非线性粘弹体的时间-温度-应力等效原理及其应用

考虑粘弹性材料特征时间的应力相关性,认为应力水平与温度、压力、溶剂浓度、损伤及老化等材料特征时间的影响相似,有其等效性。依自由体积理论,推导了温度－应力移位因子的表达式,提出了时间－温度－应力等 效原理。应用此原理,可以将不同温度和应力水平下的儒变曲线移位成某一参考温度和参考应力水平下的主曲线,从而可以通过较高温度和应力水平下的短期蠕变行为来预测较低温度和应力水平下的较长期的蠕变行为。实例分析了高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）非线性蠕变行为的－应力等效性。     

60Si2Mn螺旋弹簧的压缩应力松弛行为与贮存寿命预测

为评价60Si2Mn螺旋压缩弹簧的室温松弛特性,利用InstronE3000K8953型小吨位电子动静态疲劳试验机,对其在不同温度和初始应力水平条件下进行了高温压缩加速应力松弛试验,研究了环境温度、初始应力水平对松弛行为的影响.基于粘弹性体模型,揭示了应力松弛过程中弹性应变向塑性应变的转化特性与塑性应变随松弛时间的变化规律.在对应力松弛前后弹簧丝材金相和TEM微结构进行对比分析的基础上,探讨了应力松弛的微观机制.结果表明,环境温度与初始应力水平对松弛速率具有显著影响.基于应力松弛过程的热激活特性,建立了60Si2Mn螺旋压缩弹簧的贮存寿命预测方程,并对不同应力水平下弹簧的室温和高温贮存寿命进行了合理预测.     

Asymptotic suction profiles for the Blasius and Sakiadis flow with constant and variable fluid properties

A theoretical study of the effect of variable fluid properties on the Blasius and Sakiadis flow with uniform suction at the asymptotic state is presented in this paper. The investigation concerns air and water taking into account the variation of their physical properties with temperature. Velocity and temperature profiles are presented as well as values of the displacement thickness, momentum thickness, shape factor, wall shear stress and Nusselt number for different temperatures of the plate and the ambient fluid. It is found that the nondimensional displacement thickness, momentum thickness, shape factor, absolute wall shear stress and Nusselt number are identical in both Blasius and Sakiadib flow at the asymptotic state for a fluid with constant properties. The same is valid for any fluid with variable properties if the temperature boundary conditions are the same in Blasius and Sakiadis flow.     

A MICROMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK WITH AGGREGATE-MASTIC INTERFACE EFFECT FOR PREDICTING UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION CREEP OF ASPHALT MIXTURE

According to the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, an elastic microme- chanical framework taking the inclusion-matrix interface effect into account is extended for predicting viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixture, which is simply treated as elastic coarse aggregate inclusions periodically and isotropically embedded in a viscoelastic asphalt mastic matrix. The Burgers model is adopted for characterizing the matrix mechanical behavior, so that the homogenized relaxation modulus of asphalt mixture in compression creep is derived. After a series of uniaxial compression creep tests are performed on asphalt mastic in different temperature and stress conditions in order to determine the matrix constitutive parameters, the framework presented is validated by comparison with the experiment, and then some predictions of uniaxial compression creep behavior of asphalt mixture in different temperature and stress conditions are given.     

Two-dimensional fractal-like finite element method for thermoelastic crack analysis

The fractal-like finite element method has been proved to be very efficient and accurate in two-dimensional static and dynamic crack problems. In this paper, we extend our previous study to include the thermal effect for two-dimensional isotropic thermal crack problems. Both the temperature intensity factor and thermal stress intensity factor can be calculated directly. The temperature distribution is first found, which is imposed thereafter as a thermal load in the elastic problem. The transformation function used in the study has been found analytically. The effects of different thermal loading on the thermal stress intensity factor are presented. The numerical examples are compared with the results from other methods and find to be in good agreement.     

