迟修正的二阶格式进行离散；扩散项的离散采用二阶中心差分格式；对于压力-速度耦合利用SIMPLE算法进行处理；计算节点的布置采用同位网格技术，界面流速通过动量插值确定。本文对方腔驱动流、倾斜腔驱动流和圆柱外部绕流问题进行了计算，讨论了非结构化同位网格有限体积法在实现SIMPLE算法时，迭代次数与欠松弛系数的关系、不同网格情况的收敛性、同结构化网格的对比以及流场尾迹结构。通过和以往结果比较可知，本文的方法是准确和可信的。     

三维非均匀介质中弹性波传播的数值模拟

提出了一种三维非均匀介质中弹性波传播数值模拟的方法,文中称为三维格子法。该算法是二维格子法（一种二维非均匀介质中P－SV波传播的数值模拟算法）向三维非均匀介质情况的推广。在空间离散上该文方法与有限元方法类似,容许根据连续体的形状和介质分界面任意剖面网格,且自然满足自由表面边界条件。不同于常规有限差分法在各个节点上满足动力学微分方程,该算法通过满足各节点周围格子的整体平衡（积分平衡方程）来对问题进行求解,三维格子法所需的计算机内存及计算耗时与同阶精度的规则网格有限差分法相当。算例表明,该文提出的三维格子法具有较高的精度且可很好地模拟三维复杂形状地表对弹性波的反射和绕射。     

非结构混合网格高超声速绕流与磁场干扰数值模拟

对均匀磁场干扰下的二维钝头体无粘高超声速流场进行了基于非结构混合网格的数值模拟.受磁流体力学方程组高度非线性的影响及考虑到数值模拟格式的精度,目前在此类流场的数值模拟中大多使用结构网格及有限差分方法,因而在三维复杂外形及复杂流场方面的研究受到限制.本文主要探索使用非结构网格(含混合网格)技术时的数值模拟方法.控制方程为耦合了Maxwell方程及无粘流体力学方程的磁流体力学方程组,数值离散格式采用Jameson有限体积格心格式,5步Runge-Kutta显式时间推进.计算模型为二维钝头体,初始磁场均匀分布.对不同磁感应强度影响下的高超声速流场进行了数值模拟,并与有限的资料进行了对比,得到了较符合的结果.     

界面不稳定性引起混合过程的二维数值计算

在可压缩多介质流体动力学高精度欧拉计算方法多介质流体分段抛物方法(multi-fluid piecewise parabolic method, MFPPM)基础上,运用算子分裂技术,增加二阶空间中心差方法和两步Rung-Kutta时间推进方法计算动力学黏性以及热流部分对流场的影响,发展适用于NS(Navier-Stokes)方程的可压缩多介质黏性流体计算方法多介质黏性流体分段抛物方法(multi-viscousity-fluid piecewise parabolic method, MVPPM). 文中采用MVPPM对英国AWE(atomic weapons establishment)激波管实验进行二维计算,给出了与实验图像基本一致的计算结果;应用MFPPM和MVPPM分别对二维柱对称内爆动力学界面不稳定性及其后期混合过程进行数值模拟,给出内外界面演化、速度历史以及后期中心气穴不同半径内因RT(Rayleigh-Taylor)界面不稳定性引起的混合量分布情况,从计算结果比较可见黏性对物质界面处混合量的分布影响明显.      

欧拉坐标系下具有锐利相界面的可压缩多介质流动数值方法研究

可压缩多介质流动问题的数值模拟在国防和工业领域内均具有重要的研究价值,诸如武器设计、爆炸安全防护等,通常具有大变形、高度非线性等特点,是一项极具挑战性的研究课题. 本文提出了一种基于 Euler 坐标系的非结构网格、具有锐利相界面的二维和三维守恒型多介质流动数值方法,可用于模拟可压缩流体和弹塑性固体在极端物理条件下的大变形动力学行为. 利用分片线性的水平集函数重构出单纯形网格内分段线性的相界面,并在混合网格内构建出具有多种介质的相界面几何结构,理论上可以处理全局任意种介质、局部 3 种介质的多介质流动问题. 利用传统的有限体积格式来计算单元边界上同种介质间的数值通量,并通过在相界面法向上求解局部一维多介质 Riemann 问题的精确解来计算不同介质间的数值通量,保证了相界面上的通量守恒. 提出了一种非结构网格上的单元聚合算法,消除了由于网格被相界面分割成较小碎片、违反 CFL 条件,进而可能带来数值不稳定的问题. 针对一维多介质 Riemann 问题、激波与气泡相互作用问题、浅埋爆炸问题、空中强爆炸冲击波和典型坑道内冲击波传播问题开展了数值模拟研究,将计算结果与相关的理论、实验结果进行比对,验证了数值方法的正确性和可靠性.      

