脂肪酸及表面修饰MoS_2纳米微粒LB膜在摩擦过程中结构变化的XPS研究

用 X射线光电子能谱 ( XPS)研究了玻璃基体上沉积脂肪酸及二烷基二硫代磷酸 ( DDP)修饰的 Mo S2 纳米微粒LB膜摩擦前后的结构变化 .结果表明 :二十酸 LB膜经一定次数摩擦后其结构发生明显变化 ,摩擦后 C— H链的比例降低 ,而极性基团的比例显著增加 ,这可归因于其在摩擦力作用下发生诸如转移及有序化转变等一系列摩擦化学变化 .表面修饰 Mo S2 纳米微粒 LB膜摩擦前后结构不发生明显变化 ,且经一定次数摩擦后其磨痕上仍可检测到Mo S2 ,说明正是由于无机纳米核的高承载作用而使其表现出比脂肪酸 LB膜更优异的抗磨性能 .     

不同调制周期MoS2/DLC多层薄膜结构及摩擦学性能

采用多靶射频磁控溅射方法,在Si(100)衬底上制备不同调制周期(Λ分别为54 nm、30 nm、18 nm)MoS_2/类金刚石(DLC)多层薄膜.利用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、纳米压痕仪研究多层膜的形貌、微观结构及力学性能受调制周期的影响规律;利用球-盘摩擦试验机考察薄膜在大气环境下的润滑性能.结果表明:采用交替沉积MoS_2/DLC多层膜可有效抑制溅射MoS_2中柱状结构生长,制备的薄膜结构致密;多层膜硬度随调制周期的增加而增大.透射断面分析表明:多层膜层间界面不平整但周期性结构清晰且致密,其调制周期厚度与试验设定值基本一致.与纯MoS_2薄膜相比,调制周期为54 nm的薄膜具有较好的法向承载及弹性恢复能力,其硬度最高,达7.15 GPa;法向载荷为5 N时,该薄膜在大气环境(相对湿度约30%)下具有最低的摩擦系数(0.09)和最低的磨损率[1.34×10~(–7) mm~3/(N·m)].     

利用液体炸药爆轰制备石墨烯薄片

强氧化性酸的环境下,石墨易形成石墨层间化合物(GICs),利用石墨这一特性,将天然石墨置于发烟硝酸中,并加入硝基甲烷,配制成液体炸药,使用塑料容器盛装后放入爆轰反应釜中引爆。收集爆轰产物,并利用XRD、EDX、SEM、TEM、Raman光谱、比表面积与孔隙度分析仪进行分析,结果显示:制备出的石墨烯具有良好的晶体特性并呈现极薄的片状结构,其比表面积达到天然石墨的9.16倍,平均厚度约为14.73 nm。     

脂肪酸及表面修饰MoS2纳米微粒LB膜在摩擦过程中结构变化的XP …

用Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）研究了玻璃基体上沉积脂肪酸及二烷基二硫代硫酸（ＤＤＰ）修饰的ＭｏＳ２纳为微粒ＬＢ膜摩擦前的结构变化,结果表明：二十酸ＬＢ膜经一定次数摩擦后其结构发生明显变化,摩擦后Ｃ－Ｈ链的比例降低,而极性基团的比例显著增加,这可归因于其在摩擦力作用下发生诸如转移及有序化转变等一系列化学变化,表面修饰ＭｏＳ２微粒ＬＢ膜摩擦前后结构不发生明显变化,且经一定次数摩擦后其磨痕上仍可检测到Ｍdi     

聚合物刷水润滑条件下水膜厚度和摩擦学行为的相关性研究

利用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合技术(SI-ARTP)在钢球和玻璃盘摩擦副表面分别接枝亲水性聚合物刷-聚甲基丙烯酸-3-磺酸丙酯钾盐(PSPMA),去离子水作为润滑剂,在球-盘式摩擦试验机和纳米级薄膜厚度测量装置上开展了其宏观摩擦学性能研究,探讨了流体动压效应介入下的聚合物刷水润滑机理. 利用光干涉技术观察了低卷吸速度下(4 mm/s)接触区域水膜分布情况,发现滚道两侧水膜的形状由初始状态的圆形随着时间逐渐沿着卷吸方向分布,证实了聚合物刷通过不断捕获周围的水分子形成了1层稳定的水膜;通过控制卷吸速度从1 mm/s连续增加512 mm/s实现了润滑状态的转变,低卷吸速度时处于薄膜润滑状态,膜厚不依赖于速度且稳定在35 nm左右,接触区内有效水膜的建立归功于聚合物刷的水合效应;当速度大于32 mm/s时处于弹流润滑状态,膜厚的测量值高于等黏弹膜厚公式的预测值(2~12 nm)和水合效应促成的膜厚值(约35 nm)之和,这意味着在流体动压润滑作用下聚合物刷表现出了优异的润滑增强作用, 是水合效应和流体动压效应协同作用的结果.      

