圆球诱发斜爆轰波的数值研究

斜爆轰发动机是飞行器在高马赫数飞行条件下的一种新型发动机,具有结构简单、成本低和比冲高等优点.但是斜爆轰发动机的来流马赫数范围广,来流条件复杂,为实现斜爆轰波的迅速、可靠引发,采用钝头体来诱发.利用Euler方程和氢氧基元反应模型,对超声速氢气/空气混合气体中圆球诱导的斜爆轰流场进行了数值研究.不同于楔面诱发的斜爆轰波,球体首先会在驻点附近诱发正激波/爆轰波,然后在稀疏波作用下发展为斜激波/爆轰波.模拟结果显示,经过钝头体压缩的预混气体达到自燃温度后,会出现两种流场:当马赫数较低时,由于稀疏波的影响,燃烧熄灭,钝头体下游不会出现燃烧情况;而当马赫数较高时,燃烧阵面能传到下游.分析表明,当钝头体的尺度较小时,驻点附近的能量不足以诱发爆轰波,只会形成明显的燃烧带与激波非耦合结构;当钝头体的尺度较大时,流场中不会出现燃烧带与激波的非耦合现象,且这一特征与马赫数无关.通过调整球体直径,获得了激波和燃烧带部分耦合的燃烧流场结构,这一流场结构在楔面诱发的斜爆轰波中并不存在,说明稀疏波与爆轰波面的相互作用是决定圆球诱发斜爆轰波的关键.     

可燃气体中激波与障碍物作用在下游形成爆轰波的数值研究

对平面激波和单个矩形障碍物作用的过程进行了数值模拟,研究了反射产生的上行爆轰波在下游可燃气体中形成爆轰波的过程。数值结果表明,下游爆轰波形成过程主要有2种模式:爆轰波直接绕射和绕射波在上壁面反射,这和已有的实验结果是一致的。通过研究下游爆轰波的形成过程受入射激波马赫数、混合气体的压力和管道尺度的影响,分析了上游爆轰波向下游传播的波动力学过程,讨论了2种形成过程的作用规律和控制因素,阐明了下游爆轰波的形成规律。     

斜爆轰波面上复杂结构的数值研究

利用欧拉方程和单步化学反应模型, 对斜爆轰波进行了数值模拟, 重点研究了斜爆轰波面上多维复杂结构的形成机理. 数值结果显示在斜爆轰波面上, 存在两种小尺度的激波和火焰耦合结构: 第1种结构由一道横波和三角形火焰组成, 是斜爆轰波中特有的结构; 第2种结构由两道横波和凸起的火焰面组成, 类似于正爆轰波面上的胞格结构. 数值结果表明这两种结构具有相同的形成机理, 而且能够相互转化, 它们的形成和发展过程受到来流马赫数和化学反应放热速度等参数的影响.      

T型管内流动气体中爆轰绕射过程的数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,对H₂、O₂、Ar体积比为2:1:1的混合气体系统在T型管内的爆轰绕射进行了数值模拟。用二阶附加半隐的Runge-Kutta法和五阶WENO格式分别离散欧拉方程的时间和空间导数项,采用9组分48步基元反应简化模型描述爆轰波在静止系统和流动系统中的传播过程,得到了温度、压力、典型组元H质量分数的分布及数值胞格结构。结果表明:在流动系统中,迎风面上波阵面为斜爆轰结构,静止系统两侧和顺风面上的波阵面为完全解耦的前导激波;在水平管中,波阵面与上下壁面经历一系列马赫碰撞后,最终形成正爆轰;在流动系统中,胞格结构明显向下游偏移;横向爆轰波的产生对爆轰波的再生起到了关键作用。     

气相爆轰波绕射流场显示研究

采用基于红宝石激光器（波长694.3 nm）的纹影系统,对气相爆轰波绕射进行了初步的流场显示研究。采用单色激光和合适半带宽（15 nm）的滤光片,有效地消除了爆轰波自发光对流场显示的影响。合理设置激光器同步控制系统的触发延时,得到了序列的爆轰波阵面纹影照片。结果表明:图像清晰地显示了爆轰波阵面的诱导激波、横波及化学反应区。当爆轰波在左尖点处绕射,受稀疏波作用,诱导激波与化学反应区明显分离,导致爆轰波衰减为爆燃。分离的诱导激波和折皱的化学反应区在纹影图上清晰可见。诱导激波在垂直支管右壁面反射,诱导二次起爆。畸变爆轰波在水平和垂直支管中均发生马赫反射。提高初压,爆轰波受分叉口几何属性的影响减小,畸变爆轰波在水平和垂直支管下游较易恢复为自持爆轰波。     

