内聚力界面单元与复合材料的界面损伤分析

推导了一种基于内聚力模型无厚的界面单元,用来模拟复合材料纤维与基体之间的界面层．研究了纤维周期分布的复合材料受横向荷载时,在界面不同的强韧性条件下其界面损伤演化的规律和对复合材料整体性质的影响     

基于压力隧洞模型的复合材料横向热残余应力分析

考虑碳纤维横向刚度情况下,将复合材料横向热残余应力问题简化为压力隧洞模型.利用该模型推导出复合材料固化成型过程中形成的横向热残余应力,其中分析得出了单纤维与树脂的接触压力以及该压力传递到纤维和树脂后的分布情况.结果表明接触压力传递到纤维内部后成一固定值,传递到树脂后以正比于r.函数衰减.在其基础上提出场叠加方法,得出纤维之间相互耦合的接触压力与残余应力场.通过有限元模拟,理论模型和数值模拟基本一致.     

纤维复合材料界面横向拉伸分析

以单纤维十字型横向拉伸试验为研究对象,对纤维/基体界面采用弹性-软化双线性内聚力模型,建立了纤维复合材料在横向拉伸作用下界面法向失效过程的解析模型。得到了沿纤维/基体圆周界面的法向应力分布,纤维/基体界面的状态与界面承载力和单纤维复合材料承载力的关系,以及内聚力参数和试件几何尺寸对它们的影响。结果表明:纤维/基体圆周界面在脱粘前经历全部弹性及弹性+软化两种状态;当界面为弹性状态时,界面法向应力随界面强度线性增加;当界面为弹性+软化状态时,界面软化范围随界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增大;界面初始脱粘位置与拉伸荷载方向重合;界面初始脱粘时的界面承载力随界面强度及界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增加,随界面裂纹生成位移的增加而降低;单纤维复合材料的脱粘荷载受基体截面尺寸的影响,当纤维体积含量相同时,沿荷载方向截面尺寸的增大对提高脱粘荷载更显著。     

含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料的损伤应变场分析

研究了含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料的损伤应变场及其尺度效应。根据含共晶界面复合陶瓷的细观结构特性,利用含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料中三相胞元内的应力场分布规律,得出棒状共晶体内的无损应变场分布规律。针对棒状共晶体内存在损伤的现象,通过引入损伤变量,利用三相模型法得到了棒状共晶体内存在损伤时的应变场分布规律;根据应变和纤维状夹杂直径之间的关系,分析了棒状共晶体内的损伤应变场及其尺度效应。结果表明,含共晶界面陶瓷复合材料内三相胞元中基体、界面相和纤维夹杂内的损伤应变场对纤维夹杂直径具有明显的尺度效应。     

用广义胞元法研究弱界面复合材料偏轴拉伸强度

本文用广义胞元法结合应力集中系数模型，从细观、宏观力学结合的角度，预测了弱界面复合材料偏轴拉伸强度值．用广义胞元法/高精度广义胞元法计算复合材料开裂前和开裂后的应力场，引入基体应力集中系数以得到基体真实应力．在计算真实应力时根据宏观试验现象考量是否对界面开裂后的复合材料进行刚度衰减，最终形成4种方案计算出复合材料的偏轴拉伸强度．通过对比芳纶纤维和亚麻纤维两种弱界面复合材料的偏轴拉伸强度试验值，找到了最可靠的预报方案并具有良好的预报精度．     

含大量随机分布细小纤维的单向纤维增强复合材料横向弹性性能参数计算的内嵌区域模型法

利用有限元方法求取单向纤维增强复合材料的横向弹性性能参数的计算模型包括三维模型、两维平面应变模型、单胞模型等等.由于单胞模型仅仅适用于纤维规则排列情况.在纤维随机分布且纤维大小亦为随机时,单向纤维增强复合材料横向弹性性能参数必须通过对于复合材料块体的计算才能获得.同时在随机分布纤维的数量增大时,三维模型和二维平面应变模型的计算量急剧增加,模型的处理能力不强.该文提出一种利用内嵌区域模型来计算含大量随机大小、随机分布细小纤维的单向纤维增强复合材料块体的横向弹性性能参数的方法,有效降低了计算量.在较低的计算费用下,能够快速获得单向纤维增强复合材料的横向弹性性能参数.     