十八烯反应膜的制备及其微观摩擦学性能研究

通过紫外激发在氢终止的单晶硅表面制得了十八烯的反应膜 ,并采用接触角测定仪、红外光谱仪、椭圆偏光仪及原子力显微镜等表征了薄膜的结构和摩擦学特性 .结果表明 ,在紫外光照射下 ,十八烯在硅表面通过键合生成有序反应膜 ,从而降低硅表面的粘着能和减小摩擦     

溅射沉积WSx/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的微结构及大气环境摩擦学性能

采用磁控溅射技术在硅基体上交替沉积WS₂、Ni及非晶碳(a-C)层制备出不同Ni层厚度的WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜. 利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等研究了多层膜的成分及微观结构；通过纳米压痕仪、划痕仪和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机等评价了薄膜的力学及大气环境中的摩擦学性能. 结果表明:随着Ni层厚度的增加，WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的致密度下降，n_s/n_w值(S与W原子百分数之比)由0.84降至0.73，WS_x层以微晶或非晶的形式存在. 多层膜的硬度和磨损率均随Ni层厚度的增加先降低后升高，但摩擦系数由0.22升至0.38，结合力先增大后减小. Ni层厚度为6 nm的多层膜的硬度可达13.4 GPa，抗氧化性能和耐磨性最优，磨损率仅为9.47×10–14 m3/(Nm).      

氮和碳等离子体基离子注入铝合金表面氮化铝／类金刚石碳膜改性层的摩擦学特性

对铝合金LY12进行等离子体基氮离子注入后再进行原位碳注入,从而在铝合金表面形成氮化铝（A1N）/类金刚石碳膜（DLC）改性层,考察了改性层的硬度及其在不同载荷下的滑动摩擦磨损特性;用X射线光电子能谱仪和小掠射角X射线衍射仪分析了A1N/DLC改性层的成分及相结构,用激光Raman光谱仪分析了表面单一碳层及磨痕的结构,结果表明：A1N/DLC改性层总厚度达800nm,最表层为厚400nm的DLC薄膜,过渡层主要由A14C3、β-C3N4、Al2O3及AlN等组成,注氮层由Al2O3和lN等组成;表面纳米硬度可达17.4GPa,比LY12的硬度高近10倍;在低载荷下,改性层的耐磨寿命与LY12合金相比提高了约20倍,摩擦系数降低了3-5倍,耐磨性提高了近170倍;随着滑动载荷的增加,其耐磨寿命和摩擦系数逐渐减小,而高的承载能力得以保持,DLC薄膜的耐磨减摩作用、过渡层及注氮层的支撑作用以及DLC薄膜在摩擦磨损过程中的石墨化作用是摩擦学性能提高的主要原因。     

紫外照射对FOTS自组装分子膜表面特性和摩擦特性的影响

利用自组装技术在硅基底制备FOTS自组装分子膜,对FOTS自组装分子膜进行紫外照射.采用接触角测量仪、原子力显微镜(AFM)、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪(FTIR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)和多功能摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)评价薄膜的表面特性和摩擦学特性.结果表明:FOTS自组装分子膜的蒸馏水接触角为109°.紫外照射导致C元素被O₃氧化,形成亲水的-COOH末端基团,使其接触角变小,表面粗糙度增大.在微载荷下,FOTS自组装分子膜和经不同时间紫外照射的FOTS自组装分子膜均可降低硅基底的摩擦和磨损.紫外照射后使FOTS自组装分子膜的摩擦系数增大,磨损加剧,这与其表面结构和润湿性变化相关.     

TiN/TaN多层膜的结构和摩擦学性能

利用磁控溅射法在单晶硅基底上制备了一系列TiN/TaN多层膜; 采用X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、球-盘摩擦磨损试验机和三维表面形貌仪等分析了多层膜的结构、硬度、摩擦学性能和磨损机制.结果表明:所制备的多层膜具有良好的周期性和清晰的界面结构,其中TiN层具有面心立方结构,当TaN层在调制周期Λ值小于8.5 nm时具有面心立方结构,在调制周期Λ值大于8.5 nm时具有部分六方结构;多层膜的硬度受调制周期影响,当调制周期Λ值为8.5 nm时,显微硬度达到最大值31.5 GPa.相对于TiN薄膜而言,TiN/TaN多层膜的摩擦系数较高、耐磨性能更好;多层膜的磨损机制主要为犁削、粘着和局部剥落.     