The thermal effect on axially compressed buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube

The thermal effect on axially compressed buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube is studied in this paper. The effects of temperature change, surrounding elastic medium and van der Waals forces between the inner and outer nanotubes are taken into account. Using continuum mechanics, an elastic double-shell model with thermal effect is presented for axially compressed buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic matrix under thermal environment. Based on the model, an explicit formula for the critical axial stress is derived in terms of the buckling modes of the shell and the parameters that indicate the effects of temperature change, surrounding elastic medium and the van der Waals forces. Based on that, some simplified analysis is carried out to estimate the critical axial stress for axially compressed buckling of the double-walled carbon nanotube. Numerical results for the general case are obtained for the thermal effect on axially compressed buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube. It is shown that the axial buckling load of double-walled carbon nanotube under thermal loads is dependent on the wave number of axially buckling modes. And a conclusion is drawn that at low and room temperature the critical axial stress for infinitesimal buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube increase as the value of temperature change increases, while at high temperature the critical axial stress for infinitesimal buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube decrease as the value of temperature change increases.     

The Blasius and Sakiadis flow with variable fluid properties

A theoretical study of the effect of variable fluid properties on the classical Blasius and Sakiadis flow is presented in this paper. The investigation concerns engine oil, water and air taking into account the variation of their physical properties with temperature. The results are obtained with the numerical simulation of the governing equations and cover large temperature differences. Velocity and temperature profiles are presented, as well as values of wall shear stress and wall heat transfer, for a variety of temperatures between the plate and the ambient fluid. It is found that the variation of fluid properties and especially viscosity have a strong influence on the results. The results of oil and water are, in general, similar and are generalized to liquids whereas air results are different and are generalized to gases. Except of the new results found in the present work some inaccurate results existing in the literature have been identified.     

Study on tooth profile design of harmonic drive with deformation model of flexspline

Meccanica - The neutral curve of a flexspline (FS) is usually represented by the function curve of cam-shape curve in the traditional harmonic drive (HD) model. This representation may induce tooth...     

Time-temperature-stress equivalence and its application to nonlinear viscoelastic materials

Stress-dependence of the intrinsic time of viscoelastic materials is investigated. The influence of stress level on the intrinsic time is considered to be similar to that of temperature, pressure, solvent concentration, damage and physical aging. The time-temperature-stress equivalence principle is proposed, by employing which, the creep curves at different temperatures and stress levels can be shifted into a master curve at reference temperature and stress level. Thus the long-term creep behavior of viscoelastic materials at a lower temperature and stress can be predicted from the short-term one at a higher temperature and stress. As an example, the nonlinear creep behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at room temperature is studied using the time-temperature-stress equivalence principle presented. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19632030, 50003005) and by the Education committee of Human Province (No. 99C122).     

Effect of the Intermolecular Potential on the Generalized Newton-Fourier Relations in the Problem of Gas Outflow into a Vacuum

Using the numerical method of direct statistical simulation (Monte-Carlo method), the effect of the intermolecular potential exponent on the dependence of the stress and the heat flux on the stress rate tensor components and the temperature gradient is analyzed for the nonequilibrium, spherically symmetric outflow of a monatomic gas into a vacuum. Analytical approximations of the constitutive relations are presented. The dependence of the macroscopic parameters on the distance from the source is found.     

温度梯度对热致型形状记忆聚合物板力学性能的影响

形状记忆聚合物作为一种新型的智能材料,由于质量轻、成本低以及变形回复率大等优势,已经在航空、医学等领域得到广泛应用。当前对于热致型形状记忆聚合物力学行为的研究,大都集中在整体变温的情况下,随着应用环境的越来越广泛,温度梯度对材料力学性能的影响效果越发重要。本文在均匀应力的假设下,给出材料在不同初始和传热条件下的温度梯度分布情况,结合传热学和热致型形状记忆聚合物相变理论本构模型,分别讨论了不同温度梯度对存储应变、弹性模量等力学性能的影响,通过理论分析和实验数据对比验证了模型正确性。本文研究可为不同导热情况下,对热致型形状记忆聚合物力学行为监测提供思路,也为形状记忆聚合物的进一步工程应用提供理论依据。     

Path dependence and multiaxial behavior of a polycrystalline NiTi alloy within the pseudoelastic and pseudoplastic temperature regimes

