胶凝原油蠕变的时间-温度-应力等效性

黏弹性蠕变是胶凝原油重要的流变特性,要描述胶凝原油的黏弹性蠕变行为,必须同时考虑 应力、时间和温度等参数. 于是对胶凝原油进行了不同应力和不同温度下的蠕变实验,利用 时间-温度-应力等效原理分析了胶凝原油的非线性蠕变行为,得到了参考应力和参考温度下 的蠕变主曲线,并用黏弹性流变模型拟合得到了蠕变主曲线的表达式. 从而可以分别通过较 高温度和应力水平下的短期蠕变行为来预测较低温度和应力水平下的长期蠕变行为.     

物理老化对玻璃态高聚物非线性蠕变行为的影响

在不同应力水平下对经历不同老化时间的有机玻璃(PMMA)进行常温蠕变测试,分析物理老化和应力对材料蠕变柔量函数的影响.分析表明,老化时间对PMMA蠕变行为的影响满足流变简单性规律,即不同老化时间的蠕变柔量曲线可以沿对数时间轴平移而叠加到参考曲线上.取最长的老化时间为参考状态,依时间-老化时间等效原理,得到了各应力水平下的蠕变柔量主曲线.老化移位因子与老化时间在双对数坐标图上呈现线性关系,其负斜率就是老化移位率.结果表明,老化移位率随应力的增高而减小.     

一种新的岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究

为了克服传统元件组合模型不能描述岩石蠕变过程中非线性特征的缺陷，首先根据加速蠕变阶段的应变和应变率随蠕变时间急剧增大的特点，建立黏塑性应变与蠕变时间的指数函数关系并提出非线性黏塑性体．将该非线性黏塑性体与广义Burgers蠕变模型串联，建立可以描述岩石全蠕变过程的非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型，根据叠加原理得到一维应力状态下的轴向蠕变方程．然后基于塑性力学理论指出岩石三维蠕变本构方程建立过程中的不足之处，并给出非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型合理的三维蠕变方程．最后采用不同应力水平下砂岩轴向蠕变试验对模型合理性进行验证，结果表明：拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高，所建蠕变模型能够很好地描述砂岩在不同应力水平下的蠕变变形规律，尤其对加速蠕变阶段的非线性特征描述效果很好，验证了模型的合理性．     

岩石蠕变的应力-应变比分析

对岩石蠕变的应力-应变比分析方法进行了探索。蠕变是岩石重要的力学性质之一。岩石在各个应力水平下的蠕变曲线具有几何相似性。根据岩石蠕变的应力-应变比曲线可以近一步分析得到等时模量曲线。在岩石蠕变本构描述十分复杂、至今没有成熟的理论的情况下,应力-应变比分析方法具有十分重要的现实意义。     

不规则蜂窝材料在单向荷载作用下的蠕变屈曲分析

采用Norton蠕变理论和自由能守恒原理,分析了垂直与倾斜壁厚不等的非正六边形不规则蜂窝材料在面内单向应力作用下的蠕变屈曲行为,得到了蠕变屈曲临界应力与蠕变屈曲失效时间之间的函数关系.讨论了加载应力、初始缺陷、不规则蜂窝材料孔穴壁的厚度、长度与倾斜壁倾角对蠕变屈曲失效时间的影响.     

不同形状压头作用下的压痕蠕变数值研究

采用有限元方法分析了圆锥压头、球形压头和圆柱形平压头作用下铝合金(2A12)的压痕蠕变行为,给出了三种压头作用下的等效蠕变应变、压痕深度-时间曲线和硬度-时间曲线.对于给定尺寸的三种压头,在相同载荷作用下,圆锥压头作用下的最大等效蠕变应变最大,圆柱形平压头作用下的最大等效蠕变应变最小;不同形状压头的压痕深度-时间曲线相似,由"瞬态蠕变"和"稳态蠕变"两段组成;而硬度随时间和压痕深度均呈现递减的趋势,不存在稳态数值.结果表明,在研究高温压痕蠕变现象、确定材料蠕变参数方面,平压头具有相当的优势:压头下方的应力场相对稳定,可不考虑摩擦和堆积的影响,计算简便准确.     

