不同环境下气泡脉动特性实验研究

水下爆炸气泡对舰船结构造成严重的毁伤, 海上实船爆炸实验是考核水下爆炸气泡对舰船毁伤威力最直接、最有效的方法, 然而真实情况的舰船水下爆炸实验难以进行.为此, 在已有研究成果的基础上, 设计实验电路, 利用电容在相对较低的电压下放电打火产生的电火花气泡来模拟水下爆炸气泡, 设计多组实验工况来模拟气泡在不同环境下的运动特性. 研究气泡在不同环境下的脉动特性、射流特征, 揭示一些特殊的实验现象, 总结环境对气泡运动的影响规律.      

水中高压脉动气泡水射流形成机理及载荷特性研究

具有脉动特性的气泡(如水下爆炸气泡、螺旋桨空泡和气枪气泡)动力学行为很大程度上取决于其边界条件.实验已证实,近自由液面气泡在坍塌过程中常常产生背离自由液面的水射流现象,而近刚性边界气泡在坍塌阶段产生朝向壁面的高速水射流,严重威胁水中结构的局部强度.前人基于Rayleigh-Plesset气泡理论和"Bjerknes"力来预测气泡射流方向,然而理论方法难以透彻的揭示气泡射流的初生、发展和砰击过程中丰富的力学机理.本文首先采用水下高压放电技术产生气泡,并通过高速摄影对不同边界条件下气泡的运动特性进行实验研究.然后,采用边界积分法模拟气泡非球状坍塌过程.研究表明,边界条件改变了气泡周围的流场压力梯度方向,进而影响气泡射流初生位置;射流在发展阶段,气泡附近流场的局部高压区和射流之间存在"正反馈效应",从而揭示了气泡射流速度在短时间内即可增加到百米每秒的力学机理.射流砰击会在流场中造成局部高压区,随着气泡回弹,射流速度和砰击压力逐渐减小.本文还探讨了无量纲距离参数对气泡运动及射流砰击载荷的影响,旨为近场水下爆炸等相关领域提供参考.     

水中高压脉动气泡水射流形成机理及载荷特性研究

具有脉动特性的气泡(如水下爆炸气泡、螺旋桨空泡和气枪气泡)动力学行为很大程度上取决于其边界条件. 实验已证实,近自由液面气泡在坍塌过程中常常产生背离自由液面的水射流现象,而近刚性边界气泡在坍塌阶段产生朝向壁面的高速水射流,严重威胁水中结构的局部强度. 前人基于 Rayleigh-Plesset 气泡理论和 “Bjerknes” 力来预测气泡射流方向,然而理论方法难以透彻的揭示气泡射流的初生、发展和砰击过程中丰富的力学机理. 本文首先采用水下高压放电技术产生气泡,并通过高速摄影对不同边界条件下气泡的运动特性进行实验研究. 然后,采用边界积分法模拟气泡非球状坍塌过程. 研究表明,边界条件改变了气泡周围的流场压力梯度方向,进而影响气泡射流初生位置;射流在发展阶段,气泡附近流场的局部高压区和射流之间存在“正反馈效应”,从而揭示了气泡射流速度在短时间内即可增加到百米每秒的力学机理. 射流砰击会在流场中造成局部高压区,随着气泡回弹,射流速度和砰击压力逐渐减小. 本文还探讨了无量纲距离参数对气泡运动及射流砰击载荷的影响,旨为近场水下爆炸等相关领域提供参考.      

近自由面的多个水下爆炸气泡相互作用研究

将气泡运动阶段周围的流场假设为无黏、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用边界积分法模拟流场中气泡的运动,并开发了三维计算程序,计算值与实验值吻合较好.用该方法模拟了近自由面多气泡之间的相互作用,包括同相气泡和异相气泡. 通过计算发现,气泡的周期随两气泡中心的距离减小而增大,这是由于多气泡之间存在抑制作用,特别是对异相气泡,这种抑制作用更加明显,称之为多气泡之间的抑制效应. 无论有、无自由面存在,多气泡之间均存在抑制效应,由于抑制效应导致同相与异相气泡相互耦合作用的动态特性存在巨大的差异,这些现象可为将来研究多个同时或延时产生的水下爆炸气泡的威力提供参考.      

