含损伤演化的TM耦合数值模型及其应用研究

从岩石材料的细观结构层次出发，应用损伤力学和热弹性理论，对热力耦合作用下岩石破裂 过程中热－应力相互作用关系进行了分析. 初步建立了细观岩石热－力(TM)耦合数值模型， 探讨了TM耦合作用下岩石材料的细观结构损伤及其诱发的材料力学性能演化机制，把岩石 热固耦合问题的研究从应力状态分析深入到损伤、破坏过程分析之中. 运用该数值模型对某 硬岩实验室开展的原位尺度实验中的废料处理井间柱稳定性进行了模拟分析，其应力场、岩 石剥离破坏形态及破坏诱发的AE特性等均与实验监测结果表现出了较好的一致性，证 明了该数值模型的合理性和有效性.     

不同围压作用下非均匀岩石水压致裂过程的数值模拟

从岩石细观非均匀性的特点出发，提出一个描述非均匀材料渗流和破裂相互作用的数值模型。在这个数值模型中，单元的力学、水力学性质根据统计分布而变化，以体现材料的随机不均质性，材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流，损伤耦合迭代来实现。算例表明，该模型能较好地模拟出岩石类材料在水力压裂作用下，微结构非均匀分布和不同围压比对破裂模式、失稳压力的影响，非均匀性导致试件的开裂压力、失稳压力明显不同，裂纹扩展路径不规则发展，模拟结果和实验结果较为一致。     

热-应力耦合结构灵敏度分析方法

研究稳态／瞬态热传导灵敏度分析、以及热与机械荷载同时作用的热结构应力灵敏度分析问题。考虑了温度场随设计变量的变化及其对应力的影响,提出温度场与结构热应力耦合问题的灵敏度计算方法。特别指出了热－应力耦合灵敏度分析中温度场导数的影响, 说明了在热－应力耦合结构灵敏度分析中必须考虑耦合灵敏度。在应用软件系统JIFEX中实现了所提出的方法,数值算例验证了灵敏度算法的精度。     

岩石破裂与渗流耦合过程细观力学模型

从岩石细观非均匀性的特点出发,应用弹性损伤力学、B iot渗流力学理论,对岩石破裂过程渗流-应力-损伤耦合模型进行了描述.算例表明,该模型能较好的模拟出岩石材料在水压和载荷作用下裂纹扩展路径不规则发展及稳态、瞬态渗流过程,裂纹扩展对渗流路径和流动过程起到明显的控制作用.     

岩石破裂过程THMD耦合数值模型研究

从岩石的细观非均匀性特点出发,应用损伤力学、热力学和渗流力学理论,建立了岩体热(温度)-水(渗流)-岩(应力)-损伤耦合数值模型(THMD model),把岩石(体)THM耦合问题的研究从应力状态分析深入到损伤、破坏过程分析之中。探讨了THM耦合作用下岩石材料的细观结构损伤及其诱发的材料力学性能演化机制,并运用所提出方法计算温度-渗流-应力耦合作用下井筒近场围岩的稳定性,模拟得到的岩体破坏过程、应力分布、AE特性及渗流特性变化与现场标定结果有着一致的规律性,初步证明了该数值模型的合理性和有效性。THMD模型以简单的数值模型表征了岩石(体)中热、水、岩及损伤之间复杂的作用关系,为从细观损伤演化揭示宏观岩体温度-渗流-应力耦合破坏机制提供了一种新的数值分析方法。     