深部灰岩三轴蠕变特性实验研究

采用MTS815岩石材料力学试验机,在温度28℃条件下,对重庆市万盛区某煤矿深部掘进巷道灰岩进行了三轴蠕变试验,对不同偏应力水平下该巷道灰岩的蠕变特性进行了分析。结果表明,蠕变试验的曲线显示该灰岩蠕变具有非线性特征,其蠕变特性随着围压的增加而更加明显。对深部灰岩的蠕变模型进行初步探讨,回归得出深部灰岩在不同应力水平下蠕变应变随时间变化的Burgers蠕变方程。分析表明,Burgers模型能较好地反映该深部灰岩的蠕变规律。该模型所确定的本构关系可以作为该深部灰岩蠕变本构模型来预测其蠕变发展。     

应用自洽方法预测沥青混合料的蠕变行为

将沥青混合料看作是由沥青砂和粗骨料组成的两相复合材料,提出了应用自洽方法预测沥青混合料粘弹性性能的一般思路.采用四参量流变模型描述沥青砂的粘弹性能,通过 Laplace 变换将时间域的粘弹性问题转化为变换域的线弹性问题,然后经 Laplace 逆变换将变换域的解转化到时间域.利用不同温度、不同应力水平下沥青砂的单轴压缩蠕变实验,拟合四参量流变模型参数,预测了沥青混合料在不同温度和不同应力水平下的蠕变曲线,并与实验结果进行了比较,发现蠕变的早期阶段预测值与实验值基本符合.最后进一步分析了温度、应力水平对沥青混合料蠕变行为的影响.     

HTPB复合底排药压缩屈服应力模型研究

目前广泛应用于底排增程技术的HTPB复合底排药(composite base bleed grain,CBBG)是一种颗粒填充含能材料,战场环境中将承受冲击、温度等载荷作用.为研究HTPB CBBG冲击压缩力学性能,进行了不同温度(233～323K)和应变率(1100～7900s-1)下的分离式霍普金森压杆实验.实验结果表明,各工况下,应力应变曲线均呈现屈服-应变硬化特征,HTPB CBBG保持高韧性.提高应变率和降低温度均导致相同应变下的应力幅值上升,但温度较应变率对HTPB CBBG冲击压缩力学性能的影响更为显著.基于所研究温度范围高于HTPB CBBG玻璃化转变温度,通过将水平、垂直移位因子与温度的关系表示为WLF方程的形式,将时温等效原理引入协同模型,并计及内应力的应变率增强效应,提出了一种新的屈服应力模型.选取参考温度,利用水平、垂直移位因子-温度曲线和屈服应力主曲线拟合模型参数.模型预测值与实验数据对比结果表明:该模型可准确表征233～323K时HTPB CBBG屈服应力的双线性应变率相关性,明确了较低和较高应变率时,应变率效应分别主要由内应力和驱动力贡献.     

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN CLAY AND MODIFIED S-M CREEP MODEL1)

为合理描述人工冻结法施工的矿井土层力学特性,对某矿井土样的重塑土进行单轴抗压强度实验和单轴压缩蠕变实验,得到重塑冻结黏土在不同温度及载荷加载等级下的应力-应变曲线和蠕变曲线。实验结果表明：冻结温度越低,土样的单轴强度越大;相同冻结温度下,土样的蠕变变形随着应力水平的升高而增大。单轴压缩蠕变的等时应力-应变曲线随时间发展向应变轴靠拢;土样经历初始蠕变和等速蠕变两个阶段,在较高应力水平下有进入加速蠕变的趋势;对S-M模型中各参数的意义进行修正并考虑温度的影响,得到人工冻结黏土改进S-M蠕变显式模型,然后采用粒子群算法对人工冻结黏土S-M蠕变模型参数进行优化。改进S-M蠕变显式模型理论计算值与实验值吻合良好,表明改进S-M蠕变显式模型能较好模拟人工冻结黏土的蠕变特性。改进S-M蠕变显式模型为人工冻土蠕变计算提供一种新方法。     