水中高压脉动气泡与浮体流固耦合特性研究

本文针对水中放电气泡与水面浮体流固耦合作用开展实验和数值研究, 采用边界积分法对气泡运动进行数值模拟, 利用辅助函数法提高非线性流固耦合问题的计算精度, 同时运用双节点法保证气-液-固三相交界线的计算稳定性. 实验中, 采用水下放电技术生成气泡, 使用高速摄影捕捉气泡动力学行为与浮体运动响应. 首先对比数值与实验结果, 二者吻合良好, 验证了数值计算模型的有效性和正确性. 然后通过对气泡与浮体的无量纲距离$\gamma_{s} $ (气泡最大半径为特征长度)进行系统研究发现: (1) $\gamma_{s} $从0.2增大至2时, 气泡在坍塌阶段分别形成了颈缩型环状射流(本文针对水中放电气泡与水面浮体流固耦合作用开展实验和数值研究,采用边界积分法对气泡运动进行数值模拟,利用辅助函数法提高非线性流固耦合问题的计算精度,同时运用双节点法保证气-液-固三相交界线的计算稳定性.实验中,采用水下放电技术生成气泡,使用高速摄影捕捉气泡动力学行为与浮体运动响应.首先对比数值与实验结果,二者吻合良好,验证了数值计算模型的有效性和正确性.然后通过对气泡与浮体的无量纲距离γ_s(气泡最大半径为特征长度)进行系统研究发现:(1)γ_s从0.2增大至2时,气泡在坍塌阶段分别形成了颈缩型环状射流(0.2≤γ_s≤0.3)、接触射流(0.4≤γ_s≤0.6)、非接触射流(0.7≤γ_s≤1)、对射流(1.1≤γ_s≤1.3)和反射流(1.4≤γ_s≤2)等5种典型射流模式;(2)正射流速度随γ_s先增大后减小再增大,并且当0.7≤γ_s≤0.9时,速度可达约1000 m/s;反射流速度随γ_s增大而增大;(3)在本文实验条件下,γ_s1.5时浮体对气泡的Bjerknes吸引力强于自由液面的Bjerknes排斥力导致气泡在坍塌阶段向浮体迁移;当γ_s≥1.5时自由液面对气泡的排斥作用更强,气泡在坍塌阶段远离自由液面.     

三维气泡与自由表面相互作用的直接数值模拟

采用VOF中的PLIC界面重构方法数值模拟了三维气泡在液流中上升并与自由表面相互作用的运动.分别考察了不同初始高度,有无来流及有无再生气泡对气泡上升高度、上升速度、压力及与自由表面相互作用等的影响.结果表明:气泡初始位置越低,顶端上升的高度越大,自由面隆起的范围更广.越靠近自由表面,底部射流横向发展越窄,而向上的压力梯度,气泡上升速度,底部射流上升高度越大,反之则反;但如果底部射流均在接近自由表面以前已横向发展充分,则差别不大.气泡外形、上升高度、破裂时间以及上升速度与来流无关.产生再生气泡后,原生气泡与再生气泡相吸,相互加速对方的上升;自由表面抬升的高度增幅较大,范围拓宽,上升速度也大大增加,且再生气泡越多,自由表面隆起的范围越大.     

单空泡与自由液面相互作用规律研究进展

空化与空泡溃灭现象普遍存在于自然界、水力机械和生物医学等领域.空泡与自由面相互作用会产生瞬态强烈耦合,涉及到空泡非球形溃灭、自由面非线性变形及失稳等现象,是流体力学领域重要的前沿与基础问题.本文围绕这一热点,从空泡非球形演化和自由面变形规律角度出发,概述和归纳近年该领域的研究进展与成果.对于近自由面空泡的非球形演化,基于表征开尔文冲量的无量纲参数,重点关注了体积振荡、射流生成、水锤效应及溃灭冲击波生成等关键过程,介绍了关键参数的理论建模方法,获得了空泡溃灭过程中能量分配机制.针对自由液面变形演化,根据细射流和粗射流生成和发展,归纳了4种典型现象及特点:透明水层及水柱生成、不稳定与稳定冠状水裙结构.进一步总结了开尔文冲量理论、界面凹陷奇点概念和泰勒不稳定性等理论模型的建立和应用,讨论了气泡溃灭过程、液面射流和界面稳定性等主要机制.此外,本文也概述了空泡脉动对球状、圆柱状等非平面液面变形行为的影响,归纳了曲率对于液面变形的影响机制.最后,针对目前研究状况提出该领域研究中尚未解决的问题,期望对将来的空泡及空泡群与自由液面相互作用深入研究提供借鉴.     