Several multiaxial experiments on polycrystalline NiTi have been conducted within a wide temperature range. In this vein, the pseudoelastic as well as the pseudoplastic behavior are investigated within the distinct temperature regimes. Isothermal and temperature varying thermomechanical loading paths are applied by means of an active temperature control in order to characterize the path dependence of pseudoelasticity and the multiaxial one-way effect of the alloy. The main focus is on the determination of the dependence of the loading sequence, the related non-linearity of the material and the combined material interaction, e.g., referring to reorientation processes for complex loading paths with respect to pseudoelasticity and the one-way effect. Isothermal tension/compression/torsion experiments are performed on an austenitic microstructure spanning all four quadrants of the axial/torsional strain subspace. In this regard, it is deduced in the course of this contribution that the apparently qualitatively different material behavior for different strain paths in the pseudoelastic temperature regime might be explained by the axial/torsional and tension/compression asymmetry. Furthermore, some multidimensional axial/torsional stress controlled experiments are realized with loading on a martensitic and unloading being implemented both on martensitic and austenitic microstructures. Here, the peculiarity of the one-way effect referring to apparently different transformation temperatures is ascribed to the loading history of the specimen material and to differently oriented martensite variants. In order to elucidate these effects, potential explanations for the pseudoelastic path dependence and the non-linearity in the material behavior with reference to the multiaxial one-way effect are presented.     

Thermo-Osmosis Effect in Saturated Porous Medium

In this paper, the thermo-poroelasticity theory is used to investigate the quasi-static response of temperatures, pore pressure, stress, displacement, and fluid flux around a cylindrical borehole subjected to impact thermal and mechanical loadings in an infinite saturated poroelastic medium. It has been reported in literatures that coupled flow known as thermo-osmosis by which flux is driven by temperature gradient, can significantly change the fluid flux in clay, argillaceous and many other porous materials whose permeability coefficients are very small. This study presents a mathematical model to investigate the coupled effect of thermo-osmosis in saturated porous medium. The energy balance equations presented here fulfill local thermal non-equilibrium condition (LTNE) which is different from the local thermal equilibrium transfer theory, accounting for that temperatures of solid and fluid phases are not the same and governed by different heat transfer equations. Analytical solutions of temperatures, pore pressure, stress, displacement, and fluid flux are obtained in Laplace transform space. Numerical results for a typical clay are used to investigate the effect of thermo-osmosis. The effects of LTNE on temperatures, pore pressure, and stress are also studied in this paper.     

Biothermomechanics of skin tissues

Biothermomechanics of skin is highly interdisciplinary involving bioheat transfer, burn damage, biomechanics and neurophysiology. During heating, thermally induced mechanical stress arises due to the thermal denaturation of collagen, resulting in macroscale shrinkage. Thus, the strain, stress, temperature and thermal pain/damage are highly correlated; in other words, the problem is fully coupled. The aim of this study is to develop a computational approach to examine the heat transfer process and the heat-induced mechanical response, so that the differences among the clinically applied heating modalities can be quantified. Exact solutions for temperature, thermal damage and thermal stress for a single-layer skin model were first derived for different boundary conditions. For multilayer models, numerical simulations using the finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM) were used to analyze the temperature, burn damage and thermal stress distributions in the skin tissue. The results showed that the thermomechanical behavior of skin tissue is very complex: blood perfusion has little effect on thermal damage but large influence on skin temperature distribution, which, in turn, influences significantly the resulting thermal stress field; the stratum corneum layer, although very thin, has a large effect on the thermomechanical behavior of skin, suggesting that it should be properly accounted for in the modeling of skin thermal stresses; the stress caused by non-uniform temperature distribution in the skin may also contribute to the thermal pain sensation.     

