大直径SHPB装置的数值模拟及实验误差分析

介绍了用于混凝土冲击试验的Φ100SHPB装置。利用数值模拟和应变测试相结合的方法讨论了应力波在该装置中的传播特性。二维效应导致应力波在大直径SHPB装置传播过程的弥散现象。同时在实验的大部分时间内大尺寸试样的应力(应变)存在不均匀性。因此大直径SHPB装置进行混凝土冲击压缩应力-应变曲线的实验研究会产生误差。利用数值模拟分析了误差影响程度,同时验证了用混凝土试样应变和透射杆应力得到应力-应变曲线初始段的可行性。     

混凝土层裂强度测量的新方法

提出了利用Hopkionson压杆测量混凝土层裂强度的新实验方法:用高聚物材料取代传统的金属材料透射杆,混凝土试件为细长杆,由于高聚物波阻抗比混凝土小,试件中压缩波在试件/吸收杆界面反射后形成拉伸波使试件产生层裂破坏,通过吸收杆上透射波形可以确定混凝土层裂强度。由于波在粘弹性材料中的弥散效应,吸收杆中透射波形会发生变化,但三维有限元分析表明,在利用吸收杆上透射波确定混凝土层裂强度时弥散产生的影响可以忽略。按照一维特征线理论,可以由吸收杆上的应变波形确定出混凝土材料的层裂强度。     

PVDF应力测量技术及在混凝土冲击实验中的应用

介绍了使用PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride,聚偏二氟乙烯)应力计的应力直接测量技术。在SHPB装置上进行自制PVDF应力计动态压电系数的标定实验,分析了应力集中、横向泊松效应、摩擦效应对PVDF应力计信号及动态压电系数的影响。用PVDF应力计进行了混凝土的冲击压缩实验。利用混凝土前后端面PVDF应力计信号分析了实验过程中混凝土试样的应力均匀性。与应变计直测应变技术相结合得到了混凝土的动态应力-应变关系。     

一种检测结构动应力的高灵敏度无触点电磁装置

通常测量结构应变的方法,是将应变计粘接于结构上,从而测量其随应变计电阻变化而变化的感应应变。半导体型应变计的发展大大改进了应变的测量,使它获得了更高的灵敏度和测量精度。然而,后来进展不大。本文利用应力波在压电材料中能产生一伴随的电波,而这电波又能产生一传播到该材料本身之外的磁场的基本原理,从而可以不与结构的应力部位      

标准霍普金森压杆配置下的应力波分离及无时限实验数据处理

在经典一维应力波理论基础上以及试件受力平衡假定成立的条件下，提出了一种在标准霍普金森压杆实验配置下实现杆中左、右行应力波分离的新方法，可简单有效地解决常规霍普金森压杆在长时实验时左、右行波信号重叠的问题，从而保证实验中的全部应变测试数据都可以加以利用，显著提高了霍普金森压杆的测试能力。给出了新的基于杆中左、右行应力波信号的实验数据处理公式。作为霍普金森压杆实验中经典数据处理公式的扩展，在测试信号不需要进行波分离处理的情况下，新的数据处理公式等同于经典公式。利用ABAQUS有限元软件对霍普金森压杆实验进行了数值模拟，采用虚拟实验的方式，利用模拟测试点的应变信号进行了多种实验条件下的数据处理，对该应力波分离方法的有效性及误差进行了验证与评价。数值模拟结果表明，该应力波分离方法可以给出很好的数据处理结果。在标准霍普金森压杆上进行了部分实验并利用新的波分离方法及公式对数据进行处理，所得结果令人满意。     

基于应变计观测数据的混凝土温度应力解析

混凝土温度应力测定一直是人们致力解决的科学难题.本文根据振弦式混凝土应变计的工作原理,提出了基于混凝土应变计观测数据的温度应力计算公式,并采用电热带给试件直接施加温度作用的方法,模拟弹性约束条件进行了温度应力试验测定,确定了计算公式中温度应力修正系数与温度变化的关系.研究结果表明,振弦式混凝土应变计可以用来测定均匀温度作用产生的温度应力,根据本文提出的计算公式得到的温度应力计算值与实测值吻合良好.     

