含水率和围压对安家岭泥岩峰后力学特性影响的试验研究

为分析含水率和围压对泥岩峰后力学特性的影响,从山西安家岭矿取泥岩,制成不同含水率的5组试样,在YAW2000电液伺服试验机上开展了三轴试验,获得了不同含水率泥岩试样三轴全程应力应变曲线,使用激光共聚焦显微镜观测了泥岩增水过程中微观结构变化。利用试验结果,分析了围压和含水率对泥岩峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量、破坏应变和脆性模量的影响规律和泥岩增水过程中微观结构的变化规律。引入脆性模量系数和强度退化指数来描述围压对泥岩峰后强度退化过程和残余强度的影响,与FLAC中的SS模型结合,建立了考虑围压影响的泥岩应变软化力学模型,模拟了围压对泥岩应变软化行为的影响。研究结果表明:(1)随着围压增加,泥岩的峰值强度、偏应力峰值、破坏应变和残余强度都增长,峰后强度降低速率趋缓,强度退化指数和脆性模量系数可以较好地描述围压对泥岩残余强度和峰后强度退化过程的影响。(2)泥岩增水过程中,岩样内微裂隙及尺寸增长,泥岩的力学性质劣化。随着含水率增加,泥岩的弹性模量、峰值强度和残余强度降低,破坏应变增长。含水率与泥岩的弹性模量、峰值强度和破坏应变之间近似服从线性关系。(3)本文基于脆性模量系数的岩石应变软化模型能较好地描述三轴压缩泥岩的全程变形行为。     

卸荷速率对岩石强度影响的试验研究

通过MTS 815.02型电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,研究砂岩试样在常规三轴条件下卸 围压过程中的应力-应变关系,探讨不同卸荷速率对试样强度的影响情况,分析得 出卸荷速率与试样强度的变化规律;观察、测量破坏试样的破裂特征及角度,初步探究试 样在卸荷作用下的破坏机理;研究成果可为工程实践的岩体卸荷问题提供一定的理 论参考.     

粉砂岩峰后破坏区应力脆性跌落的试验和本构方程研究

对粉砂岩试样进行常规三轴压缩试验,得到了其在不同围压下的应力-应变全程曲线.结果表明,岩样应力-应变曲线峰前(破坏前区)部分的力学性质较为稳定,其力学行为可用经典强度理论进行描述;应力-应变曲线峰后(破坏后区)部分,岩样处于非稳定状态,其力学行为难以用经典强度理论来描述,而脆塑性模型恰好可以描述试验岩样的应力非连续变化特征.岩石的应力脆性跌落是有条件发生的,应力脆性跌落系数是围压的函数,并给出应力脆性跌落系数与围压的关系.对完整岩样而言,使用弹性-线性软化-残余塑性三线性非理想脆塑性模型可以描述岩样的本构特征,而对含有节理岩样而言,采用双线性弹性-线性软化-残余塑性四线型非理想脆塑性模型与试验更为相符.     

三种红层岩石常规三轴压缩下的强度与变形特性研究

利用MTS815Teststar程控伺服岩石力学试验系统研究了川东地区一红层边坡中的砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩围压为0³MPa的应力-应变全过程曲线,建立了峰值强度、峰值强度前弹性模量以及峰值强度后的弹性模量和围压的关系。将低围压下红层的全应力-应变曲线概化成5个阶段,分别为压密段、弹性段、屈服段、应变软化段和塑性流动阶段。试验结果得出,红层弹性模量随围压的增加而提高且变化明显,砂岩和粉砂岩在此围压内为脆性破坏,泥岩为塑性破坏的规律。     