考虑相变的近场动力学热?力耦合模型及多孔介质冻结破坏模拟

多孔介质的传热传质现象广泛存在于自然界和工业领域中. 低温条件可能导致多孔介质中的组分发生相变, 并由此诱发材料损伤, 甚至导致结构失效破坏. 对这类破坏现象的预测需要精细化建模, 以能够反映物质的相变过程和材料的破坏特征. 本文采用热焓法改写经典的热传导方程, 在近场动力学框架下, 建立了一种考虑物质相变的热?力耦合模型, 发展了交错显式求解的数值计算方法, 进行了方板角冻结、热致变形和多孔介质冻结破坏等问题的模拟, 得到了方板的冻结特征、温度场和变形场的分布规律以及多孔介质的冻结破坏过程, 与试验和其他数值方法的结果具有较好的一致性. 研究表明, 本文所建立的考虑物质相变的近场动力学热?力耦合模型能够反映材料的非局部效应和物质相变潜热的影响, 准确捕捉相变过程中液固界面的演化特征, 再现多孔介质中材料相变、基质热致变形和冻结破坏过程, 突破了传统连续性模型求解这类破坏问题时面临的瓶颈, 为深入研究多孔介质冻融破坏过程和破坏机理提供了有效途径.      

三维非均匀脆性材料破坏过程的数值模拟

采用有限元方法模拟了三维均匀固体材料在宏观等效力学性质和破坏过程。首先采用格形（lattice）方法把试件离散成三维均匀网格,在每个单元格中将材料按照均匀处理,根据给定的统计规则来确定不同单元格中的材料常数以反映材料的非均匀性。然后对非均匀脆性材料选用简单的本构关系与断裂准则,采用自适应选取载荷步长对试件进行加载,通过非平衡迭代技术对刚度矩阵进行不断修正,实现了非均匀脆性材料的弹性行为及破坏过程的数值模拟。在此基础上,通过数值计算研究了材料的非均匀分布对宏观等效力学性质和破坏过程的影响,给出了破坏全过程的非线性载荷－位移曲线以及不同载荷阶段的三维损伤破坏的演化图。     

脆性岩石破裂过程损伤与渗流耦合数值模型研究

大量的实验结果表明，脆性岩石的渗透性不是一个常量，而是应力和应力诱发损伤破裂的函数．建立了一个描述非均匀岩石渗流-应力-损伤耦合数学模型(FSD Model)，开发出岩石破裂过程渗流-应力-损伤耦合分析计算系统(F-RFPA^2D)．在该系统中，单元的力学、水力学性质根据统计分布而变化，以体现材料的随机不均质性，材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现．该系统能够对岩石试件在孔隙水压力和双轴荷载作用下裂纹的萌生、扩展过程中渗透率演化规律及其渗流-应力耦合机制进行模拟分析．最后，给出两个算例：算例1模拟载荷作用下岩石应力应变-渗透率全过程．模拟结果表明，非均匀性对岩石的应力峰值强度、峰值前后其渗透性演化规律及其破裂机制影响十分明显，模拟结果和实验结果较为一致；算例2模拟孔隙水压力作用下岩石拉伸断裂过程，通过和物理实验对比验证，验证了模型计算结果的可靠性。     

全制动工况下轮轨热-机耦合效应的分析

采用有限元法从摩擦热效应角度探寻轮轨表面破坏的原因,建立了轮轨热-机械载荷耦合接触模型,分析纯滑动接触过程中轮轨的温升以及热应力,模型中考虑了轮轨间非稳态热传导、与环境的热对流和热辐射以及轮轨间的接触计算,分析了滑动接触过程中应力场的分布特点以及速度的影响.结果表明:所采用的接触算法能够求解二维轮轨全制动工况下的热接触问题;轮轨摩擦热效应只存在于表层,其影响随着深度增加而减小;轮轨的相对滑动速度越高,其热效应越明显.     