固体炸药爆轰与惰性介质相互作用的一种扩散界面模型

提出一种保持热力学一致性的扩散界面模型，用来数值模拟固体炸药爆轰与惰性介质的相互作用问题。基于混合网格内各组分物质间可以达到力学平衡状态而不能达到热学平衡状态的假设，由混合网格能量守恒以及压力相等条件，推导出每种组分物质的体积分数演化方程。由此获得的扩散界面模型包括组分物质的质量守恒方程、混合物质的动量及总能量守恒方程，同时包括组分物质的体积分数演化方程和混合物质的压力演化方程。该扩散界面模型的主要特点是考虑了化学反应以及热学非平衡的影响。提出的扩散界面模型在物质界面附近不会出现物理量的非物理振荡现象、适用于任意表达形式的物质状态方程以及任意数目的惰性介质。     

NUMERICAL SCHEME OF MULTI-MATERIAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH SHARP INTERFACE ON EULERIAN GRIDS

可压缩多介质流动问题的数值模拟在国防和工业领域内均具有重要的研究价值,诸如武器设计、爆炸安全防护等,通常具有大变形、高度非线性等特点,是一项极具挑战性的研究课题. 本文提出了一种基于 Euler 坐标系的非结构网格、具有锐利相界面的二维和三维守恒型多介质流动数值方法,可用于模拟可压缩流体和弹塑性固体在极端物理条件下的大变形动力学行为. 利用分片线性的水平集函数重构出单纯形网格内分段线性的相界面,并在混合网格内构建出具有多种介质的相界面几何结构,理论上可以处理全局任意种介质、局部 3 种介质的多介质流动问题. 利用传统的有限体积格式来计算单元边界上同种介质间的数值通量,并通过在相界面法向上求解局部一维多介质 Riemann 问题的精确解来计算不同介质间的数值通量,保证了相界面上的通量守恒. 提出了一种非结构网格上的单元聚合算法,消除了由于网格被相界面分割成较小碎片、违反 CFL 条件,进而可能带来数值不稳定的问题. 针对一维多介质 Riemann 问题、激波与气泡相互作用问题、浅埋爆炸问题、空中强爆炸冲击波和典型坑道内冲击波传播问题开展了数值模拟研究,将计算结果与相关的理论、实验结果进行比对,验证了数值方法的正确性和可靠性.     

基于单元相交的混合网格精确守恒插值方法

基于网格切割思想,发展了二维/三维混合网格条件下的单元相交算法,可精确计算任意两个多边形/多面体的交集。在此基础上,实现了基于单元相交(CIB/DC)的精确守恒插值算法。二维和三维验证算例表明,该方法能够保证插值过程中计算域内物理量的严格守恒,且具有比常规二阶插值更高的精度。     

界面不稳定性的自适应欧拉数值计算

采用欧拉网格自适应算法数值模拟Richtmyer Meshkov和Rayleigh Taylor不稳定多介质流界面,获得了高精度界面特征。对不同流体引入不同位标函数跟踪界面运动,将位标函数方程与流体动力学方程耦合求解,在笛卡儿坐标系中运用二阶精度有限体积算法,保持流场守恒条件下,通过采用多层网格级对笛卡儿网格嵌套细化,从而实现多介质流体界面的高精度自适应跟踪。给出的方法逻辑简单,可以大大节省CPU时间。     

非结构网格二阶有限体积法中黏性通量离散格式精度分析与改进

非结构网格二阶有限体积离散方法广泛应用于计算流体力学工程实践中,研究非结构网格二阶精度有限体积离散方法的计算精度具有现实意义. 计算精度主要受到网格和计算方法的影响,本文从单元梯度重构方法、黏性通量中的界面梯度计算方法两个方面考察黏性流动模拟精度的影响因素. 首先从理论上分析了黏性通量离散中的“奇偶失联”问题,并通过基于标量扩散方程的制造解方法验证了“奇偶失联”导致的精度下降现象,进一步通过引入差分修正项消除了“奇偶失联”并提高了扩散方程计算精度;其次,在不同类型、不同质量的网格上进行基于扩散方程的制造解精度测试,考察单元梯度重构方法、界面梯度计算方法对扩散方程计算精度的影响,结果显示,单元梯度重构精度和界面梯度计算方法均对扩散方程计算精度起重要作用;最后对三个黏性流动算例(二维层流平板、二维湍流平板和二维翼型近尾迹流动)进行网格收敛性研究,初步验证了本文的结论,得到了计算精度和网格收敛性均较好的黏性通量计算格式.      

