压电材料中的微裂纹屏蔽问题分析

分析当主裂纹与一个微裂纹在远场I型力（KI）和远场电位移（Ke)作用下的相互干涉问题,得出了在微裂纹的位置角和方向角周时独立变化时,微裂纹对主裂纹的屏蔽作用的全局使命主裂纹扩展,通过电算还发现Ortiz在各向同性材料和各向异性材料中得出的“微裂纹群对主裂纹最大屏蔽效应产生在微裂纹方向与最大主应力垂直的方向”在压电材料中不再成立,进而提出除Hutchinson指出微裂纹屏蔽效应两个来源（即：材料有效刚度的降低和残余应力的释放）外的另一个来源,微裂纹对主裂砂电场的扰动,在对主微裂纹J积分分析时发现J2积分与J1积分具有同等重要的地位。     

铝锂合金微裂纹-短裂纹生长过程的实验观察

通过二元铝锂合金的细观拉伸疲劳实验，动态观察了试样表面金相微观结构组织的变化及微裂纹的萌生及扩展直至断裂的全过程，并分析讨论了晶界及微结构对微裂纹萌生及扩展的影响，微裂纹向短裂纹、长裂纹发展的判据．该实验材料是模型材料，晶界结合强度较弱，裂纹沿晶开裂现象较多．经对实验结果及金相裂纹分析，表明金属材料微结构对裂纹扩展有明显的影响．晶界作为一种物质界面存在于晶粒间，具有一定的物理和力学性质，对微裂纹扩展速率及发展行为有较大影响．     

涂层式裂纹监测系统中基体裂纹穿越行为研究

建立了智能涂层的两相模型与三相模型,基于能量准则分别用这两种模型研究了基体裂纹达到涂层界面后的穿越/偏转行为. 用有限元法分析了相对裂纹扩展长度、弹性错配参数及界面层厚度对偏转裂纹与穿越裂纹能量释放率之比的影响,结果表明当基体裂纹到达驱动层与基体界面时,能量释放率之比不仅与基体和驱动层之间的弹性错配相关,而且当驱动层较薄时对驱动层与传感层之间的弹性错配亦有较强的依赖性. 此外,随着驱动层厚度的增加,能量释放率之比对驱动层与传感层之间的弹性错配的依赖性逐渐降低. 通过与实验结果相比,建立的模型能够较好的解释基体裂纹在界面的扩展行为,可用于智能涂层裂纹传感器的优化设计.      

铝锂合金微裂纹—短裂纹生工过程的实验观察

通过二元铝锂合金的细观拉伸疲劳实验，动态观察了试样表面金相微观结构组织的变化一裂纹的萌生及扩展直至断裂的全过程，并分析讨论了晶界及微结构对微裂纹萌生及扩展的影响，微裂纹向短裂纹，长裂纹发展的判据，该实验材料是模型材料，晶界结合强度较弱，裂纹沿晶开裂现象较多，经对实验结果及金相裂纹分析，表明金属材料微结构对裂纹扩展有明显的影响，晶界作为一种物质界面在于晶粒间，具有一定的物理和力学性质，对微裂纹扩展速     

弹性T项对裂尖参数和裂纹扩展路径稳定性的作用

研究了弹性T项在主裂纹与近裂尖微空洞干涉问题中对裂尖参数和裂纹扩展路径稳定性的影响作用.利用“伪力”法,并通过解决主裂纹与近裂尖微空洞干涉问题,对远场纯1型载荷和远场弹性T项载荷下,该干涉问题中弹性T项的影响作用进行了分析从数值结果可以看出：由于空洞的存在;释放了弹性T项所引起的应力,弹性T项对裂尖参数;应力强度因子和J积分都有直接显著的影响,因而,它对该载荷下的裂纹扩展路径的稳定性有控制作用。     

纤维／基体界面裂纹扩展断裂能

本文通过研究纤维／基体界面裂纹断裂能，分析了几种界面脱粘断裂功的理论表达式；着重研究了单纤维拔出试验中界面残余压应力及界面摩擦对界面裂纹能量释放率的重要性．     

关于界面下裂纹对界面裂纹的屏蔽参数

讨论了界面下裂纹对界面裂干涉的合理屏蔽参数问题。对于一条在远场载荷作用下、受到附近界面下裂纹干涉的界面裂纹,采用伪力法计算不同长度单位时界面裂纹的G／G0、k1/k10和k11/k110以及K1／K10和K11／K110（G是能量释放率、k1 ik110是通常定义的应力强度因子、K10＋iK110是含标定长度的应力强度因子;G0、k10 ik110、K10＋iK110对应单一界面裂纹情况）。结果表明,G／G0、K1／K10和K11／K110是较为合理的描述界面下裂纹对界面裂纹屏蔽的参数。     

