应用共轴型二维激光测速系统测量孔板管流的湍流特性

本文发表了一种共轴型二维激光测速系统,可同时测量由三束入射光组成的平面内的二维速度分量。讨论了主要的测量误差并提出了一种修正共轴分量角度偏差的方法。应用该系统详细测量了单孔板和双孔板管流的轴向和径向平均速度。湍流度和雷诺切应力分布,表明来流条件对孔板下游的湍流特性有强烈影响。     

双柱单锥型液-液旋流管内流场的激光诊断

应用激光测速仪，对一种双柱单锥型液 液旋流管内的流动结构，进行了全场范围内的多工况流动诊断研究．揭示出其切向速度由内旋流区和外旋流区构成，其中内旋流区中的速度分布符合准强制涡关系，外旋流区中的速度分布符合准自由涡关系；轴向速度由上行流动区和下行流动区构成，两者之间在直管段以零速点作分界，在锥体段则以零速区作过渡并伴随有一定的回流出现，且该过渡区或回流区的大小随锥体截面的收缩而减小，直到进入直管段后消失；各湍流量的分布以管芯处最大向外逐渐减小，沿轴向是直管段中的湍流度大于锥体段中的湍流度，而且湍流度在旋流管内具有各向异性的特性．     

孔板空调风口送风射流的数值模拟

介绍Ｎ点风口模型用于数值模拟室内空气流动时描述孔板类送风口的入流边界条件．然后采用该风口模型对不同的孔板风口出流条件算例进行数值计算，并就轴心速度衰减、射流扩展角以及断面流速分布等射流特性与实验数据进行了对比．比较结果表明，Ｎ点风口模型用于描述数值模拟室内空气流动的孔板类风口入流边界条件，可以获得工程上足够满意的结果．     

气膜孔径向角角度对冷却效率的影响

为了探讨在不同径向角下动量比和湍流度对圆柱形气膜孔流动和换热的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法,研究了涡轮叶片的冷却效率.结果表明:随着动量比的增大,二次流出口处高温区域逐渐偏离气膜孔出口叶片的下游区域,气膜孔出口二次流的影响范围变大;二次流径向角β越大,其自气膜孔出口流出后在叶片表面的轨迹偏斜程度就越大;在湍流度保持不变的情况下,随着动量比增加,冷却效率随着x/d值的增加在总体上呈现逐渐减小的趋势;随着湍流度的增大,冷却效率先增加后减小;在动量比I≤2时,冷却效率随着湍流的增大而减小;随着径向角的增大(0°～45°范围内),冷却效率逐渐降低.     

有压管道双孔板水流流场的数值模拟

利用数值计算的方法对多级孔板消能器内湍流流场进行模拟，并将所得的结果与实验进行了比较。这些比较表明，数值计算的方法是可靠的。     

沟槽面与光滑面湍流边界层特性比较

应用ＬＤＶ技术对沟槽面及光滑面湍流边界层流速和湍流度分布进行了精细的测量，实验结果表明：与光滑面相比，沟槽面湍流边界层时均流速分布对数公式中具有较大的积分常数Ｃ值，且沟槽面湍流度最大值较小，但其出现的位置距壁面较远。另外，偏斜因子及平坦因子的分布特性区别不大，但是在近壁区内沟槽面结果波动较大。     

圆管过渡流态的间歇因子

用激光测速方法研究圆管流动的湍流间歇现象．实验表明,间歇湍流首先在管壁发生,逐渐向下游扩张．随着雷诺数的增加,间歇因子γ＝０．５的转捩界面逐渐向入口推移,一直到Ｒｅ＝９８８７,整个管流才变成间歇湍流和充分湍流     

含有周期涡结构的湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间的迟滞效应

针对存在时空周期涡旋结构的湍流场，对湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间的空间迟滞效应进行了实验研究，发现二者流向相位差呈周期变化．在低速回流式水槽中，利用二维高时间分辨率粒子图像测速(TimeResolved Particle Image Velocimetry, TRPIV)技术，对Re=324的圆柱尾流流场进行测量．经过49个周期166个相位的8 215个PIV瞬时流场，经过周期相位平均，得到一个周期内不同相位典型的湍流雷诺应力和平均速度梯度的空间分布．利用湍流雷诺应力相位平均图像和平均速度梯度图像在不同时间相位下的空间互相关函数最大值对应的流向空间距离，得到湍流雷诺应力与平均速度梯度之间沿流向的空间相位差，并绘制流向相位差随周期相位的演变过程．本文验证了湍流复涡黏模型的合理性，为建立符合周期涡旋结构物理机理的湍流模型研究提供了实验依据．     