采用包络-准则法优化考虑瞬态传热的薄板结构

刚度和强度是薄板结构的两个主要性能。在瞬态传热过程中,考虑热-力耦合,随时间和空间变化的非均匀温度场在结构中会引起热变形和热应力,温度场随时间变化的规律和空间分布依赖于板的厚度变化,进而影响板的刚度和强度。因此,考虑瞬态传热的薄板优化问题具有更强的非线性,更加难以求解。本文给出一种包络-准则方法处理这类结构优化问题。首先,针对外力荷载,进行一个结构柔顺性的优化设计;以这一设计为基础,通过瞬态热-力耦合分析及优化准则,计算多个时刻的优化设计变量并取其包络,对上述优化结果进行迭代修正,以消除瞬态温度场作用下较高的局部应力。优化算例表明,该方法对于考虑瞬态传热薄板优化问题有效。     

含损伤演化的TM耦合数值模型及其应用研究

基于生物力学中的Wolff法则，发展了一种连续体拓扑优化的新方法. 有待优化的结构 被看作是一块遵从Wolff法则生长的骨骼，把寻找其最优拓扑的过程比拟为骨骼的重建/生 长过程. 采用骨骼的重建/生长规律作为准则更新材料分布，直至达到一个平衡状态并由此 获得结构的最优拓扑. 算例表明了所提出方法的有效性.     

Two scale damage model and related numerical issues for thermo-mechanical High Cycle Fatigue

On the idea that fatigue damage is localized at the microscopic scale, a scale smaller than the mesoscopic one of the Representative Volume Element (RVE), a three-dimensional two scale damage model has been proposed for High Cycle Fatigue applications. It is extended here to anisothermal cases and then to thermo-mechanical fatigue. The modeling consists in the micromechanics analysis of a weak micro-inclusion subjected to plasticity and damage embedded in an elastic meso-element (the RVE of continuum mechanics). The consideration of plasticity coupled with damage equations at microscale, altogether with Eshelby–Kröner localization law, allows to compute the value of microscopic damage up to failure for any kind of loading, 1D or 3D, cyclic or random, isothermal or anisothermal, mechanical, thermal or thermo-mechanical. A robust numerical scheme is proposed in order to make the computations fast. A post-processor for damage and fatigue (DAMAGE_2005) has been developed. It applies to complex thermo-mechanical loadings. Examples of the representation by the two scale damage model of physical phenomena related to High Cycle Fatigue are given such as the mean stress effect, the non-linear accumulation of damage. Examples of thermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue as well as complex applications on real size testing structure subjected to thermo-mechanical fatigue are detailed.     

损伤统计演化方程的性质和数值模拟

通过对一种含成核尺寸效应的损伤统计演化方程性质的分析和数值模拟,揭示了损伤率主要是由微损伤在二维相空间中的前沿的运动所决定的这也就是Kachanov提出的损伤率演化方程的物理基础数值结果进一步显示了含成核尺寸效应模型在损伤发展上与-维模型的区别而且,由几种形式的细观动力学算出的损伤率与损伤的关系简单,可近似拟合为宏观上封闭的形式     

SIMULATION OF THE IN-PILE BEHAVIORS EVOLUTION IN NUCLEAR FUEL RODS WITH THE IRRADIATION DAMAGE EFFECTS

Based on the commercial computational software, a three-dimensional finite ele- ment model to simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviors in a nuclear fuel rod is established; By taking into consideration irradiation-swelling of the pellet and the irradiation damage effects in the cladding together with the coupling effects between the temperature field and the mechanical field, the user subroutines to define the special material performance and boundary conditions have been developed independently and validated. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the thermo-mechanical coupling behaviors in a nuclear fuel rod is carried out, and the evolution rules of the important thermal and mechanical variables are obtained and analyzed. The research re- sults indicate that： （i） the fuel pellets will be in contact with the cladding at high burnup, which will induce a strong mechanical interaction between them; （2） the irradiation creep effect plays an important role in the mechanical behavior evolution in the nuclear fuel rod.     