用环形激波聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆的数值模拟

利用基元反应模型和有限体积法对环形激波在可燃气体中聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明，标准状态下的氢气-空气混合气体在马赫数为3.1以上的环形激波聚焦产生的高温高压区作用下会诱发可燃气体的直接起爆形成爆轰波，爆轰波与激波和接触间断相互作用产生了复杂的波系结构；爆轰波爆点位置在对称轴上并不是固定的点，而是随着初始激波马赫数的变化而发生移动；可燃气体初始温度和压力对起爆临界马赫数都有影响，但是初始温度的影响大得多。     

提高高马赫数超燃冲压发动机推力的理论方法

斜爆轰发动机和激波诱导燃烧冲压发动机在高马赫数吸气式发动机中具有重要应用前景,但是斜爆轰发动机是否具有足够大的净推力,还是一个未知的问题,因此需要对高马赫数冲压发动机的推进性能以及提高推力的方法进行理论研究.本文主要分为3部分.第1部分理论研究了超燃冲压发动机中的爆燃波和爆轰波的传播特性.保证发动机稳定燃烧是提高推力的...     

高速弹丸诱导斜爆轰激波结构实验研究

斜爆轰推进系统在高超声速推进领域具有广阔的应用前景,其释热迅速、比冲高、燃烧室结构简单的优点吸引研究人员的持续关注.然而,斜爆轰的地面试验同时涉及到高速试验环境模拟、燃料与氧化剂混合、高温燃烧流场结构测量等技术难点,当前国内外系统的试验研究仍然十分有限,难以支撑斜爆轰发动机的研制.为了研究自持传播的斜爆轰激波结构与波面流动特性,基于爆轰驱动二级轻气炮开展了高速弹丸诱导斜爆轰实验研究,使用直径30 mm球头圆柱形弹丸发射进入充满氢/氧可燃混合气体的实验舱中以起爆斜爆轰波,并采用两种阴影技术对实验流动结构进行测量.实验中在不同速度、不同充气压力下观察到三种弹丸诱导激波结构,即激波诱导燃烧、弹丸起爆爆轰波和相对弹丸驻定的斜爆轰波,实验舱充气压力下降则会造成爆轰横波尺度增加与波面流动失稳.实验中,斜爆轰激波角与理论分析结果吻合较好,弹丸气动不稳定带来较大的弹丸攻角会对激波角测量带来一定偏差.通过对斜爆轰波波面法向传播速度的测量发现,随着远离弹丸,斜爆轰传播速度由弹丸飞行速度衰减至接近实验气体CJ速度,弹丸速度的降低会加速斜爆轰波传播速度的衰减.     

周期性非均匀介质中气相爆轰波演变模式研究

气相爆轰波在周期性非均匀介质中的起爆, 稳态传播和失效机制都极为复杂, 很多物理机制尚不明确, 是当前爆轰物理领域研究的热点和难点. 本文使用反应欧拉方程和两步化学反应模型对爆轰波在非均匀介质中的传播机理进行了数值模拟研究, 非均匀性由横向周期性分布的温度扰动体现, 重点分析不同波长、不同幅度的温度扰动对波阵面波系结构的影响. 计算结果表明, ZND爆轰波在温度扰动下向胞格爆轰波的转变主要受制于两种竞争性因素: 一是爆轰波内在的不稳定性; 二是温度扰动的波长和幅度, 前者是内因, 后者是外因. 温度扰动的存在抑制横波的发展, 延迟了ZND爆轰波向胞格爆轰波的演化, 并且内在不稳定性的增加可以减慢这种延迟现象. 这说明, 温度扰动可以在一定的范围内抑制胞格不稳定性的发展, 但是不能够终止这一过程. 温度的不连续性使得爆轰波阵面更为扭曲, 并在横波附近存在较弱的三波点结构, 即温度扰动可增加爆轰波固有的不稳定性, 改变爆轰波阵面的传播机理. 幅值较大的人工温度扰动可抑制爆轰波的传播和爆轰波自身的不稳定性. 爆轰波阵面胞格结构的形成取决于温度扰动与其自身的不稳定性.      