纳米单晶NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的分子动力学模拟

采用基于第二近邻修正型嵌入原子势的分子动力学方法研究了纳米单晶NiTi合金的单程形状记忆效应，详细阐明了温度诱发马氏体相变和应力诱发马氏体重定向过程中纳米单晶的变形行为和微结构演化，进一步分析了加/卸载速率对NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明，NiTi纳米单晶在应力加载过程中发生马氏体重定向，卸载后存在残余应变；当加热到奥氏体转变结束温度以上时，马氏体逆相变为奥氏体相，残余应变逐渐减小，但未完全回复；随着应力加载速率的增加，重定向临界应力和模量逐渐增加；再次降温过程中不同加载速率下的原子结构演化各不相同。     

纳米单晶NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的分子动力学模拟

采用基于第二近邻修正型嵌入原子势的分子动力学方法研究了纳米单晶NiTi合金的单程形状记忆效应,详细阐明了温度诱发马氏体相变和应力诱发马氏体重定向过程中纳米单晶的变形行为和微结构演化,进一步分析了加/卸载速率对NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明,NiTi纳米单晶在应力加载过程中发生马氏体重定向,卸载后存在残余应变;当加热到奥氏体转变结束温度以上时,马氏体逆相变为奥氏体相,残余应变逐渐减小,但未完全回复;随着应力加载速率的增加,重定向临界应力和模量逐渐增加;再次降温过程中不同加载速率下的原子结构演化各不相同。     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢高温动态响应特性及本构关系

在293~873 K的环境下,采用分离式霍普金森杆装置对高氮钢试样进行了102~103 s-1应变率下的动态加载实验。结合准静态实验结果,分析了应变率和温度对材料塑性流动特性的影响。结果表明:高氮钢的动态力学行为具有很强的应变率敏感性和温度敏感性。当应变率达到400 s-1或更高时,流动应力随应变率的增加显著升高;在同一应变率下,流动应力随温度的降低明显升高。研究了温度和应变率耦合效应对材料塑性行为的影响,得出温度软化效应在高氮钢高温动态塑性变形中起主导作用。基于经典的Johnson-Cook（J-C）模型,通过对实验数据的分析,得出了高氮钢材料的修正J-C本构方程,经验证修正J-C方程预测结果与实验结果吻合。     

Stress concentration around a nano-scale spherical cavity in elastic media: effect of surface stress

Influence of surface effect on stress concentration around a spherical cavity in a linearly isotropic elastic medium is studied on the basis of continuum surface elasticity. Following Goodier's work, a close form solution of the elastic field created by biaxial uniform load is presented. The stress concentration factors under different load combinations are obtained. It is concluded that consideration of surface effect leads to dependence of stress concentration factors on cavity size. Besides, numerical result indicates that stress concentration factors around the cavity are mainly affected by residual surface tension. The result is significant in the understanding of relevant mechanical phenomena in solids with nano-sized cavities.     

Temperature development based on technological analysis: Fast rolling as an example

Summary The mean rise in temperature with plastic strain due to the work of plastic deformation, taking account of the temperature-dependence of yield stress, is investigated when conduction effects are neglected and results for one particular example are presented. An adaptation of the well-known Siebel-Karman analysis for sheet rolling is examined, and results for the particular case of rolling a medium carbon steel are given in detail. The temperature-dependent property of the yield stress in cold-rolling at moderate reductions is shown not to have a large effect on factors such as roll-torque, though the actual temperature increase generated is a significant one. Examples are given of how the temperature of the material increases in its passage through the roll gap.     

Interparticle movement and the mechanical behavior of extruded powder aluminum at elevated temperature

This paper proposes a model and a mechanism for explaining the mechanical behavior of extruded powder aluminum at elevated temperature. This behavior is significantly different from that of ingot-cast and drawn aluminum which is subjected to the same tests. Powder aluminum exhibits a strain-softening effect which is evident in a decrease of stress with increasing strain in uniaxial test specimens when the experiment proceeds into the postyield region. Similar behavior is observed in the shear response during biaxial tension-torsion loading. For these tests, the shear stress is additionally reduced with increased axial extension. A model and mechanism are proposed, based on the relative motion of the extruded aluminum particles, to explain this effect. Equations are derived which relate the axial and shear stresses and strains. These equations are fitted to data obtained in a matrix of experiments, which include combined loadings from uniaxial tension to simple shear. Results are presented graphically and are in good agreement with the proposed models.