同相气泡耦合特性实验研究

设计实验, 利用电火花打火生成气泡来研究两个气泡之间以及两个气泡与自由面的相互作用, 在实验过程中, 精确控制打火电路, 使两个电火花气泡的生成时间间隔控制在67\mus以内, 实现了气泡的同相生成. 大量实验后发现, 两气泡相互作用过程中可能会出现融合、蘑菇状气泡、对射流、射流方向逆转、反向射流等现象, 自由面附近不同安置方式的两同相气泡会出现不同的脉动形式. 通过系列实验提出了气泡之间的无量纲距离、无量纲周期差等参数来描述气泡耦合特性, 为气泡群的相互作用提供实验依据.}      

Level-set simulations of buoyancy-driven motion of single and multiple bubbles

This paper presents a numerical study of buoyancy-driven motion of single and multiple bubbles by means of the conservative level-set method. First, an extensive study of the hydrodynamics of single bubbles rising in a quiescent liquid is performed, including its shape, terminal velocity, drag coefficients and wake patterns. These results are validated against experimental and numerical data well established in the scientific literature. Then, a further study on the interaction of two spherical and ellipsoidal bubbles is performed for different orientation angles. Finally, the interaction of multiple bubbles is explored in a periodic vertical channel. The results show that the conservative level-set approach can be used for accurate modelling of bubble dynamics. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the present method is numerically stable for a wide range of Morton and Reynolds numbers.     

Hydrodynamic interaction between a pair of bubbles ascending in shear-thinning inelastic fluids

The interaction of two bubbles rising in shear-thinning inelastic fluids was studied. The experimental results were complemented by numerical simulations conducted with the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian technique. Different initial alignments of the bubble pair were considered. Similarities and differences with the Newtonian fluids were found. The most noticeable difference is the so-called drafting–kissing–tumbling (DKT) process: for the case of bubbles rising in thinning fluids, the tumbling phase does not occur and the pair tends to form a stable doublet. The DKT process is also influenced by the amount of inertia and deformability of the individual bubbles and the initial angle between them. The experimental and numerical results suggest that the thinning wake formed behind the bubbles plays an important role in the speed of the pair and the formation of clusters in thinning fluids.     

CFD study on rise and deformation characteristics of buoyancy-driven spheroid bubbles in stagnant Carreau model non-Newtonian fluids

The bubbles are almost ubiquitous in many chemical and processing industries; and many of the polymeric solutions obey non-Newtonian rheological characteristics. Therefore, in this work the rise and deformation characteristics of spheroid bubbles in Carreau model non-Newtonian fluids are numerically investigated using a level set method. To demonstrate the validity of the moving bubble interface, the present simulations are compared with existing numerical and experimental results available in the literature; and for these comparisons, the computational geometries are considered same as reported in corresponding literatures. The present bubble deformation characteristics are satisfactorily agreeing with their literature counterparts. After establishing the validity of the numerical solution procedure, the same method is applied to obtain the deformation characteristics of an air bubble in Carreau model non-Newtonian fluids. Further, the results in terms of the volume fraction images, streamlines, and viscosity profiles around the deforming bubbles are presented as function of the bubble rise time.     

Strong interaction between a buoyancy bubble and a free surface

The growth and collapse of buoyant vapor bubbles close to a free surface in an inviscid incompressible fluid is investigated in this paper. The strong interaction between the deforming bubble and the free surface is simulated numerically by a boundary-integral method (Taib 1985; Blake et al., 1987). Improvements are made in the calculation of the singular integrals, the use of nonuniform boundary elements, and the choice of time-step size. The present numerical results agree better with the experimental observations of Blake and Gibson (1981) than previous numerical predictions for bubbles initiated at one maximum radius from the free surface. There is also concurrence of flow features with the experiments for a bubble initiated as close as half maximum radius from the free surface, where other numerical efforts have failed. The effects of buoyancy on bubbles initiated close to a free surface are also investigated. Vastly different features, depending on the distance of the bubble to the free surface and the buoyancy-force parameter, have been observed.     

Robust numerical analysis of the dynamic bubble formation process in a viscous liquid

The dynamics of bubble formation from a submerged nozzle in a highly viscous liquid with relatively fast inflow gas velocity is studied numerically. The numerical simulations are carried out using a sharp interface coupled level set/volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method and the governing equations are solved through a hydrodynamic scheme with formal second-order accuracy. Numerical results agree well with experimental results and it is shown that the sharp interface CLSVOF method enables one to reproduce the bubble formation process for a wide range of inflow gas velocities. From numerical results, one can improve their understanding of the mechanisms regarding the dynamics of bubble formation. For example, it is found that for some sets of parameters that the bubble formation process reaches steady state after several bubbles are released from the nozzle. At steady state, bubbles uniformly rise freely in the viscous liquid. It is observed that the fluid flow around a formed bubble has a significant role in determining the overall dynamic process of bubble formation; e.g. the effect of the fluid flow from the preceding bubble can be seen on newly formed bubbles.     