脆性材料中应力波衰减规律与层裂实验设计的数值模拟

对混凝土、岩石类脆性材料的层裂实验进行了有限元模拟,研究了应力波在此类材料中传播的衰减规律,包括两类机制:弹性波因大尺寸试样的几何弥散产生的小幅度线性衰减、与应变率相关的黏塑性波因本构关系导致的指数衰减。在此基础上,提出了包含常数项的指数型应力波峰值拟合公式。建议采用可以忽略应力波衰减影响的细长形试样进行层裂实验。混凝土类脆性材料层裂破坏模拟结果显示,有限元模拟得到的层裂片厚度与一维应力波理论得到的结果非常吻合,验证了按一维应力波理论确定层裂强度的实验方法的有效性。通过对比3种不同入射波形下层裂片的形状和净拉应力波形,发现不对称的入射波形状更有利于实验获得平直的层裂断面和较准确的层裂强度。     

考虑拉压异性徐变的高混凝土坝实测应变转换应力探讨

应变计组实测应变转换为应力与混凝土的徐变特性有关,本文探讨了基于拉压异性徐变的高混凝土坝实测应变转换为应力。首先针对施工期高混凝土坝实测应变存在监测误差,基于实测应变建立的统计模型,获得拟合应变过程线;然后采用应力增量法,基于线性叠加假设,导出了考虑拉伸压缩异性徐变的实测应变转换应力计算公式。结合某高混凝土坝工程应变计组实测应变,对比分析了拉压一致徐变、拉压异性徐变转换应力的差异。分析结果表明,考虑拉压异性徐变后,由于拉伸徐变度小于压缩徐变度,计算应力向拉应力方向偏移,且随时间的增加,偏移量缓慢增加。     

水泥混凝土常温电测温度补偿研究

本文提出了计算外补偿线路的串并联电阻的公式。用该公式确定的外补偿线路和组合式温度自补偿应变计结合起来能构成一种可调整的应变计。这种应变计很容易消除水泥混凝土由于线膨胀系数分散而引起的热输出,外补偿线路引起应变计灵敏系数的下降,可以通过修正来解决。本文亦展示了验证试验结果,还探讨了上述公式在焊接式半桥自补偿应变计中的应用。     

混凝土动态力学量的应变计直接测量法

本文介绍了用应变计直接测量混凝土动态应力一应变曲线的试验研究。讨论了分离式Hopkinson压杆装置间接测量混凝土材料动态应力一应变曲线存在的问题。试验分析了材料不均匀性和撞击端面接触不均匀对应变计记录信号的影响。在此基础上，用应变计直接测量应变法得到了无骨料钢纤维增强混凝土的两个应变率下的应力一应变曲线，并与传统方法的结果进行了分析比较。新方法适用于损伤演化较小的初始阶段，可以获得更可靠的加载应力一应变曲线。随着损伤的加剧，产生较大的随机应变，导致新方法的失效。     

直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载技术

利用传统分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）实验技术来实现试件在较低应变率下的大变形时，需要使用超长的压杆系统，杆件的加工和实验空间限制了该技术的推广应用。鉴于此，提出一种直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载实验技术，利用透射杆中的应力波在其末端的准刚性壁反射实现对试件的二次加载，并分析了准刚性质量块尺寸对二次加载的影响规律；采用二点波分离方法对叠加的应力波进行了有效分离和计算，在总长4 m的压杆系统中实现了1.2 ms的长历时加载，并可以准确获得试件的加载应变率曲线和应力应变关系。建立了直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载有限元模型，数值仿真结果表明，该实验技术能有效地实现试件的二次加载，与超长SHPB系统获得的仿真结果相比较，两者的试件应力应变关系完全一致。利用该技术对1100铝合金材料进行动态压缩实验，实现了其在102 s?1量级应变率下的大变形动态力学性能测试。     

A rigorous assessment of the benefits of miniaturization in the Kolsky bar system

A rigorous experimental and numerical assessment is made of the benefits and limits of miniaturization in the Kolsky bar system. The primary issues that arise in very high strain rate testing (stress equilibration, inertial effects, wave dispersion, friction, and controllability of deformations) are addressed through experiments coupled with explicit finite element analyses. A miniaturized Kolsky bar system that includes the input bar is developed, together with the use of the laser occlusive radius detector to obtain local measurements of specimen strain during the very high rate deformations. It is demonstrated that this miniaturized Kolsky bar system can be used to provide fully validated results, including the explicit determination of equilibration, over a very wide range of strain rates (1×10³ to 5×10⁴ s⁻¹). The desired high strain rate can be achieved even at low accumulated strains, and the total strain developed can be controlled very effectively. Specific conditions are developed for determining the range of utility of the technique for a given material. The technique is applied to the characterization of 6061-T651 aluminum, and the results are compared with the results obtained using a conventional Kolsky bar.     

An optimisation method for separating and rebuilding one-dimensional dispersive waves from multi-point measurements. Application to elastic or viscoelastic bars

When using a classical SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) set-up, the useful measuring time is limited by the length of the bars, so that the maximum strain which can be measured in material testing applications is also limited. In this paper, a new method with no time limits is presented for measuring the force and displacement at any station on a bar from strain or velocity measurements performed at various places on the bar. The method takes the wave dispersion into account, as must inevitably be done when making long time measurements. It can be applied to one-dimensional and single-mode waves of all kinds propagating through a medium (flexural waves in beams, acoustic waves in wave guides, etc.). With bars of usual sizes, the measuring time can be up to 50 times longer than the time available with classical methods. An analysis of the sensitivity of the results to the accuracy of the experimental data and to the quality of the wave propagation modelling was also carried out. Experimental results are given which show the efficiency of the method.     