弹性与弹塑性问题的有限元与边界元耦合解法

本文提出了一种新的弹性与弹塑性问题的对称耦合解法。根据分区广义变分原理,直接导出问题的求解方程式。通过典型算例,验证了该方法的有效性,本文建议的方法与超单元形式的耦合法相比,在理论上比较直接,在计算上更为经济。     

科学的统一性与力学的范围地位和方向

综述科学的统一性和统一性所决定的科学发展的方向,并从科学统一性的观战简评力不的范围,它在科学上的地位,影响和今后发展的方向。．     

Probability of random events of inspection and repair and maintaining reliability of structures

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Fundamental properties of elasto-plastic matrix and existence and uniqueness of elasto-plastic stress and displacement

Based on the assumption that the yield criterionF(,)=0 is a differentiable surface in stress space and by starting from a specially defined real Euclidean space, the fundamental properties of the elasto-plastic matrix in the incremental theory of plasticity is discussed in detail. By using these results, a convex analysis is made to prove the existence and uniqueness of 1) the distribution of incremental elasto-plastic stress for work-hardening materrials; 2) the displacement distribution for work-hardening materials. Material isotropy is assumed in all discussions of relevant problems.     

Initiation and propagation of fracture in the models of Griffith and Barenblatt

In the setting of the simplest debonding problem we give a systematic comparison of the fracture models due to Griffith and Barenblatt. We prove that the Griffith model represents an asymptotic -limit of the Barenblatt model, when the ratio of the external and internal lengths increases indefinitely. We then illustrate the character of convergence by solving explicitly two sample problems with initially rigid and initially elastic cohesive energies. The geometrical simplicity of the setting allows us to study the small parameter dependence of both global and local minimizers of the total energy.Received: 22 April 2003, Accepted: 12 September 2003, Published online: 9 January 2004PACS: 62.20.Mk, 68.35.Md, 81.40.Jj, 83.50.LhCorrespondence to: J.-J. Marigo     

涡旋波流场的涡量测试与计算及特征参数的影响

从实验和模拟计算两个方面,对涡旋波流场的速度矢量图和涡量进行了定量测试和综合分析,并对涡旋波流动与其特征影响参数之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:涡旋波流动只在二维层流状态下产生,涡旋波形成后,Re数对旋涡尺寸的影响较小,涡量随Re数的增大而增大,但涡量不随时间的增加而单调增加。随着St数的减小,旋涡尺寸明显增大,涡量却随之减小。本文也对不同槽道内的涡旋波流场进行了数值模拟计算,进而确定了涡旋波流场的形成条件。     

Theoretical prediction of stiffness and strength of three-dimensional and four-directional braided composites

Based on unit cell model, the 3D 4-directional braided composites can be simplified as unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the compliance matrix of unidirectional composites can be defined utilizing the bridge model. The total stiffness matrix of braided composites can be obtained by the volume average stiffness of unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the engineering elastic constants of braided composites were computed further. Based on the iso-strain assumption and the bridge model, the stress distribution of fiber bundle and matrix of different unidirectional composites can be determined and the tensile strength of 3D 4-directional braided composites was predicted by means of the Hoffman＇s failure criterion for the fiber bundle and Mises＇ failure criterion for the matrix.     

Pressure and velocity of air during drying and storage of cereal grains

A common method of drying cereal grains is to ventilate a large static mass of grain with an even flow of air at near ambient temperature. After the grain has been dried it is often stored in the same container and kept cool by aeration with a lower velocity of air than is used in drying. To analyse the airflow through this mass of grain a nonlinear momentum equation for flow through porous media is used where the resistance to flow is a + b ¦ν¦. This equation, together with the assumption that the air is incompressible, defines the problem which is solved numerically, using the finite element method, and the results compared with experimental values. The small parameter ε = bν _r /a, where ν _r is the velocity scale, is used in a perturbation analysis to examine the nonlinear effects of the resistance on the airflow. When ε = 0 the equations reduce to those for potential flow, while for small values of ε there are first-order corrections to the pressure p ₁ and the stream function χ ₁. The nonlinear problem is simplified by changing to curvilinear coordinates (s, t) where s is constant on the potential flow isobars while t is constant on the streamlines. General conclusions are derived for p ₁ and χ ₁, for example that they depend on the curvature of the potential flow solution with a large curvature of the isobars leading to larger values of p ₁ and similarly for the streamlines. The potential flow solution p ₀ and the first order solution p ₀ + εp ₁ are close to the solution of the full nonlinear problem when ε is small. To illustrate this for a typical grain storage problem, the solution p ₀ is shown to be very close to the finite element solution (with a difference of less than 1%) when ε < 0.03 while for the first order solution p ₀ + εp ₁ the difference is less than 1% when ε < 0.1.