激波在不同三角楔面内传播特性的数值研究

激波在收缩管内的反射与聚焦会形成高温高压区,点燃可燃混合气并诱导爆轰,因此对爆轰发动机的点火具有重要意义。本文基于二维N-S方程,结合五阶WENO格式,对马赫数为6的正激波在三角形楔面内的反射与聚焦现象进行了数值研究。结果表明,楔面顶角的变化对激波的反射类型以及聚焦均有明显的影响:随着顶角的增加,激波的反射类型从马赫反射向过渡马赫反射和双马赫反射转变,且壁面上的前向射流更加明显;三波点第一次碰撞产生的高温高压区足够满足可燃混合气体的点火条件,且其温度与压力值随顶角的增加而增大;当激波在楔面上发生临界双马赫反射时,温度与压力达到最大;当顶角增加到一定值时,激波在楔面反射转变为常规反射,不会产生激波对碰,因而没有高温高压区。     

冲击压缩下玻璃样品后自由表面速度的过冲现象

实验发现当飞片碰撞玻璃样品产生的冲击载荷超过一定值后 ,玻璃样品后自由表面速度时程曲线上有过冲现象 ,即速度上升到最大值后 ,立即开始下降 ,其时间的开始部分类似于三角波。通过高速摄影和VISAR等测试手段对这一现象进行了较系统的研究 ,发现其与玻璃样品后自由表面附近的破碎有关 ,建立了描述这一破坏现象的损伤演化方程 ,并进行了数值模拟。计算结果和实验结果吻合 ,表明对这个现象的解释是合理的。     

Effect of rigid boundary on propagation of torsional surface waves in porous elastic layer

The paper presents the effect of a rigid boundary on the propagation of torsional surface waves in a porous elastic layer over a porous elastic half-space using the mechanics of the medium derived by Cowin and Nunziato (Cowin, S. C. and Nunziato, J. W. Linear elastic materials with voids. Journal of Elasticity, 13(2), 125–147 (1983)). The velocity equation is derived, and the results are discussed. It is observed that there may be two torsional surface wave fronts in the medium whereas three wave fronts of torsional surface waves in the absence of the rigid boundary plane given by Dey et al. (Dey, S., Gupta, S., Gupta, A. K., Kar, S. K., and De, P. K. Propagation of torsional surface waves in an elastic layer with void pores over an elastic half-space with void pores. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, 6(4), 241–249 (2003)). The results also reveal that in the porous layer, the Love wave is also available along with the torsional surface waves. It is remarkable that the phase speed of the Love wave in a porous layer with a rigid surface is different from that in a porous layer with a free surface. The torsional waves are observed to be dispersive in nature, and the velocity decreases as the oscillation frequency increases.     

A special solution of wave dissipation by finite porous plates

The reflection and transmission of water waves caused by a small amplitude incident wave through finite fine porous plates with equal spacing and permeability in an infinitely long open channel of constant water depth and zero slope are studied. A special solution is obtained when the distance between the two neighbouring plates is an integral multiple of the half-wavelength of the incident wave. It is found, that when the dimensionless porous-effect parameter G_0 is equal to half the total plate number, the wave dissipation reaches a maximum, and only 50% of the incident wave energy remains in the reflected and transmitted waves. Meanwhile, the reflected and transmitted waves have the same amplitude.     

Global structure stability of impact-induced tensile waves in phase-transforming materials

The global structure stability of the impact-induced tensile waves mentioned by Huang （Huang, S. J. Impact-induced tensile waves in a kind of phase-transforming materials. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics, 76, 847-858 （2011）） is considered. By introducing Riemann invariants, the governing equations of motion are reduced into a 2 ~ 2 diagonally strictly hyperbolic system. Then, with the aid of the theory on the typical free boundary problem and maximally dissipative kinetics, the global structure stability of the impact-induced tensile waves propagating in a phase-transforming material is proved.     

Bending problem of rectangular plates of unidirectional nonhomogeneity and variable thickness with two opposite edges simply supported under arbitrary distributed loads

Using the step reduction method^[1,2] suggested by the first author of this paper, we investigate the problem indicated in the title and obtain the stepped approximate solutions. As an example, the case of a square plate of linearly varying thickness with four edges simply supported under linearly distributed loads is calculated. The obtained results agree well with those given in [3] and thus the exactness of the new method is verified.Projects Suppotred by the Science and Technic Fund of the National Education Committee of the People's Republic of China.Although this paper has published in Journal of Lanzhou University, Special Number of Mechanics, No. 1, (1979) (in Chinese), it republishes here in order to correct some mistakes due to calculation.     

