多孔介质中气泡的生成机理及流动特性研究

根据组成多孔介质的颗粒直径、颗粒排列方式、孔喉比、束缚水饱和度,将多孔介质简化为一簇变截面毛管组成的毛管束.利用质量守恒原理和动量定理,推导出单个孔隙单元内液相压力梯度和壁面剪切应力的计算公式,得到泡沫稳定流动状态时多孔介质中的压力分布以及泡沫当量直径的计算方法.通过对喉道处气泡的受力分析,推导了截断再生气泡的当量直径计算公式.利用长U型填砂管对多孔介质中稳定泡沫的流动特性进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:稳定泡沫流动时多孔介质中的压力分布呈线性下降,孔喉结构和泡沫干度是影响泡沫封堵能力的主要因素.     

微纳米结构壁面对流场及动压润滑的影响研究

固体边界具有的微纳米结构将影响流体在近壁面处的流动行为,进而由于尺度效应改变流体在整个微间隙的流动或润滑规律.将壁面可渗透微纳米结构等效为多孔介质薄膜,采用Brinkman方程来描述流体在近壁面边界渗透层内的流动,并将其与自由流动区域的不可压缩流体Navier-Stokes控制方程耦合,在界面处的连续边界条件下求解和分析了速度分布规律和压力变化规律.针对恒定法向承载力的油膜润滑条件,进一步讨论了静止表面或运动表面的微纳米结构对近壁面流动行为的影响;并揭示了考虑壁面微纳米结构的流体动压润滑的油膜厚度和摩擦系数的变化规律.论文结果为具有可渗透微结构表面的微间隙流动与润滑提供了理论参考.     

基于CFD模拟的翅片管束多孔介质模型建立方法及流场模拟

为了利用多孔介质模型对翅片管束外流场进行计算,首先利用实体模型计算了局部管束的流场特性以获得多孔介质参数,在验证了多孔介质模型的准确性后,使用该模型对大尺度管束的流场特性进行了计算。结果表明:可以采用多孔介质模型对翅片管束进行简化计算,局部计算得到的多孔介质参数可以应用到增大长度、高度和宽度后的大尺度同型管束区域计算上,多孔介质模型与实体模型的误差基本在10%以内。     

多孔介质中稳定泡沫的流动计算及实验研究

将多孔介质简化为一簇变截面毛管束,根据多孔介质的颗粒直径、颗粒排列方式、孔喉尺度比及束缚水饱和度,计算出变截面毛细管的喉道半径和孔隙半径. 在考虑多孔介质喉道和孔隙中单个气泡的受力和变形基础上,利用动量守恒定理,推导出单个孔隙单元内液相的压力分布和孔隙单元两端的压差计算公式,最终得到多孔介质的压力分布计算公式. 利用长U型填砂管对稳定泡沫的流动特性进行了实验研究. 研究结果表明:稳定泡沫流动时多孔介质中的压力分布呈线性下降,影响泡沫在多孔介质中流动特性的因素包括:多孔介质的孔喉结构、泡沫流体的流量和干度、气液界面张力、气泡尺寸,其中孔喉结构和泡沫干度是影响泡沫封堵能力的主要因素.关键词: 稳定泡沫;多孔介质;变截面毛管;流动;表观粘度;压力分布;实验研究      

关于渗流中流线不封闭的特性和条件

本文对于流体在多孔介质中流动的特性进行理论研究和数值计算，提出两个关于渗流中流线不封闭的特性和条件，得到了在一般工程实际情况中的多孔介质区域内部不存在封闭流线的结论。本文以突变截面圆管中不可压缩渗流为算例，利用半人工瞬变方法进行数值计算，得到流体在充满多孔介质的突扩截面圆管和突缩截面圆管中流动时关于速度分布和压力分布的结果。由此表明，在突变截面附近的渗流区域中不存在回流和分离流，也不存在封闭的流线。渗流的这些流动特性不同于在无多孔介质的空间区域中的流动特性。     

渗流力学的近况和展望

渗流力学研究流体在多孔介质的运动规律.渗流是指流体在多孔介质内的流动;孔隙介质、裂缝-孔隙介质以及各种类型的毛细管体系等均属多孔介质.渗流力学是流体力学与多孔介质理论和表面物理化学等学科交叉渗透产生的一个独立的学科领域,是多种工程技术的理论基础.     