考虑围压效应的冻结砂土动态本构模型研究

为描述主动围压作用下冻结砂土的动态力学特性，通过在朱-王-唐模型的非线性体上串联塑性体，建立了能够考虑围压效应的冻结砂土动态损伤本构模型；分析了损伤参数对应力-应变曲线特征、屈服点、峰值应力和峰值应变的影响规律，基于冻结砂土动力学试验数据确定了模型参数；通过将模型和试验数据进行对比，并对不同试验条件下模型的预测误差进行分析，验证了模型的适用性和准确性。结果表明，损伤参数对应力-应变曲线弹性阶段和屈服点无明显影响，而对塑性阶段和破坏阶段的影响较为显著，本构模型预测的应力-应变曲线与试验结果具有较好的一致性。模型能够预测围压引起冻结砂土塑性阶段占比大和屈服点明显的特征，且能够描述围压对冻结砂土动态强度的增强效应；不同负温和主动围压条件下，模型对峰值应力和屈服强度的预测效果优于峰值应变和屈服应变。     

人工冻结深部软岩单轴力学性能试验及蠕变模型1）

为了了解深部软岩在冻结条件下的单轴力学性能,以东北地区的原状泥砂岩为试验对象,利用自行研制的WDT-100型人工冻土试验仪器,对其进行不同温度下的人工冻土单轴抗压强度试验和单轴蠕变试验,得到泥砂岩单轴压缩应力-应变关系曲线,各温度下试样的单轴抗压强度以及蠕变曲线.单轴压缩试验结果表明：试样在给定温度和加载速率条件下,单轴压缩应力-应变关系曲线都有较为明显的屈服点,并且都在屈服点后,强度有所提高,出现硬化现象.单轴蠕变试验结果表明：单轴压缩蠕变曲线有非线性特征,单轴压缩蠕变的等时应力-应变曲线向应变轴靠拢;单轴压缩时蠕变模量随时间的增长而降低.最后采用遗传算法优化模型参数,得出泥砂岩蠕变经验方程.与试验结果对比,发现拟合情况较好.     

定围压比作用下混凝土轴向受压性能试验研究

通过对混凝土施加围压,使单轴受压混凝土的裂缝发展受到限制,从而研究混凝土在接近无裂纹发展状态(无损伤产生的理想状态)下的受压性能。本文在MTS815.02岩石电液伺服系统上完成了三轴应力比σ1∶σ2∶σ3=(-α)∶(-α)∶(-1)(α=0.15,0.18,0.19,0.20,0.22)作用下的混凝土单调、循环加卸载受压的常规三轴试验。研究了不同围压比对混凝土受压应力-应变关系的影响规律,以及围压对混凝土裂缝发展的限制作用,得出了一些与同类试验不同的结果,混凝土理想无损伤发展状态的受压应力-应变关系曲线被提出,并通过试验首次研究了理想无损伤发展状态下的混凝土循环加卸载的应力-应变关系,系统地分析了围压对混凝土受压性能的影响规律。     

人工冻结深部软岩单轴力学性能试验及蠕变模型

为了了解深部软岩在冻结条件下的单轴力学性能,以东北地区的原状泥砂岩为试验对象,利用自行研制的WDT-100型人工冻土试验仪器,对其进行不同温度下的人工冻土单轴抗压强度试验和单轴蠕变试验,得到泥砂岩单轴压缩应力-应变关系曲线,各温度下试样的单轴抗压强度以及蠕变曲线.单轴压缩试验结果表明:试样在给定温度和加载速率条件下,单轴压缩应力-应变关系曲线都有较为明显的屈服点,并且都在屈服点后,强度有所提高,出现硬化现象.单轴蠕变试验结果表明:单轴压缩蠕变曲线有非线性特征,单轴压缩蠕变的等时应力-应变曲线向应变轴靠拢;单轴压缩时蠕变模量随时间的增长而降低.最后采用遗传算法优化模型参数,得出泥砂岩蠕变经验方程.与试验结果对比,发现拟合情况较好.     

轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩力学特性影响的试验研究

本文以实际岩体工程为背景,利用WDT-1500 仪器开展了轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下砂岩的三轴试验. 结果表明:轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下,砂岩试样破坏时并没有出现应力峰值,为了定义试样的破坏强度,将最大与最小主应力差随最小主应力的变化关系曲线上应力跌落的拐点处的应力值定义为破坏强度. 砂岩变形初始段发生应力跌落和轴向应变回弹,破坏前无明显的弹性和屈服阶段;试验的过程中,砂岩的侧向变形明显大于轴向变形,其体积应变一直处于膨胀状态;相对于砂岩的常规三轴试验结果,试样破坏时的强度在轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下有所降低. 初始轴压和初始围压对试样的力学特征有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率却并不显著. 砂岩的破坏特征主要是以张-拉为主的混合张剪的破坏.      

化学腐蚀后砂岩三轴压缩力学特性及其能量机制的试验研究

为研究不同化学溶液对砂岩力学性质及能量特征的影响,采用不同的水化学溶液对砂岩试样进行腐蚀,利用WDT-1500多功能材料试验机对化学腐蚀后饱和状态与自然状态的试样进行常规三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:化学腐蚀后砂岩试样的强度及其抗变形能力呈现不同程度的劣化;化学腐蚀后砂岩试样的峰值应变小于相同围压下自然状态试样的峰值应变,与单轴压缩条件下不同,这可能是由于围压和化学溶液共同作用的结果;砂岩试样的似软化系数与围压之间呈现负相关性,同时,其降低速率随着围压的增加而降低。砂岩试样峰值前吸收的能量绝大部分是以可释放弹性应变能Ue形式储存下来的,而化学腐蚀后砂岩试样以Ue形式储存下来的能量占其总吸收应变能的百分比却有所下降;同时,围压与试样的可释放应变能/应变能比值之间呈负相关性,而与耗散能/应变能比值存在正相关性;岩石脆性指标修正值呈现不同程度的增加,试样的脆性减弱延性增强,即塑性变形增加,塑性变形与耗散能之间具有很好的线性特征。溶液的pH值、浓度和化学成分对砂岩试样峰值处各部分应变能的影响显著。     

高围压条件下孔隙介质渗透特性试验研究

为研究不同围压条件下孔隙介质的渗透性能,利用新研制的高压渗流仪,对大尺寸低渗透性软弱岩进行了系统的试验测试。试验渗透压差波动幅度仅为0.02MPa,渗出端溶液体积变化量测试精度可达0.03mL。通过溶液体积变化与时间的线性关系,稳定渗流量大小可以精确测定。以稳定压差、流量法(即稳压法),试验验证了岩石的渗透系数随着围压的增加而下降,当围压降低时,岩石渗透系数回升,但回升路径低于原始路径。根据轴向应变的变化情况,提出了室内试验应力-渗流耦合过程中渗透性的变化主要是侧向压力使孔隙、喉道产生压缩变形所致。     

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Coarse Marble Under Six Different Loading Paths

A series of triaxial compression experiments were preformed for the coarse marble samples under different loading paths by the rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. Based on the experimental results of complete stress-strain curves, the influence of loading path on the strength and deformation failure behavior of coarse marble is made a detailed analysis. Three loading paths (Paths I–III) are put forward to confirm the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of coarse marble in accordance with linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Compared among the strength parameters, two loading paths (i.e. Path II by stepping up the confining pressure and Path III by reducing the confining pressure after peak strength) are suggested to confirm the triaxial strengths of rock under different confining pressures by only one sample, which is very applicable for a kind of rock that has obvious plastic and ductile deformation behavior (e.g. marble, chalk, mudstone, etc.). In order to investigate re-fracture mechanical behavior of rock material, three loading paths (Paths IV–VI) are also put forward for flawed coarse marble. The peak strength and deformation failure mode of flawed coarse marble are found depending on the loading paths (Paths IV–VI). Under lower confining pressures, the peak strength and Young’s modulus of damage sample (compressed until post-peak stress under higher confining pressure) are all lower compared with that of flawed sample; moreover mechanical parameter of damage sample is lower for the larger compressed post-peak plastic deformation of coarse marble. However under higher confining pressures (e.g. σ ₃?=?30 MPa), the axial supporting capacity and elastic modulus of damage coarse marble (compressed until post-peak stress under lower confining pressure) is not related to the loading path, while the deformation modulus and peak strain of damage sample depend on the difference of initial confining pressure and post-peak plastic deformation. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of flawed coarse marble under various loading paths. In the end, the effect of loading path on failure mode of intact and flawed coarse marble is also investigated. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under different loading paths.     

