考虑裂隙间相互作用情况下围压卸荷过程应力应变关系

岩体的稳定性和变形特性主要决定于裂隙，同时裂隙间的相互作用对岩体的稳定和变形产生显著的影响。裂隙岩体在加载和卸荷条件下的力学特性有显著的区别。为此本文首次利用位错模型法结合叠加原理研究在围压卸荷条件下裂隙间的相互作用对岩体的变形的影响问题。文中推导了考虑裂隙间的相互作用情况下裂隙岩体围压卸荷过程的应力应变关系及应力强度因子表达式，且进行了数值计算。     

动力荷载对围压卸载下岩石动态变形模量的影响

利用SHPB岩石动静组合加载实验系统,研究在不同轴压水平下围压以1 MPa/s速率卸载至预加值50%时矽卡岩受频繁冲击作用的动态变形模量变化规律。实验结果表明:高轴压促使岩石内部微裂纹萌发与扩展,降低了岩石抵抗外部冲击的能力。围压的侧向约束阻碍岩石内部裂纹的横向扩展,但在围压卸载时会加剧岩石内部的损伤,这是由于高轴压下,围压卸载导致岩石内部应力重新分布。轴压与围压卸载共同影响着冲击作用下的岩石动态变形模量,通过岩样在冲击荷载下的能量耗散分析岩石动态变形模量的变化规律,有助于了解深部岩体开挖的破坏机制。     

Analysis of multiple interfacial cracks in three-dimensional bimaterials using hypersingular integro-differential equation method

By using the concept of finite-part integral, a set of hypersingular integro-differential equations for multiple interracial cracks in a three-dimensional infinite bimaterial subjected to arbitrary loads is derived. In the numerical analysis, unknown displacement discontinuities are approximated with the products of the fundamental density functions and power series. The fundamental functions are chosen to express a two-dimensional interface crack rigorously. As illustrative examples, the stress intensity factors for two rectangular interface cracks are calculated for various spacing, crack shape and elastic constants. It is shown that the stress intensity factors decrease with the crack spacing.     

INTERACTION OF THREE PARALLEL CRACKS IN RECTANGULAR PLATE UNDER CYCLIC LOADS

This paper presents a numerical approach for modeling the interaction between multiple cracks in a rectangular plate under cyclic loads. It involves the formulation of fatigue growth of multiple crack tips under ruixed-mode loading and an extension of a hybrid displacement discontinuity method （a boundary element method） to fatigue crack growth analyses. Because of an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method, a general growth problem of multiple cracks can be solved in a single-region formulation. In the numerical simulation, remeshing of existing boundaries is not necessary for each increment of crack extension. Crack extension is conveniently modeled by adding new boundary elements on the incremental crack extension to the previous crack boundaries. As an example, the numerical approach is used to analyze the fatigue growth of three parallel cracks in a rectangular plate. The numerical results illustrate the validation of the numerical approach and can reveal the effect of the geometry of the cracked plate on the fatigue growth.     

Simulation of ground stress field and fracture anticipation with effect of pore pressure

Triaxial compression tests are carried out on the cores with different confining pressure and pore pressure to study the rupture mode and fracture distribution of carbonate rocks in Kenkiyak pre-salt oilfield, and the cores are made into thin sections after experiment. It shows that shear plane, high angle crack, conjugate shear cracks and net fractures will gradually appear with the effective confining pressure, the rock texture is damaged more and more seriously with the increase of effective confining pressure. Tectonic stress field in Kenkiyak Field is simulated by finite element numerical simulation software ADINA considering the effect of pore pressure, this model contains five faults and assumes that two planes of faults could slip with the force to decompress. The simulation results indicate that the total displacement coincides with the practical formation, the simulated tectonic stress fits with the values measured by acoustic emission testing, and the direction of major horizontal principal stress is consistent with the imaging log interpretation data. The fracture rupture rate and density are predicted according to tension and shear rupture rate which derived by simulation results. The fracture density varies widely in the simulated region and cracks develop easily on the structural high position, near the fault because of the increasing pore pressure and extrusion in the process of the tectonic movements.     