多孔介质对翼型绕流边界层影响的数值研究

以多孔尾缘结构SD-7003翼型为研究对象,基于格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)研究了不同多孔介质材料对翼型边界层发展及尾缘流动的影响规律。研究结果表明:LBM方法可以精确地计算出可渗透壁的多孔翼型边界层特征,且数值模拟结果与文献参考值非常吻合;相对于实体翼型,多孔尾缘上、下面压差推动渗流穿过多孔区衰减翼型表面的气动载荷波动,其衰减程度依赖于多孔材料的流阻;多孔翼型压力面与吸力面的边界层厚度较实体翼型有明显的增加,且边界层厚度随流阻的减少而增加。     

黏弹性饱和多孔介质中圆柱孔洞的频域响应

研究了无限黏弹性饱和多孔介质中圆柱孔洞(有衬砌)表面受轴对称简谐荷载和流体压力 作用下的频域响应问题. 引入Carcione提出的本构模型来描述介质的流变和松弛性质. 考 虑衬砌和介质的相对渗透性，孔洞处于半封闭状态，边界半透水. 引入两个势函数，在频域 中得到了应力、位移和超孔隙水压力响应解答. 并进行了算例分析，讨论了反映介质黏弹 性性质的最小质量因子，反映孔洞边界半透水性质的渗透性参数及衬砌和介质的相对刚度对 问题的影响. 分析结果表明：以上参数对圆柱孔洞的频域响应有很大影响.     

势流中可渗透圆柱壳的变形与压力分析

应用弹性薄壳和流体力学的基本方程,采用相容拉格朗日-欧拉法研究了可渗透圆柱壳在理想流体横向绕流时的弯曲变形及流体压力.假定流体的渗透仅沿变形表面的法线方向,各参数沿壳体表面连续.根据边界条件给出流体势函数的表达式,由相同角度的余弦系数相等得到流体对壳的法向力和切向力.根据求得的作用力并给出圆柱壳变形函数表达式,得到可渗透圆柱壳理想流体绕流的变形表达式.通过具体算例与文献结果进行比较,结果吻合较好.所得结果具有较好的通用性,不可渗透圆柱壳理想流体横向绕流变形问题可以看成本文研究内容的特殊情况.     

固液双相作用下多孔自润滑表面渗流行为分析

以多孔自润滑材料为研究对象，分析载荷作用下多孔基体变形和润滑液在孔隙中的流动特性，探讨多孔表面渗流速度随加载时间变化，分析固-液双相作用下多孔表面渗流与润滑行为.结果表明，多孔基体变形后，孔隙内储存的润滑液受迫流动，在多孔表面发生渗入和析出的流动现象.润滑液在接触区向多孔基体渗入，在接触区入口向多孔表面析出.恒定载荷下，入口两侧润滑液不能保持稳定的渗流现象，而随加载时间呈现出扩散和波动的变化过程.在竖直方向上，多孔材料内的最大流体压力发生在上表面，最大固相应力发生在靠近上表面的次表面位置.随加载时间延长，磨擦界面的液相承载力先增大后降低，固相承载力先降低后增大，最终液相承载力降低为零，外载荷全部由固相材料承担.适当增加载荷能提高润滑液在多孔表面上的渗流速度，改善润滑状态，但也使得润滑液的渗流速度波动更为剧烈.     

Self-similar solution of the unsteady flow in the stagnation point region of a rotating sphere with a magnetic field

The unsteady flow and heat transfer of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the forward stagnation point region of a rotating sphere in the presence of a magnetic field are investigated in this study. The unsteadiness in the flow field is caused by the velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and the angular velocity of the rotating sphere, both varying continuously with time. The system of ordinary differential equations governing the flow is solved numerically. For some particular cases, an analytical solution is also obtained. It is found that the surface shear stresses in x- and y-directions and the surface heat transfer increase with the acceleration, the magnetic and the rotation parameters whether the magnetic field is fixed relative to the fluid or body, except that the surface shear stress in x-direction and the surface heat transfer decrease with increasing the magnetic parameter when the magnetic field is fixed relative to the body. For a certain value of the acceleration parameter, the surface shear stress in the x-direction vanishes while the surface shear stress in the y-direction and the surface heat transfer remain finite. Also, below a certain value of the acceleration parameter, reverse flow occurs in the x-component of the velocity profile. Received on 18 May 1998     

Interstitial fluid flow: simulation of mechanical environment of cells in the interosseous membrane