T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素

基于液滴或气泡的多相微流控是近年来微流控技术中快速发展的重要分支之一.本文利用高速显微摄影技术和数字图像处理技术对T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素进行实验研究.实验采用添加表面活性剂的海藻酸钠水溶液作为液相,空气作为气相.研究T型微通道反应器内气液两相流型的转变过程,并根据微通道内气泡的生成频率和生成气泡的长径比对气泡流进行分类.研究发现当前的进料方式下,可以观测到气泡流和分层流2种流型,且依据气泡生成频率和微通道内气泡的长径比可将气泡流划分为分散气泡流、短弹状气泡流和长弹状气泡流3种类型,并基于受力分析确定3种气泡流的形成机制分别为剪切机制、剪切–挤压机制和挤压机制.考察不同液相黏度和表面张力系数对不同类型气泡流范围的影响规律.结果表明:液相黏度相较于表面张力系数而言,对气泡流生成范围影响更大.给出不同类型气泡流流型转变条件的无量纲关系式,实现微通道生成微气泡过程的可控操作.     

T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素

基于液滴或气泡的多相微流控是近年来微流控技术中快速发展的重要分支之一.本文利用高速显微摄影技术和数字图像处理技术对T型微通道反应器内气液两相流动机制及影响因素进行实验研究.实验采用添加表面活性剂的海藻酸钠水溶液作为液相,空气作为气相.研究T型微通道反应器内气液两相流型的转变过程,并根据微通道内气泡的生成频率和生成气泡的长径比对气泡流进行分类.研究发现当前的进料方式下,可以观测到气泡流和分层流2种流型,且依据气泡生成频率和微通道内气泡的长径比可将气泡流划分为分散气泡流、短弹状气泡流和长弹状气泡流3种类型,并基于受力分析确定3种气泡流的形成机制分别为剪切机制、剪切-挤压机制和挤压机制.考察不同液相黏度和表面张力系数对不同类型气泡流范围的影响规律.结果表明:液相黏度相较于表面张力系数而言,对气泡流生成范围影响更大.给出不同类型气泡流流型转变条件的无量纲关系式,实现微通道生成微气泡过程的可控操作.      

环形喷管喷口气泡演化的实验研究

水下气泡的发展演化及气泡动力学行为是气液两相动力学的基础理论与水下射流应用的重要基础. 环形喷管/喷口形成的气泡及气体射流具有其不同于圆孔实心射流的特殊表现与规律机制,随着同心筒破水发射等特殊应用的出现,环形喷口气体射流/泡流的基础现象观测和机制分析成为迫切的需求. 基于环形喷管的设计和水下射流条件的分析,设计建立了一套环形喷管水箱实验系统,对水下环形喷管喷口气泡发展演化过程进行了初步的实验研究. 为观测研究气体通过环形喷管气泡生长发展过程,在较低压力、较低流速下,采用高速摄影仪记录气泡生长及发展演化过程. 结合对气泡发展演化过程的图像处理与分析,研究分析了环形喷口气泡形成区制、气泡生长过程形态发展特点、以及气泡形成时间及气泡体积变化特点. 研究表明:在本实验气体流量范围内(50.8~237.3 dm3/min),环形喷口气泡发展演化过程呈现较为明显的三周期区制,前泡尾流影响是环形气泡呈三周期区制的主要原因;不同周期内的气泡形成时间具有较稳定规律,并受到流量影响;气泡生长过程中有较为明显的下沉、回升特征;气泡表面张力、液体惯性与流动的共同作用,造成了典型的气泡顶部坍塌现象.      

Interactions of multiple spark-generated bubbles with phase differences

This paper aims to study the complex interaction between multiple bubbles, and to provide a summary and physical explanation of the phenomena observed during the interaction of two bubbles. High-speed photography is utilized to observe the experiments involving multiple spark-generated bubbles. Numerical simulations corresponding to the experiments are performed using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The bubbles are typically between 3 and 5 mm in radius and are generated either in-phase (at the same time) or with phase differences. Complex phenomena are observed such as bubble splitting, and high-speed jetting inside a bubble caused by another collapsing bubble nearby (termed the ‘catapult’ effect). The two-bubble interactions are broadly classified in a graph according to two parameters: the relative inter-bubble distance and the phase difference (a new parameter introduced). The BEM simulations provide insight into the physics, such as bubble shape changes in detail, and jet velocities. Also presented in this paper are the experimental results of three bubble interactions. The interesting and complex observations of multiple bubble interaction are important for a better understanding of real life applications in medical ultrasonic treatment and ultrasonic cleaning. Many of the three bubble interactions can be explained by isolating bubble pairs and classifying their interaction according to the graph for the two bubble case. This graph can be a useful tool to predict the behavior of multiple bubble interactions.     