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON FAILURE AND ENERGY DISSIPATION CHRACTERISTICS OF THE SANDSTONE1)

通过三轴卸荷试验,探究了不同路径下卸荷速率对砂岩力学特性及破坏过程中的能量耗散的影响。试验结果表明在全过程应力-应变曲线的弹性阶段,轴向变形起主导作用,弹塑性阶段,环向应变的增加值大于轴向应变增加值。在围压卸荷阶段,卸荷速率越小,卸荷阶段的应变折合柔度越大,此时岩样的变形不充分,呈现明显的脆性破坏。恒主应力差路径下的耗散能大于恒轴压路径下的耗散能的35%,卸荷速率越大,岩样的弹性应变能越小。     

Erratum to: Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Behavior of Coarse Marble Under Six Different Loading Paths

A series of triaxial compression experiments were preformed for the coarse marble samples under different loading paths by the rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system. Based on the experimental results of complete stress-strain curves, the influence of loading path on the strength and deformation failure behavior of coarse marble is made a detailed analysis. Three loading paths (Paths I–III) are put forward to confirm the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of coarse marble in accordance with linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Compared among the strength parameters, two loading paths (i.e. Path II by stepping up the confining pressure and Path III by reducing the confining pressure after peak strength) are suggested to confirm the triaxial strengths of rock under different confining pressures by only one sample, which is very applicable for a kind of rock that has obvious plastic and ductile deformation behavior (e.g. marble, chalk, mudstone, etc.). In order to investigate re-fracture mechanical behavior of rock material, three loading paths (Paths IV–VI) are also put forward for flawed coarse marble. The peak strength and deformation failure mode of flawed coarse marble are found depending on the loading paths (Paths IV–VI). Under lower confining pressures, the peak strength and Young’s modulus of damage sample (compressed until post-peak stress under higher confining pressure) are all lower compared with that of flawed sample; moreover mechanical parameter of damage sample is lower for the larger compressed post-peak plastic deformation of coarse marble. However under higher confining pressures (e.g. σ ₃ = 30 MPa), the axial supporting capacity and elastic modulus of damage coarse marble (compressed until post-peak stress under lower confining pressure) is not related to the loading path, while the deformation modulus and peak strain of damage sample depend on the difference of initial confining pressure and post-peak plastic deformation. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of flawed coarse marble under various loading paths. In the end, the effect of loading path on failure mode of intact and flawed coarse marble is also investigated. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under different loading paths.     

频繁动力扰动对围压卸载中高储能岩体的动力学影响

基于冬瓜山铜矿深部巷道围岩开挖过程中面临的高应力和频繁爆破扰动问题，利用改进的SHPB动静组合加载系统，开展了频繁动力扰动对围压卸载中高储能岩体动力学影响的研究。研究结果表明，围压卸载中的矽卡岩受到动力扰动时，其动态峰值应力和弹性模量随动力扰动次数非线性变化。围压卸载中的高储能矽卡岩受到动力扰动时会释放能量。轴压促使岩样内微裂隙轴向发育，造成岩样抵抗动力扰动能力减弱；围压减缓岩样内微裂隙轴向发育，造成岩样抵抗动力扰动能力增强。动力扰动对微裂隙扩展有促进作用，使围压卸载中的岩样由拉伸破坏向剪切破坏转变。