An effective boundary element method for analysis of crack problems in a plane elastic plate

A simple and effective boundary element method for stress intensity factor calculation for crack problems in a plane elastic plate is presented. The boundary element method consists of the constant displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Starfield and the crack-tip displacement discontinuity elements proposed by YAN Xiangqiao. In the boundary element implementation the left or the right crack-tip displacement discontinuity element was placed locally at the corresponding left or right each crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. Test examples (i. e. , a center crack in an infinite plate under tension, a circular hole and a crack in an infinite plate under tension) are included to illustrate that the numerical approach is very simple and accurate for stress intensity factor calculation of plane elasticity crack problems. In addition, specifically, the stress intensity factors of branching cracks emanating from a square hole in a rectangular plate under biaxial loads were analysed. These numerical results indicate the present numerical approach is very effective for calculating stress intensity factors of complex cracks in a 2-D finite body, and are used to reveal the effect of the biaxial loads and the cracked body geometry on stress intensity factors.     

磁电热弹耦合材料三维多裂纹超奇异积分法

用超奇异积分方程法将多场耦合载荷作用下磁电热弹耦合材料内含任意形状和位置三维多裂纹问题转化为求解一以广义位移间断为未知函数的超奇异积分方程组问题,退化得到内含任意形状平行三维多裂纹问题的超奇异积分方程组;推导出平行三维多裂纹问题的裂纹前沿广义奇异应力场解析表达式、定义了广义(应力、应变能)强度因子和广义能量释放率;应用有限部积分概念及体积力法,为超奇异积分方程组建立了数值求解方法,编制了FORTRAN程序,以平行双裂纹为例,通过典型算例,研究了广义(应力、应变能)强度因子随裂纹位置、裂纹形状及材料参数变化规律,得到裂纹断裂评定准则. 最后,分析了裂纹间干扰、屏蔽作用及其在工程实际中的应用.      

An accurate and fast analysis for strongly interacting multiple crack configurations including kinked (V) and branched (Y) cracks

In this study, multiple interacting cracks in an infinite plate are analyzed to determine the overall stress field as well as stress intensity factors for crack tips and singular wedges at crack kinks. The problem is formulated using integral equations expressed in terms of unknown edge dislocation distributions along crack lines. These distributions derive from an accurate representation of the crack opening displacements using power series basis terms obtained through wedge eigenvalue analysis, which leads to both polynomial and non-polynomial power series. The process is to choose terms of the series and their exponents such that the tractions on the crack faces are virtually zero compared to the far field loading. Applying the method leads to a set of linear algebraic equations to solve for the unknown weighting coefficients for the power series basis terms. Since no numerical integration is required unlike in other methods, in most cases, solution takes just a few seconds on a PC. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are first demonstrated with a simple example of three aligned cracks with small ligaments between their tips under tensile loading. The results are compared to exact results as well as to those of other numerical methods, including recent FIE, FEM and BEM approaches said to have fast computation times. Thereafter, some new and challenging crack interaction problems including branched Y-cracks, two kinked V-cracks are solved. From a parametric study of the various crack configurations, stress intensity factors are graphed and tabulated to demonstrate subtleties in the magnitudes of the crack interactions.     

脆性固体碎裂过程中的最快卸载特性

脆性固体在高应变率拉伸过程中常破碎为多块碎片.论文通过一个一维理论模型,研究动态脆性碎裂过程中固体内部载荷卸载规律,以及碎片尺度的计算方法.假设一维固体中裂纹等间距分布、同时起裂,研究均匀应变率拉伸作用下裂纹阵列的扩张过程.采用线弹性波动方程组描述未断裂固体的动力学关系,采用粘滞断裂模型(cohesive fracture model)描述裂纹的扩张行为,形成完整的初边值问题.采用沿特征线的有限差分计算格式求解控制方程组,得到固体在碎裂过程不同时刻下单位裂纹体内部的应力分布曲线,以及单位裂纹体平均应力随时间的变化规律,确定单位裂纹体达到完全断裂所需要的时间.在给定应变率下,分析不同裂纹间距下的碎裂卸载时间,以及使单位裂纹体以最快速度完全卸载所对应的最佳裂纹间距,并以此间距估算脆性固体在自然动态碎裂过程中的平均碎片尺度.进一步研究了具有不同粘滞性断裂特性的脆性固体的碎片尺度计算数值的差异.     