Characterization of the interaction of two oscillating bubbles near a thin elastic membrane

Oscillating bubbles appear in the bodily fluid during many medical treatments, for example in Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy. We report a systematic study on the complex interaction between two such bubbles and an elastic membrane, which could be a biological membrane in the human body. We have grouped our analysis into similarly sized bubbles, and differently sized bubbles. All bubbles are created at the same time. For the similarly sized bubbles, it can be broadly characterized as the splitting up of two bubbles in vertical direction perpendicular to (vertical split) and at an angle to (oblique split) the membrane surface, jetting towards each other and bubble coalescence. For the two differently sized bubbles, there is the jetting towards or away from the large bubble for the small bubble and the ??catapult?? effect observed. The two bubbles dynamics depend on the relative bubble sizes, the distance from the membrane, and the inter-bubble distance.     

A boundary element method for the simulation of non-spherical bubbles and their interactions near a free surface

The basic principle and numerical technique for simulating two three-dimensional bubbles near a free surface are studied in detail by using boundary element method. The singularities of influence coefficient matrix are eliminated using coordinate transformation and so-called 4 π rule. The solid angle for the open surface is treated in direct method based on its definition. Several kinds of configurations for the bubbles and free surface have been investigated. The pressure contours during the evolution of bubbles are obtained in our model and can better illuminate the mechanism underlying the motions of bubbles and free surface. The bubble dynamics and their interactions have close relation with the standoff distances, buoyancy parameters and initial sizes of bubbles. Completely different bubble shapes, free surface motions, jetting patterns and pressure distributions under different parameters can be observed in our model, as demonstrated in our calculation results.     

Pulsating,buoyant bubbles close to a rigid boundary and near the null final Kelvin impulse state

This theoretical and computational study provides insight into the behaviour of large bubbles generated by underwater explosions near the seabed and airguns close to supporting structures when at least two opposing forces influence bubble behaviour. A null final Kelvin impulse occurs when these forces are in balance over a pulsation. Likewise for smaller bubbles such as occur in levitation phenomena for bubbles in a sound field, an ‘equilibrium’ bubble position is achieved. In both cases, energy dissipation mechanisms near minimum volume are important in determining subsequent bubble behaviour. Two cases typify the jetting behaviour near the null final Kelvin impulse state: (i) formation of an inward-flowing circular radial jet leading to bubble splitting, and (ii) formation of two opposite high-speed axial jets directed towards the bubble centre. The complex behaviour is attributed to a slight difference between the strength of the opposing forces acting on the bubble during growth and collapse. The present results indicate that the jetting behaviour in the neighbourhood of the neutral bubble collapse can be adequately described by the Kelvin impulse itself, but evaluated during the collapse phase of the bubble. Its direction determines the position of the radial jet in the initial phase of the collapse while its magnitude indicates the degree of asymmetry of the bubble-split and the intensity of the radial jet. Both factors are essential in estimating the final fate of the bubble at the neutral collapse state. Away from this null-state, the final Kelvin impulse is a valuable tool in predicting the migratory characteristics of the bubble and the direction of the axial jet developed during bubble collapse.     

Modèle multi-bulles pour la cavitation

In this study we propose new multi-bubble model for cavitation, in which, to simulate the interactions within a cloud of cavitation at the initial stage, the dynamic behaviour of two nonidentical bubbles localised in a volume of control is studied. The presence of two bubbles introduces an instability in which the exchange of volume seems an additional degree of freedom. Depending on the conditions of expansion, the small bubble can disappear or not. If the small bubble disappears, the volume of control is readjusted to introduce a new small bubble and to continue calculation in a new sequence. The model makes it possible for many small bubbles to disappear as in the appearance of cavitation, which is at the origin of certain phenomena observed in the zone of the appearance, such as emission of the noise. The model reveals especially the pressure rather like a result than a datum.The comparison of the size of the bubbles and the pressure varying in time, obtained with the model are coherent with the measurements taken by Ohl [Phys. Fluids 14 (10) (2002) 3512–3521]. To cite this article: M. Adama Maiga, D. Buisine, C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).     