复合材料模量估算的力学模型

在计算复合材料的模量时，被广泛应用的力学模型是等应力和等应变假设．本文改进了这些力学模型，推导出层合复合材料、单向纤维增强复合材料和颗粒增强复合材料模量的计算式．引入一个反映受力方向与复合材料组元连续性等的调节参量，可将其归纳成一个普遍式．     

三维编织复合材料几何建模及数值分析

论文根据三维编织复合材料的结构特点,把整体结构分为内部单胞、表面单胞和角单胞三种类型的子单胞,考虑空间纤维束的相互扭结和挤压所造成的纤维束的弯曲和截面变形,针对每种类型的子单胞,建立了相应的几何分析模型.引入周期性位移边界条件,建立了材料的弹性性能预报模型,得到了三维编织复合材料的工程弹性常数.通过数值比较可以看出,论文所给出的数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,从而验证了本文模型的有效性.     

纺织复合材料和结构多尺度耦合的数值分析

研究了纺织复合材料和结构多尺度耦合的数值分析模型。建立了微、细观单胞,给出了纺织复合材料平均弹性常数的逐级分析方法,着重研究了由宏观结构、到细观纤维束、再到微观纤维三个尺度耦合的应力分析方案。对于常用的板壳状纺织复合材料结构,在面内载荷下,假设每层细观单胞的平均面内应变是一致的,在弯曲、横向剪切及扭曲等非面内载荷下,在内力等效条件下将沿厚度方向连续分布的宏观应力简化为阶梯状分布,忽略了每层细观单胞范围内宏观应力沿厚度方向的梯度变化,由此利用细观单胞模型实现宏观应力与细观应力之间的传递,再利用微观单胞可得到纤维尺度的微观应力。最后以一种三维机织复合材料为例,用上述多尺度耦合的模型逐级分析了材料的平均弹性常数,并沿相反方向,由宏观结构分析逐级计算出纤维束尺度和纤维尺度的细、微观应力的局部波动。     

纤维墙元模型在剪力墙结构非线性分析中的应用

钢筋混凝土剪力墙是目前高层与超高层建筑中最主要的抗侧力构件，本文在对已有的微观及宏观计算模型进行比较的基础上，基于纤维模型概念，建立了便于高层剪力墙结构非线性分析应用的纤维墙元模型，即由承受轴力及弯矩的纤维子单元与承受剪切变形的剪切子单元相合成的墙元计算模型；同时，对该模型中剪切子单元高度的取值进行了分析，明确了其物理含义；推导了单元的刚度矩阵，并分别建立了纤维子单元及剪切子单元的骨架曲线及滞回规则。另外，应用该计算单元模型，对一栋40层框架剪力墙结构进行了非线性时程分析，计算结果与相应模型的振动台试验结果进行了对比，比较结果表明两者在结构动力特性，位移响应方面等均吻合较好，验证了该计算单元模型的准确性与有效性，可为推广使用提供参考。     

Micro–macro analysis of shape memory alloy composites

The aim of the paper is to develop a micro–macro approach for the analysis of the mechanical behavior of composites obtained embedding long fibers of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) into an elastic matrix. In order to determine the overall constitutive response of the SMA composites, two homogenization techniques are proposed: one is based on the self-consistent method while the other on the analysis of a periodic composite. The overall response of the SMA composites is strongly influenced by the pseudo-elastic and shape memory effects occurring in the SMA material. In particular, it is assumed that the phase transformations in the SMA are governed by the wire temperature and by the average stress tensor acting in the fiber. A possible prestrain of the fibers is taken into account in the model.Numerical applications are developed in order to analyze the thermo-mechanical behavior of the SMA composite. The results obtained by the proposed procedures are compared with the ones determined through a micromechanical analysis of a periodic composite performed using suitable finite elements.Then, in order to study the macromechanical response of structural elements made of SMA composites, a three-dimensional finite element is developed implementing at each Gauss point the overall constitutive laws of the SMA composite obtained by the proposed homogenization procedures. Some numerical applications are developed in order to assess the efficiency of the proposed micro–macro model.     

Thermomechanical modelling of a NiTi SMA sample submitted to displacement-controlled tensile test

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) undergo an austenite–martensite solid–solid phase transformation which confers its pseudo-elastic and shape memory behaviours. Phase transformation can be induced either by stress or temperature changes. That indicates a strong thermo-mechanical coupling. Tensile test is one of the most popular mechanical test, allowing an easy observation of this coupling: transformation bands appear and enlarge giving rise to a large amount of heat and strain localisation. We demonstrate that the number of transformation bands is strongly associated with the strain rate. Recent progress in full field measurement techniques have provided accurate observations and consequently a better understanding of strain and heat generation and diffusion in SMAs. These experiments bring us to suggest the creation of a new one-dimensional thermomechanical modelling of the pseudo-elastic behaviour. It is used to simulate the heat rise, strain localisation and thermal evolution of the NiTi SMA sample submitted to tensile loading.     