垂直上升圆管内等温泡状流的数值模拟

介绍了描述等温状态下垂直气泡流流动的总体平衡方法(population balanceapproach). 将平均气泡数密度控制方程引入到双流体模型中实现总体平衡. 介绍了描述气泡聚并与破裂机制的Yao和Morel理论模型以及Hibiki等人的实验方法. 利用商业计算流体力学软件ANSYSCFX10, 对圆管特定位置上的5个基本变量:气含率、气泡平均直径、相间表面积浓度以及气体和液体速度沿半径分布进行了模拟计算. 预测结果与实验数据的比较表明,预测结果和实测数据之间有很好的一致性.      

Numerical simulation of dielectric bubbles coalescence under the effects of uniform magnetic field

In this research, the co-axial coalescence of a pair of gas bubbles rising in a viscous liquid column under the effects of an external uniform magnetic field is simulated numerically. Considered fluids are dielectric, and applied magnetic field is uniform. Effects of different strengths of magnetic field on the interaction of in-line rising bubbles and coalescence between them were investigated. For numerical modeling of the problem, a computer code was developed to solve the governing equations which are continuity, Navier–Stokes equation, magnetic field equation and level set and reinitialization of level set equations. The finite volume method is used for the discretization of the continuity and momentum equations using SIMPLE scheme where the finite difference method is used to discretization of the magnetic field equations. Also a level set method is used to capture the interface of two phases. The results are compared with available numerical and experimental results in the case of no-magnetic field effect which show a good agreement. It is found that uniform magnetic field accelerates the coalescence of the bubbles in dielectric fluids and enhances the rise velocity of the coalesced bubble.     

液滴热毛细迁移问题的研究进展

液滴或气泡的迁移现象无论是在流体力学的基础研究中,还是在材料加工,化学工程等实际应用中都是一个很重要的课题。在微重力环境中,如果在液滴或气泡所在的母液中外加一个温度场,则液滴或气泡就会由于表面张力分布的不均匀而发生迁移运动。这种运动被称为Marangoni迁移或热毛细迁移运动。本文综述了液滴或气泡的热毛细迁移问题历史研究中理论分析,数值模拟以及实验方面的主要结果,阐述了该问题的研究发展过程。目前液滴迁移问题的研究状况,理论分析解还只限于线性及弱非线性的定常问题,数值模拟工作已经得到了在热对流作用比较小的时候液滴的非定常迁移过程,但是对于热对流影响很大的情况(Marangoni数大于100)则尚未得到过与实验中观测到的相一致的理论结果。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,同时给出了在对于热对流作用较大时液滴热毛细迁移非定常问题的最新的数值模拟的结果,并对该问题在此情况下产生的新的变化也给予了分析。最后,文中分析了当前研究中所存在的问题并进一步展望了液滴热毛细迁移问题在未来的发展方向。      

Numerical modeling of the free rise of an air bubble

The results of a numerical investigation of the dynamics of a single air bubble rising in water are presented. The bubbles, 1, 2.5, 3, 5, 8, and 10 mm in diameter, are considered. An analysis is based on the numerical solution of the complete three-dimensional system of Navier–Stokes equations for a two-phase medium using an implicit approach with the automatic tracking of the gas-water interface by means of separating the volume fractions. Emphasis is placed on an examination of the local physical characteristics of the motion. The calculated mean rise velocities are compared with experimental data. The rising bubble trajectories are shown to be periodic, zigzag or helical in shape, which is due to the variation in their form and the generation of a characteristic turbulent wake behind them. The bubble rise velocities are correlated with the forces acting on the bubbles.     