Time-temperature-stress equivalence and its application to nonlinear viscoelastic materials

Stress-dependence of the intrinsic time of viscoelastic materials is investigated. The influence of stress level on the intrinsic time is considered to be similar to that of temperature, pressure, solvent concentration, damage and physical aging. The time-temperature-stress equivalence principle is proposed, by employing which, the creep curves at different temperatures and stress levels can be shifted into a master curve at reference temperature and stress level. Thus the long-term creep behavior of viscoelastic materials at a lower temperature and stress can be predicted from the short-term one at a higher temperature and stress. As an example, the nonlinear creep behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at room temperature is studied using the time-temperature-stress equivalence principle presented. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19632030, 50003005) and by the Education committee of Human Province (No. 99C122).     

A MICROMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK WITH AGGREGATE-MASTIC INTERFACE EFFECT FOR PREDICTING UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION CREEP OF ASPHALT MIXTURE

According to the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, an elastic microme- chanical framework taking the inclusion-matrix interface effect into account is extended for predicting viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixture, which is simply treated as elastic coarse aggregate inclusions periodically and isotropically embedded in a viscoelastic asphalt mastic matrix. The Burgers model is adopted for characterizing the matrix mechanical behavior, so that the homogenized relaxation modulus of asphalt mixture in compression creep is derived. After a series of uniaxial compression creep tests are performed on asphalt mastic in different temperature and stress conditions in order to determine the matrix constitutive parameters, the framework presented is validated by comparison with the experiment, and then some predictions of uniaxial compression creep behavior of asphalt mixture in different temperature and stress conditions are given.     

Predictions of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior using a hybrid approach

An approach for nonlinear viscoelastic characterization is presented which uses the combined measurements from creep and dynamic mechanical tests. Although the methodology should extend to several materials and geometries, this research concentrates on thin film polymers used in the manufacture of high altitude scientific balloons. Typically, the constitutive behavior of these materials is characterized through the use of linear viscoelastic techniques. Although this linear approach provides an accurate model for small strains or loads, these materials have been shown to be highly stress dependent and, consequently, it is necessary to identify this nonlinear behavior. Traditional creep measurements require extensive laboratory test times, yet the results obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis provide the capability to predict long term material performance without a lengthy experimentation program. However, dynamic mechanical methods are currently limited to linear response; thus, an approach is presented in which the stress-dependent behavior is derived from short-term creep measurements in a manner analogous to time-temperature superposition. Predictions of material response using linear and nonlinear approaches are compared with experimental results obtained from traditional long-term creep tests. Although linear pre-dictions deteriorate for large stresses, excellent agreement is shown for the nonlinear model.     

Quasi-static properties of a photoviscoelastic material

This paper describes the results of mechanical and optical measurements in plasticized polyvinyl chloride under conditions of creep and relaxation at room temperature. It covers one task of a broader investigation aimed at developing experimental methods for viscoelastic stress analysis. The moiré method of strain analysis was found well suited for continuous recording of axial and transversal deformation in creep tests. The material exhibits linear viscoelastic behavior, both mechanical and optical. Strain, stress and birefringence measured from creep and relaxation tests gave straightline plots on log-log scale and, thus simple empirical formulas were possible to derive. The theoretical prediction that birefringence in a linear viscoelastic material not exhibiting flow can be expressed as a linear relationship of stress and strain was satisfactorily substantiated.     