流对波边界层湍流运动的影响

采用大涡模拟方法和Smagorinsky亚格子模型，求解三维Navier-Stokes方程，研究了波流边界层中的湍流特性．将大涡模拟结果与相应的直接数值模拟结果和实验数据进行比较，吻合较好．获得了不同波雷诺数，不同波流比情况下的大涡模拟数据库，并由此分析了波流边界层中各种湍流统计量，如速度廓线、剪应力、湍流强度等的变化规律．     

二维激光多普勒测速仪用于测量旋转机械的内部流动

本文介绍了用二维激光多普勒测速仪测量离心式风机的叶轮和蜗壳的旋转流场的原理和实际过程,得到了径向速度、切向速度和湍流度等流体力学参数沿径向和轴向的分布曲线并对实验方法和实验结果进行了讨论。     

Elasto-plastic buckling analysis for perforated steel plates subject to uniform compression

This study investigates the elasto-plastic buckling behaviour of simply supported square and rectangular thin steel plates having elliptic cut-outs by means of finite element method. Plates with simply supported in the out-of-plane direction are applied uniform compression in long-edge direction. A50 steel was used in the analysis and the focus was on the effect of plate aspect ratio, elliptical hole size, elliptical hole angle, elliptical hole location and slenderness ratio on buckling behaviour. It was found in the study that as the plate slenderness ratio increases, the critical buckling stress decreases for all the perforated plates.     

Passive separation control by acoustic resonance

A compact active grid is developed with which a pipe flow can be stirred in order to enhance the turbulence. The active grid is composed of a stationary and a rotating disk with characteristic hole patterns. This active grid is placed inside the pipe, allowing flow to pass through it. With only one moving part, the design is much less complicated than current active grids. Several combinations of perforated disks are investigated, and the resulting control over the turbulent intensity and spectral energy distribution is quantified over a wide range of rotation frequencies. We find that significant turbulent fluctuations are introduced mainly in the energy-containing range and partially also in the inertial subrange. These additional fluctuations represent up to 25 % of the total energy and are not caused by pulsations of the mean flow. The compact active grid will be of use where efficient mixing in limited space is required and in applications when the introduction of specific lengthscales is desirable, such as in premixed burners.     

An experimental investigation of the static pressure fluctuation mechanism for porous transonic wind tunnel wall configurations

An experimental investigation of the static pressure fluctuation generation mechanism was performed for different transonic wind tunnel test section perforated wall configurations. Different hole diameters and geometrical configurations were investigated. Most tests were carried out with isolated perforations, while some were done with a three hole, 16° perforation pattern. To suppress the oscillation amplitudes generated by perforations, splitter-plates as flow conditioning devices along the perforations were implemented on a large number of perforated transonic test section wall samples. It was found that all the hole configurations tested, regardless of diameter or shape, resonate at discrete frequencies which order themselves along several modes.     

On the optimum shape of apertures for a perforated plate subject to bending

The problem of finding the optimum shape of the holes in a perforated plate weakened by a triangular or square lattice of holes and subject to bending is considered by methods based on the theory of functions of a complex variable. The criterion determining the optimum shape of the hole is based on the condition that no stress concentration should occur on the hole contour or, alternatively, that a plastic region should be created around the whole contour of the hole at exactly the same instant.     

Self-sustained oscillations of shear flow past a slotted plate coupled with cavity resonance