Review on vertical gas–liquid slug flow

Vertical slug flow is characterized by the rise of long bullet-shaped gas bubbles with a diameter almost matching that of the tube - Taylor bubbles. Liquid slugs separate consecutive Taylor bubbles, which may interact and coalesce if the distance between them is small. Slug flow has numerous industrial applications, being also observed on physiological and geological systems. In spite of the contribution of the development of non-intrusive experimental techniques to a deeper understanding of slug flow features, the complexity of this flow pattern requires the combined use of numerical approaches to overcome some of the optical problems reported in experimental methods, and other limitations related to the flow aperiodic behavior.The need to systematize the large amount of data published on the subject and to understand the limitations of the techniques employed constitutes the motivation for this review. In the present work, literature on vertical gas–liquid slug flow, with Newtonian fluids, from 1943 to 2015, covering theoretical, experimental and numerical approaches, is reviewed. Focus is given to single and trains of Taylor bubbles rising through stagnant and co-current liquids.It should be emphasized, however, that further research still needs to be conducted in some particular areas, namely the hydrodynamics of the liquid film surrounding the Taylor bubbles, the interaction between consecutive bubbles, and a more detailed approach to the flow of Taylor bubbles through co-current liquids.     

绕水翼空化流动多尺度数值研究

空化的多尺度效应是一种涉及连续介质尺度、微尺度空化泡以及不同尺度间相互转化的复杂水动力学现象, 跨尺度模型的构建是解析该多尺度现象的关键. 本文基于欧拉-拉格朗日联合算法, 通过界面捕捉法求解欧拉体系下大尺度空穴演化, 通过拉格朗日体系下离散空泡模型求解亚网格尺度离散空泡的运动及生长溃灭. 同时, 通过判断空泡与网格尺度间的关系判定不同尺度空化泡的求解模型. 基于建立的多尺度算法对绕NACA66水翼空化流动进行模拟, 将数值结果与实验进行对比, 验证了数值计算方法的准确性. 研究结果表明, 离散空泡数量与空化发展阶段密切相关, 在附着型片状空穴生长阶段, 离散空泡数量波动较小, 离散空泡主要分布在气液交界面位置; 在回射流发展阶段, 离散空泡逐渐增加并分布在回射流扰动区; 在云状空穴溃灭阶段, 离散空泡数量增多且主要分布在气液掺混剧烈的空化云团溃灭区. 在各空化发展阶段, 离散空泡直径概率密度函数均符合伽玛分布. 空化湍流流场特性对拉格朗日空泡空间分布具有重要影响, 离散空泡主要分布在强湍脉动区、旋涡及回射流发展区域.      

Numerical simulation of bubble breakup phenomena in a narrow flow field

Based on the boundary integral method, a 3D bubble breakup model in a narrow flow field is established, and a corresponding computation program is developed to simulate the symmetrical and asymmetrical bubble breakup. The calculated results are compared with the experimental results and agree with them very well, indicating that the numerical model is valid. Based on the basic behavior of bubbles in a narrow flow field, the symmetrical and asymmetrical bubble breakup is studied systematically using the developed program. A feasibility rule of 3D bubble breakup is presented. The dynamics of sub-bubbles after splitting is studied. The influences of characteristic parameters on bubble breakup and sub-bubble dynamics are analyzed.     

Simulations of single bubbles rising through viscous liquids using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

The shapes and dynamics of single bubbles rising through viscous fluids are studied using the SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) approach. This fully Lagrangian, particle-based method is applied to compute the complete two-phase flow, both inside the bubbles as well as around them. For that purpose, a multi-phase formulation of the SPH method that can address large density differences is retained, while surface tension effects are explicitly accounted for through a CSF (Continuum Surface Force) model. Numerical simulations have been performed for different regimes (corresponding to different relative importance of surface tension, viscosity and buoyancy effects) and the predicted topological changes as well as the terminal velocity and drag coefficients of bubbles are validated. The numerical outcomes are assessed not only with respect to reference experimental data but also with respect to other numerical methods, namely the Front-Tracking and the Lattice Boltzmann Methods. It is believed that this study corresponds to a new application of SPH approaches for two-phase flow simulations and results reveal the interest of this method to capture fine details of gas–liquid systems with deformable and rapidly changing interfaces.     

Injection and coalescence of bubbles in a quiescent inviscid liquid

Time periodic generation and coalescence of bubbles by injection of a gas at a constant flow rate through an orifice at the bottom of a quiescent inviscid liquid is investigated numerically using a potential flow formulation. The volume of the bubbles is determined for different values of a Weber number and a Bond number. Single bubbling and different regimes of coalescence are described by these computations. The numerical results show qualitative agreement with well-known experimental results for liquids of low viscosity, suggesting that bubble interaction and coalescence following gas injection is to a large extent an inviscid phenomenon for these liquids, many aspects of which can be accounted for without recourse to wake effects or other viscosity-dependent ingredients of some current models.     