用于脆性材料的Hopkinson压杆动态实验新方法

岩石、陶瓷或混凝土等脆性材料,在用Hopkinson压杆对其实施高应变率加载实验时,由于其破坏应变很小,试件通常在加载入射波的波头部分（含初始上升沿和较大的弥散振荡部分）就已破坏失效,因此采用常规的实验或数据处理方法很难得到精确有效的实验结果,本文提出的Hopkinson压杆装置预留间隙实验法能使加载入射波波幅振荡明显减且初始上升时间为零,有效地减小了弹性波弥散带来的误差,使贴于压杆中部的应变片测得的信号经处理后很大程度上直接反映的是试件端面的实际受力状态,且由于避免了试件在加载波上升沿段的稳定受力而使应变率历史曲线更趋于恒定,这为提高Hopkinson压杆装置的实验精度,特别是为脆性材料提供了一种实施高应变率实验的实用可行的途径。     

A Long Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (LSHPB) for Intermediate-rate Characterization of Soft Materials

In this study, we developed a long split Hopkinson pressure bar (LSHPB) for mechanically characterizing soft materials at intermediate strain rates. Using a proper pulse shaper, a loading pulse over 3 ms was produced for compression experiments on a PMDI foam material at the strain rates in the order of 10/s. The pulse shaping technique minimized the dispersion effects of stress wave when propagating through such a long bar system. Consistency of stress–strain curves obtained from the LSHPB and an MTS in the same strain rate range shows that a gap currently existing in intermediate strain-rate range is closed by the introduction of the LSHPB.     

大直径SHPB弥散效应的二维数值分析

采用轴对称动态有限元HONDO程序对大直径SHPB装置中压杆横向泊松效应引起的应力波弥散进行二维数值分析,并从以下三个方面讨论波形弥散的影响：（1）SHPB装置中压杆直径和杆长对弥散结果（主要是升时）的影响;（2）压杆中的波形弥散对试件应力-应变曲线的影响;（3）弥散对试件应变率的影响。分析表明,在直径SHPB弥散效应对实验结果的影响很大,必须考虑。     

Characterization of shock accelerometers using davies bar and strain-gages

This paper proposes a novel method for evaluating the dynamic characteristics of shock accelerometers under high acceleration levels and a wide frequency bandwidth. High accelerations of 10³∼10⁵m/s² can be generated by the reflection of an elastic wave pulse propagating in a metal bar known as the Davies bar. The elastic wave pulse is produced by the collision of a projectile against one end of the bar, and is detected by straingages. The accelerometer to be characterized is attached to the other end of the bar. The one-dimensional theory of elastic waves enables the derivation of an input acceleration to the accelerometer from the measured strain. The dispersion of the elastic waves caused by the lateral inertia of the bar is compensated for by using a two-dimensional analytical solution. This method was validated by an experiment characterizing a piezoelectric-type accelerometer within the frequency band approximately 1 kHz∼70 kHz.     

An experimental method for considering dispersion and attenuation in a viscoelastic Hopkinson bar

An experimental method is developed to perform Hopkinson tests by means of viscoelastic bars by considering the wave propagation attenuation and dispersion due to the material rheological properties and the bar radial inertia (geometric effect). A propagation coefficient, representative of the wave dispersion and attenuation, is evaluated experimentally. Thus, the Pochhammer and Chree frequency equation is not necessary. Any bar cross-section shapes can be employed, and the knowledge of the bar mechanical properties is useless. The propagation coefficients for two PMMA bars with different diameters and for an elastic aluminum alloy bar are evaluated. These coefficients are used to determine the normal forces at the free end of a bar and at the ends of two bars held in contact. As an application, the mechanical impedance of an accelerometer is evaluated. A part of this work has been performed in the Laboratoire Matériaux Endommagement Fiabilité of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers de Bordeaux.     

粘弹性Hopkinson压杆中波的衰减和弥散

研究了线性粘弹性Hopkinson压杆中由于粘性效应和横向惯性效应引起的就力波衰减和弥散。导出计及横向惯性效应的线性粘弹性杆中纵波控制方程和应力解应变解，进而导出表征波衰竭和弥散性质的纵波传播系数的修正公式。这一修正公式计入粘性效应和几何效应，与Bacon公式相比，其形式简单，更便于在实验数据处理中应用。最后利用实验方法测定了有机玻璃杆的传播系数。