基于光学读出的微悬臂梁温度传感器研制

为实现对环境温度的高分辨率、快速、准确测量,设计制作了一种基于光学读出的微悬臂梁温度传感器.由于组成微悬臂梁的两种材料——金和氮化硅热膨胀系数的差异,在温度变化时,梁内部会产生热应力导致其弯曲变形.不同温度下梁的弯曲变形量不同,利用光杠杆方法检测出此变形,经标定后就能实现环境温度的准确测量.实验中设定系统光臂长度为25mm,采用商业化三角形微悬臂梁(长200μm、宽40μm、氮化硅层厚0,6μm,金层厚60nm)对传感器进行了测试,实验结果显示其测量重复性好,温度分辨率达到0.02℃.对于特定尺寸的微悬臂梁,通过优化其双材料厚度比,温度分辨率可达10-4℃,可用于环境温度的精密测量.     

考虑表面效应的双层圆板的自由振动分析

考虑微生化传感器中谐振器的结构特点,基于Kirchhoff薄板理论与表面弹性理论推导了考虑表面效应的双层圆板的自由振动方程。使用伽辽金法得到了近似解。分析了硬化与软化表面效应与表面残余应力对双层圆板固有频率的影响。结果表明,与已有简化的单层圆板模型相比,现有考虑表面效应的双层板模型会得到与之不同的固有频率。随着板厚与上下两层板厚度比的变化,单层板模型预测的结果会比实际值偏大或者偏小,将无法为传感器膜片的研究与设计提供准确的理论值。对具有双层结构的传感器膜片的理论研究,使用现有模型得到的结果更加准确。     

微梁传感研究大分子构象转变

通过表面修饰技术将大分子连接到微悬臂梁的单侧表面上,调节周围的物理、化学环境使大分子的构象发生转变,并用光杠杆法检测微梁变形.实验结果显示,大分子在微梁表面的构象转变过程会引起微梁的表面应力发生变化,并使之产生纳米量级的端部位移变形.此外,对于不同的大分子,促使微梁表面应力发生变化的机制是各不相同的.分析显示,氢键作用、静电作用和疏水作用分别在PNIPAM分子、PAA分子和胰蛋白酶分子的构象转变和微梁表面应力变化过程中起主要作用.微梁传感用于大分子的构象转变检测,提取的是分子间相互作用力的信息,它为从微观上理解大分子构象转变问题提供了一种新的实验手段.     

微梁传感研究大分子构象转变

通过表面修饰技术将大分子连接到微悬臂梁的单侧表面上，调节周围的物理、化学环境使大分子的构象发生转变，并用光杠杆法检测微梁变形。实验结果显示，大分子在微梁表面的构象转变过程会引起微梁的表面应力发生变化，并使之产生纳米量级的端部位移变形。此外，对于不同的大分子，促使微梁表面应力发生变化的机制是各不相同的。分析显示，氢键作用、静电作用和疏水作用分别在PNIPAM分子、PAA分子和胰蛋白酶分子的构象转变和微梁表面应力变化过程中起主要作用。微梁传感用于大分子的构象转变检测，提取的是分子间相互作用力的信息，它为从微观上理解大分子构象转变问题提供了一种新的实验手段。     

基因芯片纳米挠度和表面应力的解析预测

本文利用能量法解析分析了无标记生物检测中基因芯片的纳米力学行为.首先,考虑微悬臂梁机械能和基因层静电能、水合能和构型熵,建立了基因芯片能量模型,并采用泰勒级数展开法.获得了能量势的一阶近似式.其次,利用能量最小原理,得到了芯片稳态弯曲的曲率半径、纳米挠度和表面应力的解析表达式,从而克服了求解多极值能量泛函数值解的困难.最后,预测了DNA的链长和种植密度对芯片纳米力学行为的影响,同时将表面应力的解析预测结果与有关实验数据进行了比较,证明了本文方法的可靠性.     

粘弹性-弹性层合微悬臂梁的自由振动

吸附膜的粘弹性性质对微梁生物传感器的固有频率有显著影响.首先,在欧拉梁假设下,采用线性粘弹性积分型本构关系和拉普拉斯变换方法,建立了动态识别技术中粘弹性-弹性层合微悬臂梁自由振动的基本方程;其次,采用空域分离变量法和时域微分求导法,获得了积分-偏微分系统的固有频率,并采用求解代数方程的卡尔丹公式和不等式的性质,在材料参数和几何参数张成的高维空间获得了齐次通解的结构;最后,研究了微梁的几何尺寸、吸附膜的粘弹性参数、膜基厚度比和模量比对微梁自由振动的影响.结果表明:吸附膜的粘弹性阻尼效应使得微梁的稳态固有频率低于瞬态固有频率;随着吸附膜松弛时间的减小,微梁瞬态固有频率漂移与稳态固有频率漂移之间的差别逐渐增大;通过控制膜基厚度比或模量比等参数可以使微梁振动进入弱阻尼振动区域.     