A computational study of local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks near spot welds in lap-shear specimens

In this paper, the local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks near spot welds in lap-shear specimens are investigated by finite element analyses. Based on the experimental observations of kinked crack growth mechanisms in lap-shear specimens under cyclic loading conditions, three-dimensional and two-dimensional plane-strain finite element models are established to investigate the local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks emanating from the main crack. Semi-elliptical cracks with various kink depths are assumed in the three-dimensional finite element analysis. The local stress intensity factor solutions at the critical locations or at the maximum depths of the kinked cracks are obtained. The computational local stress intensity factor solutions at the critical locations of the kinked cracks of finite depths are expressed in terms of those for vanishing kink depth based on the global stress intensity factor solutions and the analytical kinked crack solutions for vanishing kink depth. The three-dimensional finite element computational results show that the critical local mode I stress intensity factor solution increases and then decreases as the kink depth increases. When the kink depth approaches to 0, the critical local mode I stress intensity factor solution appears to approach to that for vanishing kink depth based on the global stress intensity factor solutions and the analytical kinked crack solutions for vanishing kink depth. The two-dimensional plane-strain computational results indicate that the critical local mode I stress intensity factor solution increases monotonically and increases substantially more than that based on the three-dimensional computational results as the kink depth increases. The local stress intensity factor solutions of the kinked cracks of finite depths are also presented in terms of those for vanishing kink depth based on the global stress intensity factor solutions and the analytical kinked crack solutions for vanishing kink depth. Finally, the implications of the local stress intensity factor solutions for kinked cracks on fatigue life prediction are discussed.     

砂岩峰后卸除围压过程的渗透性试验研究

为了探讨煤层开采引起的围岩卸除围压过程中砂岩渗透性的变化规律,本文用数控瞬态渗透法在电液伺服岩石力学试验系统MTS815.02上进行了砂岩试样的渗透特性试验。得出了试样峰前渗透系数-应变与应力-应变的关系曲线,以及在峰后保持轴向应变一定卸除围压过程中试样的渗透系数-围压与主应力差-围压的关系曲线;对试验砂岩在变形破坏过程中渗透性变化规律进行了总结,重点分析了其峰后卸除围压过程中渗透性的变化规律;并对试验砂岩峰后渗透系数与有效围压关系进行了拟合,得出了拟合方程式,为煤层开采引起的围岩体应力场与渗流场耦合问题提供参考。     

孔洞裂纹问题的一种数值方法

研究孔洞与裂纹的相互作用问题,通过把适于单一裂纹的Bueckner原理扩充到含有多孔洞多裂纹的一般体系,将原问题分解为承受远处载荷不含裂纹不含孔洞的均匀问题,和在远处不承受载荷但在裂纹面上和孔洞表面上承受面力的多孔洞多裂纹问题.于是,以应力强度因子作为参量的问题可以通过考虑后者来解决,而利用笔者提出的杂交位移不连续法,这种多孔洞多裂纹问题是容易数值求解的.算例说明该数值方法对分析平面弹性介质中孔洞与裂纹的相互作用既简单又有效.     

Stress intensity factor for a kinked interfacial crack in dissimilar anisotropic materials under antiplane deformation

The asymptotic problem of a kinked interfacial crack in dissimilar anisotropic materials under antiplane deformation is investigated. The linear transformation method for the problem of the anisotropic bimaterial with a straight interface is proposed. The stress intensity factor for the kinked interfacial crack in the anisotropic composite is obtained from the solution of the transformed problem of the kinked interfacial crack in the isotropic bimaterial based on the linear transformation method. The effects of the material parameters as well as the kink angle on the stress intensity factor are discussed from numerical results of the stress intensity factor. The finite element analysis is carried out to verify the stress intensity factor obtained by using the linear transformation. The influence of the material orientations on the stress intensity factor is investigated for the kinked crack in the bimaterial consisting of dissimilar inclined orthotropic materials.     

主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题的有效数值计算方法

提出了平面弹性介质中主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题的有效数值计算 方法. 通过把适于单一裂纹的Bueckner原理扩充到含有多裂纹的一般体系，将原问题分解 为承受远处载荷不含裂纹的均匀问题，和在远处不承受载荷但在裂纹面上承受面力的多裂纹 问题. 于是，以应力强度因子作为参量的问题可以通过考虑后者(多裂纹问题)来解决，而 利用提出的杂交位移不连续法，这种多裂纹问题是容易数值求解的. 列举 Cai和 Faber为评价主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题的近似方法而列举的算例，说明 该数值方法对分析平面弹性介质中主裂纹与微裂纹相互作用问题既简单又非常有效.     