On the numerical study of bubbly flow created by ventilated cavity in vertical pipe

The dispersion of bubbles into a down-liquid flow in a vertical pipe is investigated. At low flow rates, the intended design of a swarm of discrete bubbles is achieved. At high flow rates, a ventilated cavity is nonetheless formed, which is attached close to the gas sparger. Behind this ventilated cavity, three different flow regimes characterize the complex bubbly flow field downstream of the down-liquid flow: vortex region with high void fraction, transitional region and pipe flow region. In this study, a numerical model that solved the entire development of the gas–liquid flow including the extended single-phase liquid region upstream to the wall-jet and recirculating-vortex zones in order to allow a more realistic determination of the boundary conditions of the down-liquid flow was adopted. Coupling with the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model to solve the respective gas and liquid phases, a population balance model was also applied to predict the bubble size distribution in the wake right below the cavity base as well as further downstream in the transitional and fully-developed pipe flow regions. The numerical model was evaluated by comparing the numerical results against the data derived from theoretical, numerical and experimental approaches. Prediction of the Sauter mean bubble diameter distributions by the population balance approach at different axial locations confirmed the dominance of breakage due to the high turbulent intensity below the ventilated cavity which led to the generation of small gas bubbles at high void fraction. Further downstream, the coalescence effect dominated leading to merging of the small bubbles to form bigger bubbles.     

Numerical analysis of the interaction of 3D compressible bubble clusters

Based on the bubble dynamic theory and the compressible two-phase flow solver of the open source software Open FOAM, a numerical simulation study is carried out on the interactions of bubble clusters in a closed volume. The bubble dynamics and interactions of a single bubble, two bubbles, and four bubbles are investigated under the working conditions without and with the presence of a free surface. Through a parametric study, the qualitative patterns of the variations of the bubble collapse period,the volume compressibility, the bubble pressure peak value, and the breakdown, fusion,and separation phenomena with the parameters such as the bubble pressure, the radius size, the bubble spacing, and the distance from the free surface are obtained. The main factors affecting the bubble morphology and the dynamic characteristics are summarized from numerous parameter experiments. It is shown that, in the absence of a free surface,the main factors are the relative size of the bubbles, the pressure of the liquid, and the pressure differences among the bubbles, while in the presence of a free surface, the main factor is the pressure of the liquid between the upper surface of the bubble and the free surface.     

Energy spectra and bubble velocity distributions in pseudo-turbulence: Numerical simulations vs. experiments

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to study the behavior of a swarm of rising air bubbles in water, employing the front tracking method, which allows to handle finite-size bubbles. The swarms consist of monodisperse deformable 4 mm bubbles with a gas fraction of 5% and 15%. This paper focuses on the comparison of the liquid energy spectra and bubble velocity probability density functions (PDFs) with experimental data obtained by phase-sensitive constant-temperature anemometry (CTA) and three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), respectively.     

INVESTIGATION OF BUBBLE-BUBBLE INTERACTION EFFECT DURING THE COLLAPSE OF MULTI-BUBBLE SYSTEM

通过直接数值模拟方法对多泡在压力驱动下的溃灭过程进行了研究。气相满足理想气体正压模型,液相为不可压 流体,采用基于压力的方法求解多泡的两相流场。数值研究表明,在多泡流场中,中心气泡的溃灭过程明显不同于单泡,存在总体溃灭延迟现象和后期加速现象。随着周围气泡数的增多或气泡间距的减小,中心气泡的溃灭时间增长,溃灭时的压力峰值增大。结合理论定性分析发现,气泡运动不仅受远场压力的驱动,还受周围气泡诱导压力场的影响。周围气泡的诱导压力经历先减小后增大的过程,从而使受其影响的中心气泡产生先延迟后加速的特征。     

Effects of bubble size on heat transfer enhancement by sub-millimeter bubbles for laminar natural convection along a vertical plate

Injection of sub-millimeter bubbles is considered a promising technique for enhancing natural convection heat transfer for liquids. So far, we have experimentally investigated heat transfer characteristics of laminar natural convection flows with sub-millimeter bubbles. However, the effects of the bubble size on the heat transfer have not yet been understood. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the bubble size on the heat transfer enhancement for the laminar natural convection of water along a vertical heated plate with uniform heat flux. Temperature and velocity measurements, in which thermocouples and a particle tracking velocimetry technique are, respectively used, are conducted to investigate heat transfer and flow characteristics for different bubble sizes. Moreover, two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to comprehensively understand the effects of bubble injection on the flow near the heated plate. The result shows that the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient with sub-millimeter-bubble injection to that without injection ranges from 1.3 to 2.2. The result also shows that for a constant bubble flow rate, the heat transfer coefficient ratio increases with a decrease in the mean bubble diameter. It is expected from our estimation based on both experimental data and simulation results that this increase results from an increase in the advection effect due to bubbles.