螺旋压缩弹簧应力松弛特性试验分析及其应用

本文通过应力松弛试验、理论推导及数值模拟研究了高温下螺旋压缩弹簧的应力松弛规律,并利用加速模型对工况下弹簧应力松弛服役寿命做出预测。首先,根据螺旋压缩弹簧的结构特点搭建了弹簧应力松弛连续动态测试装置,该装置不仅避免了传统测试方法存在的缺陷,而且能够保证试验过程中位移载荷恒定,并实时监测载荷变化。本文以某飞机舱门单锁机构中的螺旋压缩弹簧为试验对象进行了不同温度条件下的应力松弛试验,得到其松弛动力学曲线,并基于Arrhenius模型建立了弹簧在工况下的应力松弛服役寿命预测模型;其次,基于应力松弛和蠕变在本质上的一致性,结合金属材料蠕变规律并根据试验弹簧的受力特点,推导出用于描述试验材料松弛行为的蠕变本构方程,由试验结果获得该本构方程的材料常数;最后,通过该本构方程及材料常数,在ANSYS软件中对试验弹簧的松弛过程进行模拟,结果表明,模拟结果与试验结果误差不大于4%。因此,通过本文方法所建立的蠕变方程对弹簧在不同载荷条件下的应力松弛规律进行仿真分析具有一定的可行性与准确性。     

Transient and steady-state nanoindentation creep of polymeric materials

The transient and steady-state nanoindentation creep of polymeric materials was investigated. The creep model is used to explain the experimental data of transient and steady-state creep dominated by viscoelastic deformation and power-law creep deformation, respectively. The Burgers viscoelastic model was used to interpret the transient creep in polymers under nano-indentation. Explicit expression for the displacement of transient creep was derived using the correspondence principle of linear viscoelasticity theory. The power law of strain rate-stress relation was used to explain the creep displacement during the steady state. Three polymers of poly(methyl methacrylate), hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer, and the fast-cure acrylic resin were used to measure the nanoindentation creep. The transient creep data are in good agreement with the predictions from the Burgers viscoelastic model. The creep displacement is mainly attributed to the viscous flow of the Kelvin element, and the computed values of viscosities (η_1,c, η_2,c) increase with decreasing preloading rate. By comparing the steady-state creep data with the power law of strain rate-stress relation, the stress exponents for the above polymeric materials were quantitatively determined.     

Photomechanical behavior of cellulose acetate under viscoelastoplastic deformation

To confirm the possibilities of cellulose acetate as a material for a model analysis during viscoelastoplastic deformation, the time-dependent photomechanical properties of the material were examined by means of creep tests under constant stress and recovery tests after removal of stress. Consequently, though the strain and the fringe order of cellulose acetate during creep and recovery are greatly influenced by stress and room temperature, both of them can be described simply by a power function of time, and the coefficient of each of these formulas can be represented by a function of the ratio of active stress to yield stress only. The effect of temperature is included in the formulation of the yield stress. In addition, the strain and the fringe order can be represented by the viscous-viscoelastic model proposed by Findleyet al.,^1,2 in which both of them are divided into four components: elastic, plastic, time-dependent irrecoverable viscous and time-dependent recoverable viscoelastic. The relation between viscoelastic strain and viscoelastic fringe order, and the relation between viscous strain and viscous fringe order were verified to be equivalent to that between plastic strain and plastic fringe order, all of which do not depend on stress, temperature or time. Therefore, the strain distribution of cellulose acetate under viscoelastoplastic deformation can be determined directly from the value of the fringe order measured.     

尼龙6/蒙脱土复合材料蠕变行为研究

针对经典黏弹性模型不能很好分析黏弹性材料的蠕变行为问题,运用分数阶导数的类标准线性体模型与Prony级数模型研究了黏弹性材料尼龙6/蒙脱土复合材料的蠕变行为.采用原位聚合法制备了尼龙6/蒙脱土复合材料,在室温环境下对其进行蠕变实验.然后运用分数阶导数的类标准线性体模型和Prony级数模型对复合材料的蠕变实验数据进行分析...     

黏弹性薄板蠕变屈曲的载荷-时间特性研究

通过对黏弹性薄板压屈的稳定性分析,着重讨论了蠕变屈曲载荷－时间的特性,理论分析表明：黏弹性薄板蠕变屈曲与材料的力学性能密相关,屈曲载荷不像弹性薄板为一定值,而是与时间相关的;在一定载荷下,经过一段时间后出现延迟屈曲,相关的实验研究也证实这一重要结论;这种延迟失稳问题在工程中有其重要的意义。