Localization of deformation and stress–strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock materials under unloading

Stress redistribution induced by excavation of underground engineering and slope engineering results in the unloading zone in parts of surrounding rock masses. The mechanical behaviors of crack-weakened rock masses under unloading are different from those of crack-weakened rock masses under loading. A micromechanics-based model has been proposed for brittle rock material undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth when axial stress is held constant while lateral confinement is reduced. The basic idea of the present model is to classify the constitution relation of rock material into four stages including some of the stages of linear elasticity, pre-peak nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop, and strain softening, and to investigate their corresponding micromechanical damage mechanisms individually. Special attention is paid to the transition from structure rearrangements on microscale to the macroscopic inelastic strain, to the transition from distribution damage to localization of damage and the transition from homogeneous deformation to localization of deformation. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress–strain relation of rock materials containing cracks under unloading is obtained. The results show that the complete stress–strain relation and the strength of rock materials under unloading depend on the crack spacing, the fracture toughness of rock materials, orientation of the cracks, the crack half-length and the crack density parameter.     

The interaction of doubly periodic cracks

In this paper, an extremely accurate and efficient method for computing the interaction of a set of or multiple sets of general doubly periodic cracks has been presented on the basis of superposition principle, pseudo-traction method, and isolating analysis technique. A great number of typical examples are given in this paper. The stress intensity factors (SIF), the minimum strain energy density factors (SED) of crack tip and the critical stress (CRS) of crack growth are calculated with the accuracy of six significant digits for the rectangularly distributed periodic cracks and five significant digits for the general doubly periodic cracks. The relation of the interaction effect of the double periodic cracks with the periods and the ratio of crack length to crack spacing is analyzed. Also in this paper, the key technique problems for this method are discussed.     

基于双向聚能拉张爆破理论的巷道顶板定向预裂

为在切顶卸压沿空留巷中获得巷道顶板预裂炮孔的最优间距,基于双向聚能拉张爆破技术,采用以LS-DYNA动力分析软件为基础的数值模拟和现场试验对巷道顶板定向预裂进行研究,优化炮孔间距。数值模拟结果表明,当炮孔间距为400 mm时,应力波叠加后产生有效的拉应力;当炮孔间距为500 mm时,应力波叠加后也能够产生有效的拉应力,该拉应力大于孔壁围岩的抗拉强度,能够使孔壁围岩沿聚能方向形成裂缝,且利于炮孔间裂纹的扩展;随着炮孔间距进一步的增大,当炮孔间距为600 mm爆破时,由于间距过大,应力波无法有效叠加,不能产生连续裂缝。现场试验表明,间距为400和500 mm的炮孔间隔爆破时,未爆破孔自炮孔孔底至孔口产生连续有效裂缝,裂缝长度达2.4 m,相邻炮孔间沿炮孔中心线均能够形成连续有效的切缝面,能够有效控制沿空巷道顶底板位移及沿空巷道顶板压力。综合分析,在3种不同炮孔间距的试验方案中,确定间隔爆破、500 mm的炮孔间距为同一地质条件下3种试验设计中的最优方案。     

爆炸荷载和地应力耦合作用下煤体裂纹扩展的模型实验研究

为了研究地应力作用下煤体柱状装药预裂爆破裂纹扩展,以Froude比例法为指导,建立煤层预裂爆破的模型实验,并对地应力和爆炸荷载耦合作用下煤体中的裂纹扩展机理进行了研究。该模型描述了在爆炸荷载作用下的宏观破坏现象。研究结果表明:模型实验与现场试验结果基本一致;裂纹主要是由压缩波和卸载波共同作用形成的;地应力对裂纹的发展具有抑制作用;主应力对于拉伸裂纹的发展具有明显的导向作用。     

A numerical analysis of cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in a 2-D elasticity plate

This paper is concerned with the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in an infinite or a finite plate under biaxial loads by using a boundary element method, which consists of the non-singular displacement discontinuity element presented by Crouch and Starfield and the crack-tip displacement discontinuity elements due to the author. In the boundary element implementation the left or the right crack-tip element is placed locally at the corresponding left or right crack tip on top of the constant displacement discontinuity elements that cover the entire crack surface and the other boundaries. A few numerical examples are included to show that the present approach is very efficient and accurate for the calculating the SIFs of crack problems in an infinite or a finite plate. The present numerical results of cracks emanating from an elliptical hole under biaxial loads can reveal the effect of the elliptical aspect ratio and the transverse load on the SIFs.