次表面微裂纹对偏折主裂纹扩展行为的分布位错理论研究

为研究在拉伸载荷作用下包含一条埋置偏折裂纹和一条任意位置微裂纹的半无限大平面问题.论文基于连续分布位错法,建立相应的位错密度积分方程,并采用GAUESS-CHEBSHEV数值积分法得到其力学参量.通过有限元法对理论结果进行了验证.埋置深度、微裂纹中心到主裂纹尖端的距离将对主裂纹尖端的应力强度因子产生影响;结果表明相比于无微裂纹的情况,在某些方位处微裂纹对主裂纹尖端的扩展起到促进作用,而在其他方位的微裂纹对主裂纹尖端的扩展起到抑制作用;主裂纹尖端的扩展方向和等效应力强度因子相比于倾斜微裂纹而言受水平微裂纹的影响更大.     

动载下复合材料基体裂纹与夹杂相互作用的数值模拟

采用ABAQUS软件及粘聚裂纹模型对动态拉伸载荷下复合材料中垂直于基体-夹杂界面的基体裂纹与夹杂的相互作用进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在给定的界面强度下,当加载率(或应变率)低于某一临界值(临界应变率)时裂纹将沿基体-夹杂界面扩展,当高于该临界值时裂纹可以穿过界面在夹杂中扩展.此外,随着界面强度的提高,临界应变率降低;当界面强度超过一定值后,裂纹扩展方向将不受外部载荷影响,裂纹将沿自相似方向扩展;当界面强度低于该临界值时,裂纹将沿界面扩展;并且临界应变率随夹杂尺寸的增大而降低,即小夹杂更难于破坏.上述结果可为前人的混凝土动态实验数据提供合理的细观理论解释.     

压电螺位错与含界面裂纹圆形涂层夹杂的干涉

研究位于基体或夹杂中任意点的压电螺型位错与含界面裂纹圆形涂层夹杂的电弹耦合干 涉问题. 运用复变函数方法，获得了基体，涂层和夹杂中复势函数的一般解答. 典型例 子给出了界面含有一条裂纹时，复势函数的精确级数形式解. 基于已获得的复势函数和广 义Peach-Koehler公式，计算了作用在位错上的像力. 讨论了裂纹几何条件，涂层厚度和材 料特性对位错平衡位置的影响规律. 结果表明，界面裂纹对涂层夹杂附近的位错运动有很大 的影响效应，含界面裂纹涂层夹杂对位错的捕获能力强于完整粘结情况；并发现界面裂纹长 度和涂层材料常数达到某一个临界值时可以改变像力的方向. 解答的特殊情形包含了以 往文献的几个结果.     

Further investigation of interaction between interface macrocrack and parallel microcracks in bimaterial anisotropic solids

In this paper, with the aid of superimposing technique and the Pseudo Traction Method (PTM), the interaction problem between an interface macrocrack and parallel microcracks in the process zone in bimaterial anisotropic solids is reduced to a system of integral equations. After the integral equations are solved numerically, a conservation law among three kinds ofJ-integrals is obtained which are induced from the interface macrocrack tip, the microcrack and the remote field, respectively. This conservation law reveals that the microcrack shielding effect in such materials could be considered as the redistribution of the remoteJ-integral. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Doctorate Foundation of Xi'an Jiaotong University     

Influence of microcracks on thermal fracture of macrocrack

This work is concerned with the influence of microcracks on the fracture stability of a macrocrack in a uniform field of heat flux. Evaluated are the macrocrack tip stress intensity factors for plane problems of thermoelasticity. Several distributions of microcracks with varying location and orientation are examined; they could either enhance or suppress the onset of macrocrack growth. The microcracks are one order of magnitude shorter than the macrocrack such that the individual effects of the microcracks can be obtained by superposition.     