形状记忆合金力学行为与应用综述

本文对形状记忆合金的特性、本构模型及其在不同领域中的应用进行了综述。分析了形状记忆合金材料和力学特性及其在智能结构中的应用。介绍了现有微观、介观和宏观本构模型描述形状记忆合金热力学行为的方法和特点。详细阐述了形状记忆合金在不同领域的应用现状,特别总结了结构优化技术在提升智能结构性能方面的应用,分析了当前形状记忆合金研究中存在的问题,并对其在智能结构中的关键技术与未来发展方向进行了探讨。     

Entropic stabilization of austenite in shape memory alloys

Martensitic transformations (MTs) are the key phenomena responsible for the remarkable properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs). Recent Density Functional Theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations have revealed that the austenite structure of many SMAs is a saddle-point of the material's potential energy landscape. Correspondingly, the austenite is unstable and thus unobservable at zero temperature. Thus, the observable high temperature austenite structure in many SMAs is entropically stabilized by nonlinear dynamic effects.     

On the strain jump in shape memory alloys—A crystallographic-based mechanics analysis

The strain jump across the Austenite-Martensite (A-M) interface in single crystal Cu-14wt%Al-4.12wt%Ni Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) under uniaxial tension was studied in this paper. A crystallographic-based mechanics analysis on the formation and microstructure of the interface was performed. By using the high sensitive Moiré interference technique, the full-field deformation patterns during the transformation process were successfully recorded. The orientation of the habit plane (A-M interface) and the magnitude of the shape strain were determined precisely from the Moiré fringe patterns. The theoretical predictions on the habit plane normal and the shape strain were compared with the measured results and good agreements were obtained. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19891180(3)) and Hong Kong Research Grant Committee (DAG 96/97. EG15)     

SMA本构模型及其应用的研究进展

形状记忆合金(SMA)是一类应用前景广阔的智能材料系统, 其最基本的宏观响应特性是在不同温度和应力条件下的相变超弹性和形状记忆特性.近年来, 形状记忆合金本构模型发展迅速, 其在工程结构振动控制领域中的研究和应用也得到了广泛地关注.与此同时, 许多学者将SMA用于当前迅速发展的智能材料结构,发展了一系列SMA复合材料本构模型, 成为目前SMA的应用研究的热点.本文针对形状记忆合金本构模型的发展状况, 首先回顾了近年来常用的和新发展的SMA本构模型, 并根据其包含的力学特点和基本理论将其进行了比较归类, 分析了各类模型特点和适用范围;其次从微/宏观角度介绍了有广阔应用前景的SMA智能复合材料的本构模型的发展状况;接着简要的综述了几类较为实用的SMA本构模型在实现结构的主/被控制、变形控制及结构裂纹诊断与控制等方面的应用现状.最后对目前本构模型的发展趋势、工程应用问题提出了一些看法和展望.      

Mechanical behaviour of brittle matrix composites: a homogenization approach

A numerical model is developed with the aim of describing the macroscopic mechanical response of unidirectional brittle–matrix fiber-reinforced composites subjected to stresses acting in any plane transverse to the fibers. Finite element analyses of a representative unit cell are performed, with suitable boundary conditions ensuring continuity of the displacement field across adjacent cells and periodicity of the strain field over the cell. A strain–softening constitutive law is adopted for the matrix in tension to allow, for instance, for brittleness induced by possible defects in a polymeric matrix. The perfectly plastic case is also considered for sake of comparison. Results established for ductile composites are found to be inappropriate for brittle matrix composites: numerical analyses show that composites with softening matrix have transverse strength properties much poorer than perfectly plastic composites with matrix of equal strength, and even than the unreinforced matrix. An induced transverse anisotropy in the post-peak regime is also observed. A discussion on the proposed approach concludes the note.     

On Behaviors of Functionally Graded SMAs under Thermo-Mechanical Coupling

An analytical solution is obtained for the Functionally Graded Shape Memory Alloy(FG-SMA) composites subjected to thermo-mechanical coupling. Young's modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of the material are assumed to vary in different forms of power function through the thickness, with the Poisson's ratio being constant. An SMA constitutive model is combined with the averaging techniques of composite to determine the mechanical properties of the FG-SMA composites. Different phase transformation steps and the corresponding stress distributions through the thickness direction are given. The results show that the average stresses decrease as the transformations proceed.