In vitro experiments have shown that subtle fluid flow environment plays a significant role in living biological tissues,while there is no in vivo practical dynamical measurement of the interstitial fluid flow velocity.On the basis of a new finding that capillaries and collagen fibrils in the interosseous membrane form a parallel array,we set up a porous media model simulating the flow field with FLUENT software,studied the shear stress on interstitial cells’ surface due to the interstitial fluid flow,and analyzed the effect of flow on protein space distribution around the cells.The numerical simulation results show that the parallel nature of capillaries could lead to directional interstitial fluid flow in the direction of capillaries.Interstitial fluid flow would induce shear stress on the membrane of interstitial cells,up to 30 Pa or so,which reaches or exceeds the threshold values of cells’ biological response observed in vitro.Interstitial fluid flow would induce nonuniform spacial distribution of secretion protein of mast cells.Shear tress on cells could be affected by capillary parameters such as the distance between the adjacent capillaries,blood pressure and the permeability coefficient of capillary’s wall.The interstitial pressure and the interstitial porosity could also affect the shear stress on cells.In conclusion,numerical simulation provides an effective way for in vivo dynamic interstitial velocity research,helps to set up the vivid subtle interstitial flow environment of cells,and is beneficial to understanding the physiological functions of interstitial fluid flow.     

建筑织物膜材双轴剪切试验与分析

为了研究建筑织物膜材的剪切力学性能,提出一种新的剪切测试方法。采用中心区域宽度和四臂长度均为16cm的十字形试件,试件纱线的经纬向与加载方向呈45°角。根据膜材变形和应力关系,推导了剪应力和剪应变的计算方法。定义了使试件中心区域产生三个循环剪应力场的加载谱,循环产生正负交替的剪切应力。试验采用表面抛光的(Polyvinylidene Fluoride,聚偏氟乙烯)涂层膜材,测量x、y两个方向的应力和应变,通过计算得到剪切应力应变曲线,并对试验结果进行分析。结果表明,新的剪切测试方法能够反映建筑织物膜材剪切力学性能。最后通过有限元方法模拟材料受剪状态下的应力和应变,与试验得到的应力值和应变值相近。     

单搭接胶接接头拉伸剪切性能的数值模拟与实验研究

采用数值模拟和光测技术对单向拉伸载荷作用下单搭接胶接接头中的剪切性能进行分析,研究了不同厚度胶层中切应力的变化规律。用有限元方法(FEM)对不同胶层厚度的试件进行建模,得到了拉伸载荷下胶粘剂中的切应力分布及其统计参数。利用数字图像相关(digitalimage correlation,DIC)方法对试件的变形场进行测量。结果表明,当胶粘剂的厚度较小时,胶粘剂中的切应力的分布统计参数随着其厚度的增加会有显著的变化,但是当厚度超过一定的数值时,统计参数对厚度的变化不再敏感。     

两种湍流模型在高速旋转翼身组合弹箭中的对比研究1）

弹箭设计、弹道计算和稳定性研究都需要准确预测旋转弹箭的马格努斯力和力矩,国内针对旋转弹箭气动特性的数值模拟工作集中在旋成体上,对带翼外形进行完全时间相关的非定常研究鲜有见到;国外虽然有对带翼外形开展研究,但以验证方法为主,对湍流模型在复杂外形弹箭旋转中的研究未曾见到.采用完全时间相关的非定常N-S方程,对带翼弹箭开展计算,对比了一方程SA（Spalart-Allmaras）湍流模型和两方程k-!SST（shear-stress-transport）湍流模型对马格努斯效应产生的影响,并分析了旋转导致的边界层和涡非对称畸变,以及周向压力分布和剪切应力分布非对称畸变.结果表明：旋转引起的物面流场参数变化主要体现在弹体中后部,SA和SST湍流模型预测的全弹马格努斯特性与阿诺德工程发展中心（Arnold Engineering Development Center,AEDC）实验及陆军研究实验室（Army Research Laboratory,ARL）的计算结果一致性很好,对动导数而言两湍流模型计算精度相当.两湍流模型计算的弹体左侧流场参数差异比右侧大,分析认为正向旋转使左侧壁面速度方向与来流速度相反,相互阻碍使气流脉动效应更强.壁面附近湍流黏性系数SA结果大于SST结果,y=0截面物面压力SA结果小于SST结果、最大相差6%,摩阻系数SA结果大于SST结果、最大相差35%.SA对旋转产生的分离抑制作用强于SST.     

Estimating gas holdup via pressure difference measurements in a cocurrent bubble column

Estimating gas holdup via pressure difference measurements is a simple and low-cost non-invasive technique to study gas holdup in bubble columns. It is usually used in a manner where the wall shear stress effect is neglected, termed Method II in this paper. In cocurrent bubble columns, when the liquid velocity is high or the fluid is highly viscous, wall shear stress may be significant and Method II may result in substantial error. Directly including the wall shear stress term in the determination of gas holdup (Method I) requires knowledge of two-phase wall shear stress models and usually requires the solution of non-linear equations. A new gas holdup estimation method (Method III) via differential pressure measurements for cocurrent bubble columns is proposed in this paper. This method considers the wall shear stress influences on gas holdup values without calculating the wall shear stress. A detailed analysis shows that Method III always results in a smaller gas holdup error than Method II, and in many cases, the error is significantly smaller than that of Method II. The applicability of Method III in measuring gas holdup in a cocurrent air–water–fiber bubble column is examined. Analysis based on experimental data shows that with Method III, accurate gas holdup measurements can be obtained, while measurement error is significant when Method II is used for some operational conditions.     