Simulation of damage evolution in ductile metals undergoing dynamic loading conditions

A set of constitutive equations for large rate-dependent elastic-plastic-damage materials at elevated temperatures is presented to be able to analyze adiabatic high strain rate deformation processes for a wide range of stress triaxialities. The model is based on the concepts of continuum damage mechanics. Since the material macroscopic thermo-mechanical response under large strain and high strain rate deformation loading is governed by different physical mechanisms, a multi-dissipative approach is proposed. It incorporates thermo-mechanical coupling effects as well as internal dissipative mechanisms through rate-dependent constitutive relations with a set of internal variables. In addition, the effect of stress triaxiality on the onset and evolution of plastic flow, damage and failure is discussed.Furthermore, the algorithm for numerical integration of the coupled constitutive rate equations is presented. It relies on operator split methodology resulting in an inelastic predictor-elastic corrector technique. The explicit finite element program LS-DYNA augmented by an user-defined material subroutine is used to approximate boundary-value problems under dynamic loading conditions. Numerical simulations of dynamic experiments with different specimens are performed and good correlation of numerical results and published experimental data is achieved. Based on numerical studies modified specimens geometries are proposed to be able to detect complex damage and failure mechanisms in Hopkinson-Bar experiments.     

平纹编织陶瓷基复合材料面内剪切细观损伤行为研究

采用约西佩斯库(Iosipescu)纯剪切试件,研究了平纹编织SiC/SiC和C/SiC复合材料的面内剪切应力-应变行为和细观损伤特性.通过试验获得了材料不同方向上的单调和迟滞应力-应变行为,对比分析了两种材料的剪切损伤特性,结果表明材料的剪切损伤演化规律受热残余应力水平影响严重.由试件断口电镜扫描结果发现剪切加载状态下桥连纤维承受显著的弯曲载荷和变形,据此提出了纤维弯曲承载机制,并结合裂纹闭合效应分阶段阐释了材料的剪切迟滞环形状.基于材料的剪切细观损伤机制,通过两个损伤变量表征了材料的剪切损伤演化进程,得到了材料的面内剪切细观损伤演化模型.对比发现2D-C/SiC复合材料45°方向基体裂纹的起裂应力明显小于2D-SiC/SiC复合材料,而两者0°/90°方向裂纹的起裂应力基本相同.      

接触面损伤演化过程的数值模型

结合接触面在细观尺度上的非均匀性及其损伤演化规律,提出了一种可以考虑接触面损伤演化过程的数值模型.数值模拟得到的剪切应力-剪切位移关系表明:随着剪切位移的增加,接触面上产生的损伤单元导致曲线斜率逐渐降低;当接触面被完全剪断后,模型中的剪切应力出现了一定程度的下降,此后的剪应力在摩擦力的作用下基本保持不变.模型所能承受的...     

弹塑性耦合张量的宏细观对偶形式

依据弹塑性耦合问题的不同类型，应用广义正交原理，在应变空间上推导出已知宏、细观形变规律情况下两种不同形式的弹塑性耦合张量理论表达式及其显形式。该两类弹塑性耦合张量作为宏、细观的对耦形式可应用于体胞模型的损伤力学理论分析与数值计算。     

An incremental variational approach to coupled thermo-mechanical problems in anelastic solids. Application to shape-memory alloys

We study the coupled thermo-mechanical problem that is obtained by combining generalized standard materials with Fourier’s law for heat conduction. The analysis is conducted in the framework of non-smooth mechanics in order to account for possible constraints on the state variables. This allows models of damage and phase-transformation to be included in the analysis. In view of performing numerical simulations, an incremental thermo-mechanical problem and corresponding variational principles are introduced. Conditions for existence of solutions to the incremental problem are discussed and compared with the isothermal case. The numerical implementation of the proposed approach is studied in detail. In particular, it is shown that the incremental thermo-mechanical problem can be recast as a concave maximization problem and ultimately amounts to solve a sequence of linear thermal problems and purely mechanical (i.e. at a prescribed temperature field) problems. Therefore, using the proposed approach, thermo-mechanical coupling can be implemented with low additional complexity compared to the isothermal case, while still relying on a sound mathematical framework. As an application, thermo-mechanical coupling in shape memory alloys is studied. The influence of the loading strain-rate on the phase transformation and on the overall stress–strain response is investigated, as well as the influence of the thermal boundary conditions. The numerical results obtained by the proposed approach are compared with numerical and experimental results from the literature.