Shear flow past a slotted plate configuration can give rise to highly coherent, self-sustained oscillations when coupling occurs with a resonant mode of an adjacent cavity. The distinctive feature of these oscillations is that the wavelength of the coherent instability along the plate is of the order of the plate length. This observation is in contrast to previous investigations of flow past perforated or slotted surfaces, where the instability scales on the diameter of the perforation or the gap length of a slot. The present oscillations occur even when the inflow boundary layer is turbulent and an inflectional form of the shear flow cannot develop along the cavity opening, due to the presence of the slotted plate. Instigation of a resonant mode of the cavity, in conjunction with an inherent instability of the shear flow along the plate, gives rise to ordered clusters of instantaneous vorticity and instantaneous velocity correlation. During the oscillation, ejection of flow occurs from the cavity to the region of the shear flow; this ejection is in accord with the convection of the large-scale cluster of vorticity along the slotted plate. This oscillation can be effectively detuned by adjusting the inflow velocity, such that the inherent instability of the shear flow past the slotted plate is no longer coincident with the resonant frequency of the cavity. Certain features of this self-sustained oscillation are directly analogous to recent findings of oscillations due to shear flow past a perforated plate bounded by a cavity, but in the absence of cavity resonance effects.     

Axial buckling of perforated plates reinforced with strips and middle tubes

Global buckling of perforated plates reinforced with circumferential strip or short tube is investigated. Effects of the hole radius, width of the strip, thickness and radius of the tube and boundary conditions are studied numerically and experimentally. Axial buckling loads of the holed plates decrease versus the hole radius. By using the strip or tube, the buckling strength increases significantly. In some cases, the stiffened plate has buckling load greater than the perfect plate. Numerical studies showed that the increasing restraints at the boundaries increase the buckling strength in any case and geometry of the plate.     

An investigation of turbulent developing flow at the entrance to a smooth pipe

An attempt is made to explain the flow regimes at the entry region of a pipe. Developing turbulent flow was examined and three theoretical models were evolved to explain the three most important regimes: the region of flat plate flow, the region of transition from flat plate to pipe flow, and the region of boundary layer interaction. The model for the flat plate flow was based on the velocity power law but experimental data showed that the exponent was not constant as generally assumed. There was good agreement between the theoretical models and the experimental data for the boundary layer development.

A simple empirical formula was obtained from which it is possible to predict the length of the entry region. The onset of the increase in turbulence intensity at the core, which marks the start of transition from flat plate flow to pipe flow, seems to occur at a particular Reynolds number, based on distance into pipe, of about 3.15×10⁶. This figure may vary with inlet flow condition.     

On some conditions for detonation initiation downstream of a perforated plate

An experimental study is presented of the influence of detonation wave parameters and detonation product composition upstream of a perforated plate on the onset of detonation downstream. Experiments were performed in detonation tube 106 mm in diameter, separated into two sections by a perforated plate combined with a diaphragm. The tube was equipped with pressure sensors and a semi-cylindrical smoked foil. Hydrogen–air mixtures with different hydrogen concentrations were used upstream and downstream of the perforated plate. It is shown for mixtures containing 25 and 34 % of hydrogen in air that the onset of detonation downstream depends on detonation parameters upstream of the perforated plate. An increase in the initial pressure upstream of the plate leads to detonation initiation immediately downstream. The variation of mixture composition upstream of a perforated plate does not affect on detonation initiation downstream under the present experimental conditions.     

Landfill Gas Flow: Collection by Horizontal Wells

Transport in Porous Media - Collection of landfill gas by horizontal perforated wells is studied. The problem combines flow through porous media in the landfill and unobstructed pipe flow in the...     

两种不同气体中的高速爆燃波及其向爆轰的转变

对2C2H2 5O2及2C2H2 5O2 80%Ar两种可燃混合气体中的高速爆燃波及其向爆轰的转变过程进行实验研究.高速爆燃波由孔栅干涉爆轰波的方法直接生成,观测手段则以高速转鼓摄影获取孔栅近场流场x-t纹影图,以传感器追踪波面的后继发展.研究发现,两种气体中的爆燃波具有迥异的特性.前者燃烧波面在较低初压条件下为层流结构,而较高初压下为湍流结构,向爆轰转变点可以延伸至下游较长距离;后者在不同初压条件下燃烧波面无明显差异,爆轰的再次形成只能在孔栅下游近场内建立.两种气体中高速爆燃波的维持和爆轰转变过程均非纯粹激波压缩所致,湍流输运在其中起着必不可少的作用.分析显示,激波压缩效应对纯氧炔气体的高速爆燃和DDT贡献较小,湍流输运占主导地位;而氩气稀释气体较为稳定,缺乏自行衍生剧烈湍流燃烧的能力,因而激波压缩和外界扰动对其高速爆燃传播和爆轰转变起十分重要的作用.