Thermal fracture of macrocrack with closure as influenced by microcracks

The fracture stability of macrocracks under uniform heat flux is analyzed to include the effect of a system of microcracks. The interaction of cracks leads to full or partial closure of crack surfaces. The boundary problem is stated and a solution is obtained. The domains where microcracks are closed and/or affect partial closing of the macrocrack are found. Evaluated is the macrocrack tip stress intensity factor accounting for closure.     

Modified model of macro–microcrack interaction

The general asymptotic solution of macrocrack interaction with an arbitrary field of microcracks is modified to the case where microcracks are located around a main crack. A comparison with the solution for a semi-infinite crack is discussed. The shielding-amplification zones are identified in terms of the distance from the microcrack to the main crack of finite size.     

带微裂纹物体的有效断裂韧性

按照等效介质的思想，引进有效表面能密度的概念，建立了带微裂纹物体有效断裂韧性的公式．具体计算了微裂纹群分别平行和垂直于宏观裂纹两种情况的减韧比．表明微裂纹群在产生应力屏蔽（或反屏蔽）效应的同时，也降低了材料的有效断裂韧性，减小了对宏观裂纹的扩展阻力．     

主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题的有效数值计算方法

提出了平面弹性介质中主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题的有效数值计算 方法. 通过把适于单一裂纹的Bueckner原理扩充到含有多裂纹的一般体系，将原问题分解 为承受远处载荷不含裂纹的均匀问题，和在远处不承受载荷但在裂纹面上承受面力的多裂纹 问题. 于是，以应力强度因子作为参量的问题可以通过考虑后者(多裂纹问题)来解决，而 利用提出的杂交位移不连续法，这种多裂纹问题是容易数值求解的. 列举 Cai和 Faber为评价主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题的近似方法而列举的算例，说明 该数值方法对分析平面弹性介质中主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题既简单又非常有效.     

On Macrocrack–Microdefect Interaction

A review is given of studies devoted to problems and methods of evaluating the effective resistance to macrocrack growth in materials with microdamages and in materials reinforced with small rigid inclusions under mechanical and thermal loads. Also an analysis is made of the three-dimensional interaction of penny-shaped microcracks and macrocracks in isotropic and transversely isotropic materials. Related publications based on methods and models other than those used by the authors are reviewed.     

A heuristic approach to microcracking and fracture for ceramics with statistical consideration

Microcracking damage and toughening are examined for ceramics. These effects have been found to depend on the material microstructure and macrocrack growth. Isotropic damage, attributed to random distribution of microcrack location, length and orientation can be associated with a disordered microstructure and a non-uniform residual stress field. When the applied stress is the main cause of cracking, the microcrack distribution is no longer random such as a system of quasi-parallel cracks. To highlight the effect of crack interaction, discrete models are advanced where damage is simulated by a distribution of microcracks. The dilute concentration assumption is invoked to simplify the analysis.The two-dimensional discrete model is based on a phenomenological approach that is statistical in character. Interactions of microcracks and with a macrocrack are considered by means of a boundary element technique (A. Brencich, A. Carpinteri, Int. J. Fracture 76 (1996) 373–389; A. Brencich, A. Carpinteri, Eng. Fract. Mech. 59 (1998) 797–814) where both isotropic and anisotropic damage could be treated. Comparisons with other results are made to show that the model can be applied to analyse the fracture behaviour of different materials.     

A semi-infinite interface crack interacting with subinterface matrix cracks in dissimilar anisotropic materials. II. Numerical results and discussion

Based on the investigation performed in Part I of this series, numerical results for the interaction between a semi-infinite interface crack and multiple subinterface matrix microcracks in three kinds of material combinations are given in Part II. The major interaction behaviors are discussed in detail. Special attention is focused on the influences of the different material combinations, the T-stress, the orientation angles, and the location angles of the microcracks on the local stress intensity factor at the interface crack tip. In addition, the variable tendencies of the interaction effect induced from change of the distance between the interface crack tip and the centers of the microcracks are studied. It is concluded that the different material combinations introduced in this paper have little influence on the variable tendencies of the effect, but have significant influence on the effect in magnitude. Detailed comparisons of the results with those in a homogeneous orthotropic material show that the dissimilar materials shift the maximum amplification angle, the maximum shielding angle, the neutral shielding angle, and the neutral T-stress angle, respectively.