Transport diffuse interface model for simulation of solid-fluid interaction

For solid-fluid interaction, one of the phase-density equations in diffuse interface models is degenerated to a "0 = 0" equation when the volume fraction of a certain phase takes the value of zero or unity. This is because the conservative variables in phasedensity equations include volume fractions. The degeneracy can be avoided by adding an artificial quantity of another material into the pure phase. However, nonphysical waves,such as shear waves in fluids, are introduced by the artificial treatment. In this paper,a transport diffuse interface model, which is able to treat zero/unity volume fractions, is presented for solid-fluid interaction. In the proposed model, a new formulation for phase densities is derived, which is unrelated to volume fractions. Consequently, the new model is able to handle zero/unity volume fractions, and nonphysical waves caused by artificial volume fractions are prevented. One-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical tests demonstrate that more accurate results can be obtained by the proposed model.     

An accurate interface reconstruction method using piecewise circular arcs

A novel piecewise circular interface construction (PCIC) method for accurate reconstruction of interface in a two‐phase flow problem is proposed. This is under the framework of a fixed grid, volume of fluid approach applied on a two‐dimensional semistaggered structured grid. Fluid interface in each mixed cell is represented using a geometric template of piecewise circular arc. Data corresponding to arc center coordinates and radius are first predicted using curve fitting methods and corrected with the help of volume fraction constraints. Further corrections are carried out to achieve function (c0) continuity at cell boundaries. The proposed method does not require additional calculations for the determination of curvature (for calculation of surface tension force), since it is obtained as part of reconstruction process itself. For dynamic interface construction, simple analytical expressions are derived to construct edge matched flux polygons. Area of intersection of flux polygons with area covered by primary fluid is determined to effect geometric advection across a PCIC interface. Accuracy of this method is demonstrated by the reconstruction of standard static and dynamically evolving interface problems. Accuracy levels superior to most interface reconstruction methods using PLIC and schemes using higher order curves are established. Finally, the capability to handle a complex two‐phase flow problem simulation viz the four‐vortex flow field, where interface undergoes breakage and coalescence, is also demonstrated.     

Accurate computation of convective transport in transient two-phase flow

The Van Leer method for the computation of convective fluxes is extended to two-phase flow. By preventing spurious undershoots and overshoots, the scheme preserves physical realism while maintaining high-order accuracy. This is particulary important for two-phase flows, since phase exchange terms are typically a function of volume fraction products and numerical diffusion can incorrectly mix the two phases. The scheme described here is constructed to guarantee that the sum of the volume fractions is always unity and that the volume fractions are always greater than or equal to zero. Various test problems are computed to demonstrate the accuracy of the method and to show how the scheme might be incorporated in existing computational methods. In addition to multiphase flow applications, setting equal phase velocities results in a volume marker scheme that is well suited to single-phase interface tracking problems.     

Advection of axisymmetric interfaces by the volume-of-fluid method

A criterion is proposed for the advection of axisymmetric interfaces. The location of an interface is followed by a volume-tracking technique wherein a volume fraction parameter is assigned to each of the cells in a Eulerian grid system. The interface is discretized into a set of line segments fitted at the boundary of every pair of neighbouring computational cells. The orientation of a line segment is obtained by inspecting the volume fractions of two neighbouring cells. The volume fractions are then advected using the velocity components at the boundary of the two cells. The following advection criterion is proposed: for advection in the axial direction the axial velocity u is assumed constant in the vicinity of each cell face; for advection in the radial direction the radial velocity v times the radial distance r is assumed constant in the vicinity of each cell face, i.e. r^βv = const., where β = 0 for Cartesian and β = 1 for axisymmetric systems. The above criterion is used to develop an algorithm for the advection of axisymmetric interfaces which is referred to as the ‘axisymmetric flux line segment model for advection and interface reconstruction’ or A-FLAIR.     