Numerical analysis of the interaction of 3D compressible bubble clusters

Based on the bubble dynamic theory and the compressible two-phase flow solver of the open source software Open FOAM, a numerical simulation study is carried out on the interactions of bubble clusters in a closed volume. The bubble dynamics and interactions of a single bubble, two bubbles, and four bubbles are investigated under the working conditions without and with the presence of a free surface. Through a parametric study, the qualitative patterns of the variations of the bubble collapse period,the volume compressibility, the bubble pressure peak value, and the breakdown, fusion,and separation phenomena with the parameters such as the bubble pressure, the radius size, the bubble spacing, and the distance from the free surface are obtained. The main factors affecting the bubble morphology and the dynamic characteristics are summarized from numerous parameter experiments. It is shown that, in the absence of a free surface,the main factors are the relative size of the bubbles, the pressure of the liquid, and the pressure differences among the bubbles, while in the presence of a free surface, the main factor is the pressure of the liquid between the upper surface of the bubble and the free surface.     

On the impact of viscous drops onto dry smooth surfaces

An experimental study of the impact of glycerol/water drops onto a dry glass surface at Reynolds and Weber numbers around the splashing/deposition threshold is presented. Some new observed phenomena that may shed further light on the mechanisms underlying air bubble entrainment and splashing for high-viscosity liquids are presented and discussed. The experiments were recorded with a high-speed camera using two complementary lighting setups that enhance the visualization of different features of the air entrainment phenomena: backlighting with a light diffuser and oblique lighting without diffuser. Besides the ring of micro-bubbles surrounding the central entrapped bubble and the cloud of bubbles entrained as a result of the interaction between a levitated thin film and the solid surface, which have been studied by other authors in previous works, a second ring of micro-bubbles that delimits the outer cloud of bubbles has been detected in our investigation. Attention is mainly focused on analyzing the dependency of the behavior of the two rings of micro-bubbles on the drop impact velocity, the ranges of the relevant dimensionless numbers in which the rings are formed and the existence, in certain impact conditions, of an abrupt increase in the size of the second ring, which substantially modifies the impact outcome.     

Two and three dimensional modeling of fluidized bed with multiple jets in a DEM-CFD framework

Fluidized beds with multiple jets have widespread industrial applications. The objective of this paper is to investigate the jet interactions and hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed with multiple jets. Discrete element modeling coupled with in-house CFD code GenlDLEST has been used to simulate a bed with nine jets. The results are compared with published experiments. Mono dispersed particles of size 550 ~m are used with 1.4 times the minimum fluidization velocity of the particles. Both two and three dimensional computations have been performed. To the best of our knowledge, the results presented in this paper are the first full 3D simulations of a fluidized bed performed with multiple jets. Discrepancies between the experiment and simulations are discussed in the context of the dimensionality of the simulations. The 2D solid fraction profile compares well with the experiment close to the distributor plate. At higher heights, the 2D simulation over-predicts the solid fraction profiles near the walls. The 3D simulation on the other hand is better able to capture the solid fraction profile higher up in the bed compared to that near the distributor plate. Similarly, the normalized particle velocities and the particle fluxes compare well with the experiment closer to the distributor plate for the 2D simulation and the freeboard for the 3D simulation, respectively. A lower expanded bed height is predicted in the 2D simulation compared to the 3D simulation and the experiment. The results obtained from DEM computations show that a 2D simulation can be used to capture essential jetting trends near the distributor plate regions, whereas a full scale 3D simulation is needed to capture the bubbles near the freeboard regions. These serve as validations for the experiment and help us understand the complex jet interaction and solid circulation patterns in a multiple jet fluidized bed system.     

Bubble clustering and trapping in large vortices. Part 2: Time-dependent trapping conditions

In turbulent, periodically excited jets, interactions between bubbles and large coherent vortices are quantitatively studied. Simultaneous, two-phase PIV (particle image velocimetry) and photographic recordings were applied for tracking the large vortices and bubble structures and for investigating trapping phenomena. In order to quantify the interaction between bubbles and the large vortices that are formed in the shear layer, characteristic phase-averaged quantities were determined by PIV. The time-dependent vortex radius, the vorticity at the vortex centre and the time-dependent trapping conditions, obtained from the simulation of the vortex development, were tested against the experimental data.