Specific features of incident and reflected blast waves

On the basis of numerical modeling specific features of shock wave reflections were analyzed. It was found, that after diaphragm rupture self-modeling pressure and velocity distributions nearby the shock front establish. But in some special cases the temperature behind the shock front can rise. This peculiarity should be taken into account when performing experiments with high reactive gaseous mixtures. The temperature on the shock front and the velocity gradient behind it are uniform in the case of strong blast wave reflections. This effect is observed in the zone with an elevated temperature profile behind the incident blast wave. The reflected triangular waves conserve a quasi-self-modeling character by pressure. Typical experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical predictions. The effects of reflected wave acceleration in the case of triangular waves and the self-similar character of the pressure profiles were observed.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

The criterion of the existence or inexistence of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave

A simplified theoretic method and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the characterization of propagation of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave.After solution validation,a criterion which is associated with the ratio Φ (u 2 /u CJ) of existence or inexistence of the transverse shock wave at the region of the primary triple was deduced systematically by 38 cases.It is observed that for abrupt oblique shock wave (OSW)/oblique detonation wave (ODW) transition,a transverse shock wave is generated at the region of the primary triple when Φ < 1,however,such a transverse shock wave does not take place for the smooth OSW/ODW transition when Φ > 1.The parameter Φ can be expressed as the Mach number behind the ODW front for stable CJ detonation.When 0.9 < Φ < 1.0,the reflected shock wave can pass across the contact discontinuity and interact with transverse waves which are originating from the ODW front.When 0.8 < Φ < 0.9,the reflected shock wave can not pass across the contact discontinuity and only reflects at the contact discontinuity.The condition (0.8 < Φ < 0.9) agrees well with the ratio (D ave /D CJ) in the critical detonation.     

The Smooth and Nonsmooth Travelling Wave Solutions in a Nonlinear Wave Equation

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｅａｋｏｎＴＷＳｏｆａｎｏｎｌｉｎｅａｒｗａｖｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎρｔ =ｂｕｘ 12 [(ｕ2 ±ｕ2 ｘ) ρ] ｘ,　ρ =ｕ±ｕｘｘ ( 1 )ｗａｓｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｂｒｅｉｆｌｙｂｙＰ .Ｒｏｓｅｎａｕ (ｓｅｅ [1 ] ) .Ｅｑ.( 1 )ｉｓｆｏｕｎｄｂｙ“ｒｅｓｈｕｆｆｌｉｎｇ”Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎｉａｎｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｏｆｂｉ＿ＨａｍｉｌｔｉｏｎｉａｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎＫｄＶａｎｄｍＫｄＶｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ (ｓｅｅ [2 ] ) .ＢｅｃａｕｓｅＥｑ.( 1 )ｈａｓｓｔｒｏｎ…     

损伤介质中波传播特性的研究

本文研究了弹性波在损伤介质中传播的基本理论，建立了基本动力学方程式，并根据其边界条件和连续性条件求得末端接收波位移的时域曲线。接收波则综合携带了损伤介质内部特性信息，可通过这些信息研究损失介质损坏的程度及位置。通过实例计算，定量地分析了结构内部损伤度、损伤位置和损伤区域大小对接收波幅值和波到达时间的影响。通过分析可知损伤对波传播的影响较大；并且可以根据给定的曲线图，直接由测得的接收波峰值及到达时间探测到结构内部损伤大小与分布。这为无损检测的定量化反分析提供了可靠的依据。     

A high-speed photographic study of the transition from deflagration to detonation wave

Experiments were conducted to investigate the DDT process of the oxyhydrogen gas in the rectangular detonation tube of 3 m long. The repeated obstacle was installed near the ignition plug and the effects of the obstacle on the DDT process were investigated. The behaviour of the combustion and detonation wave were visualized utilizing Imacon high-speed camera with the aid of Schlieren optics. As a result, DDT process was visualized, i.e. (i) multiple shock waves were induced by the expanding combustion wave, because the combustion flame played a role as a piston and compressed the unburned gases. (ii) The acceleration of the combustion wave was occurred and the distance between the shock wave and the combustion flame became shorter. (iii) Eventually, the local explosion was occurred and cause overdriven detonation wave to propagate at the velocity of about 3 kms⁻¹. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 15th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Boulder, Colorado, from July 30 to August 4, 1995