钛酸钙系电流变液在直流电场下损耗模量的研究

研究了直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下损耗模量的变化。用流变仪测试了不同颗粒体积分数材料在不同的温度和电场下损耗模量随应变的关系曲线。讨论了颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度以及频率对材料损耗模量的影响。以理论推导和试验数据拟合的方法给出了损耗模量与颗粒体积分数、振荡频率、温度以及电场强度等参数的半经验数学关系式。理论值对比试验结果表明,本文损耗模量表达式与试验结果符合较好,可以用于预测直流电场下钛酸钙系电流变液在动态振荡剪切模式下颗粒体积分数、温度、电场强度、频率和剪切应变对损耗模量的影响。     

A pressure correction‐volume of fluid method for simulation of two‐phase flows

A pressure correction method coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) method is developed to simulate two‐phase flows. A volume fraction function is introduced in the VOF method and is governed by an advection equation. A modified monotone upwind scheme for a conservation law (modified MUSCL) is used to solve the solution of the advection equation. To keep the initial sharpness of an interface, a slope modification scheme is introduced. The continuum surface tension (CST) model is used to calculate the surface tension force. Three schemes, central‐upwind, Parker–Youngs, and mixed schemes, are introduced to compute the interface normal vector and the gradient of the volume fraction function. Moreover, a height function technique is applied to compute the local curvature of the interface. Several basic test problems are performed to check the order of accuracy of the present numerical schemes for computing the interface normal vector and the gradient of the volume fraction function. Three physical problems, two‐dimensional broken dam problem, static drop, and spurious currents, and three‐dimensional rising bubble, are performed to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the pressure correction method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A stencil-like volume of fluid （VOF） method for tracking free interface

A stencil-like volume of fluid （VOF） method is proposed for tracking free interface. A stencil on a grid cell is worked out according to the normal direction of the interface, in which only three interface positions are possible in 2D cases, and the interface can be reconstructed by only requiring the known local volume fraction information. On the other hand, the fluid-occupying-length is defined on each side of the stencil, through which a unified fluid-occupying volume model and a unified algorithm can be obtained to solve the interface advection equation. The method is suitable for the arbitrary geometry of the grid cell, and is extendible to 3D cases. Typical numerical examples show that the current method can give ＂sharp＂ results for tracking free interface.     

The intersection marker method for 3D interface tracking of deformable surfaces in finite volumes

Currently, the majority of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes use the finite volume method to spatially discretise the computational domain, sometimes as an array of cubic control volumes. The Finite volume method works well with single‐phase flow simulations, but two‐phase flow simulations are more challenging because of the need to track the surface interface traversing and deforming within the 3D grid. Surface area and volume fraction details of each interface cell must be accurately accounted for, in order to calculate for the momentum exchange and rates of heat and mass transfer across the interface. To attain a higher accuracy in two‐phase flow CFD calculations, the intersection marker (ISM) method is developed. The ISM method is a hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian front‐tracking algorithm that can model an arbitrary 3D surface within an array of cubic control volumes. The ISM method has a cell‐by‐cell remeshing capability that is volume conservative and is suitable for the tracking of complex interface deformation in transient two‐phase CFD simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MGFM在强激波与物质界面作用中的应用

原始的虚拟流方法(GFM)在计算强激波和物质界面作用时无法得到正确的计算结果,而改进虚拟流方法(MGFM)处理这类问题的能力大大提高.本文用Level set捕获物质界面,用MGFM方法定义虚拟流节点参数,Euler方程采用HLLC格式离散求解,完成了强激波和物质界面作用的一维和二维数值实验.结果表明改进虚拟流方法在强激波与物质界面作用中的应用是成功的.     

惰性气体N2/CO2抑制瓦斯爆炸实验研究

为探究惰性气体(N₂和CO₂)对瓦斯气体爆炸影响,采用中型尺寸瓦斯爆炸实验装置,在N₂及CO₂体积分数为0%、9%、14%工况下开展了瓦斯爆炸实验研究,获取了N₂和CO₂对矿井瓦斯抑爆特性的影响规律,并针对瓦斯爆炸过程中惰性气体N₂和CO₂对爆炸超压变化的影响及爆炸抑制效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:随着初始混合气体中惰性气体N₂或CO₂含量的升高,瓦斯爆炸超压均明显降低,CO₂的抑爆效果优于N₂;N₂和CO₂对较高浓度瓦斯气的抑爆效果更为显著。