碎石桩复合地基的研究进展与分析

从碎石桩复合地基的抗液化机理、抗液化性能判别方法、动力分析方法等方面入手,对国内外研究现状做了简要介 绍和分析。结果表明,过去的研究主要集中在碎石桩的加密效应和排水效应方面。对水平剪应力分担情况的研究相对较少 碎石桩复合地基抗液化效果判别方法的研究还有待深入。目前,动力分析方法基本上以粘弹性理论为基础,应加强弹塑性及 粘弹塑性有效应力动力分析方面的研究。     

Numerical simulation of blast wave interaction with structure columns

Accurate estimation of blast loads on structures is essential for reliable predictions of structural response and damage. Current practice in blast effect analysis and design estimates blast loads primarily based on empirical formulae obtained from field blast tests. Due to the limited availability of test data, those empirical formulae are usually applicable to the case that the reflection surface of the structure is big enough so that no wave diffraction around the structure exists. They will overestimate the blast loads on structure columns without infill walls around them, which are very common in the modern buildings, especially for the ground floor columns. For a standalone column, the initial reflected pressure may be quickly relieved at the edge of the column, and the column will be engulfed with the blast wave due to diffraction. Therefore, the interaction between the blast wave and structure is important for such columns. The blast loads on such columns will be different from those obtained in field blasting tests on walls. There is no method in the open literature to estimate blast loads on standalone columns. In the present study, interactions between blast waves and structure columns are simulated using AUTODYN 3D. The influence of the scaled distance of the blast, column stiffness, ratio of the supported mass to the column mass, and column dimension and geometry, on the blast wave–column interaction is investigated. Based on the numerical simulation results, some formulae are proposed to estimate the blast pressure, impulse, and the reflected pressure time history on standalone structure columns.      

Shear orientation of a lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal

Shear orientation of a lyotropic lamellar liquid crystalline phase of tetra ethyleneglycol mono dodecylether, C₁₂A₄ in water was studied by combined rheo-small-angle light scattering. Shear thinning was observed with a sample of 500 m thickness. The scattering patterns showed that domains were aligned and stretched in flow direction. Shear thinning was also observed with a thinner sample, but caused a strong change in light-scattering pattern. A maximum of scattering intensity was observed at finite scattering vector and shifted to a higher scattering vector with increasing shear stress. This observation can be explained by a fragmentation of domains at high shear stress and is supported by a mosaic texture observed in optical microscopy.     

A fluid flow model in the lacunar-canalicular system under the pressure gradient and electrical field driven loads

The lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) is acknowledged to directly participate in bone tissue remodeling. The fluid flow in the LCS is synergic driven by the pressure gradient and electric field loads due to the electro-mechanical properties of bone. In this paper, an idealized annulus Maxwell fluid flow model in bone canaliculus is established, and the analytical solutions of the fluid velocity, the fluid shear stress, and the fluid flow rate are obtained. The results of the fluid flow under pressure gradient driven (PGD), electric field driven (EFD), and pressure-electricity synergic driven (P-ESD) patterns are compared and discussed. The effects of the diameter of canaliculi and osteocyte processes are evaluated. The results show that the P-ESD pattern can combine the regulatory advantages of single PGD and EFD patterns, and the osteocyte process surface can feel a relatively uniform shear stress distribution. As the bone canalicular inner radius increases, the produced shear stress under the PGD or P-ESD pattern increases slightly but changes little under the EFD pattern. The increase in the viscosity makes the flow slow down but does not affect the fluid shear stress (FSS) on the canalicular inner wall and osteocyte process surface. The increase in the high-valent ions does not affect the flow velocity and the flow rate, but the FSS on the canalicular inner wall and osteocyte process surface increases linearly. In this study, the results show that the shear stress sensed by the osteocyte process under the P-ESD pattern can be regulated by changing the pressure gradient and the intensity of electric field, as well as the parameters of the annulus fluid and the canaliculus size, which is helpful for the osteocyte mechanical responses. The established model provides a basis for the study of the mechanisms of electro-mechanical signals stimulating bone tissue (cells) growth.