光热激励下微悬臂梁在流体中的振动研究

微悬臂梁结构广泛应用于微纳电子机械系统. 在实际应用中,涂层和工作环境的变化对微悬臂梁结构动态工作模式有着不容忽视的影响. 运用流体中双层微悬臂梁的光热振动模型,研究了在激光光热驱动下,金涂层微悬臂梁在不同流体中的振动特性. 理论上得到了微悬臂梁的温度场,光热驱动力和振动变形场的解析表达式. 研究结果表明,流体环境对微悬臂梁的光热振动谱有显著的影响,主要表现在共振频率的偏移和品质因子的变化两个方面. 相比较于悬臂梁在真空中的响应,当悬臂梁在空气中振动时,共振频率向低频产生微小的漂移（0.7%）,共振峰未发生明显变化;然而,当悬臂梁在液体中振动的时候,共振频率向低频产生巨大的漂移（58%~80%）,而且品质因子发生量级上的减小,共振峰发生了畸变. 本研究对微纳探测以及原子力显微镜等仪器的设计优化,有着一定的理论指导意义.      

微梁传感研究谷胱甘肽转硫酶抗原抗体特异结合

利用微梁传感器（MicroCantilever Sensor，MCS）对抗原抗体的反应进行检测。通过分子自组装方法将谷胱甘肽转硫酶（Glutathione S-transferase，GST）修饰到微悬臂梁的单侧镀金表面后，应用光杠杆原理监测在加入GsT抗体的过程中，微悬臂梁的实时弯曲过程。实验过程中的抗原抗体活性由酶联免疫吸附（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay，ELISA）实验得到了确认。结果表明：a．微悬臂梁传感技术可以对抗原抗体的结合过程进行实时的监测；b．为研究生物大分子间微观层次上相互作用提供了一种新型的实验手段。     

STUDY ON THE VIBRATION OF MICROCANTILEVERS IMMERSED IN FLUIDS UNDER PHOTOTHERMAL EXCITATION

微悬臂梁结构广泛应用于微纳电子机械系统. 在实际应用中,涂层和工作环境的变化对微悬臂梁结构动态工作模式有着不容忽视的影响. 运用流体中双层微悬臂梁的光热振动模型,研究了在激光光热驱动下,金涂层微悬臂梁在不同流体中的振动特性. 理论上得到了微悬臂梁的温度场,光热驱动力和振动变形场的解析表达式. 研究结果表明,流体环境对微悬臂梁的光热振动谱有显著的影响,主要表现在共振频率的偏移和品质因子的变化两个方面. 相比较于悬臂梁在真空中的响应,当悬臂梁在空气中振动时,共振频率向低频产生微小的漂移（0.7%）,共振峰未发生明显变化;然而,当悬臂梁在液体中振动的时候,共振频率向低频产生巨大的漂移（58%~80%）,而且品质因子发生量级上的减小,共振峰发生了畸变. 本研究对微纳探测以及原子力显微镜等仪器的设计优化,有着一定的理论指导意义.     

附磁阶梯变厚度悬臂梁压电俘能器的理论建模及分析

论文建立了一种附磁阶梯变厚度压电悬臂梁的动力学模型并分析了系统的俘能特性。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论分段建立系统能量函数并引入非线性磁势能，利用Lagrange方程建立了系统机电耦合动力学方程；利用数值方法分析了磁间距对系统振动特性的影响，此外还研究了系统单稳态和双稳态响应，探讨了厚度比、长度比、磁间距和外激励幅值对系统动力学响应和俘能特性的影响。结果表明，磁间距是影响系统势能的主要因素，调节磁间距可使系统产生单稳态和双稳态响应，从而有效提高俘能器俘能特性；与传统等截面悬臂梁压电俘能器相比，通过优化结构参数，附磁阶梯变厚度悬臂梁压电俘能器能够发生明显的非线性振动现象，实现宽频带振动能量采集。     

An inverse problem in film/substrate indentation: extracting both the Young’s modulus and thickness of films

In an indentation test, the effective Young’s modulus of a film/substrate bilayer heterostructure varies with the indentation depth, a phenomenon known as the substrate effect. In previous studies investigating this, only the Young’s modulus of the film was unknown. Once the effective Young’s modulus of a film/substrate structure is determined at a given contact depth, the Young’s modulus of the film can be uniquely determined, i.e., there is a one-to-one relation between the Young’s modulus of the film and the film/substrate effective Young’s modulus. However, at times it is extremely challenging or even impossible to measure the film thickness. Furthermore, the precise definition of the layer/film thickness for a two-dimensional material can be problematic. In the current study, therefore, the thickness of the film and its Young’s modulus are treated as two unknowns that must be determined. Unlike the case with one unknown, there are infinite combinations of film thickness and Young’s modulus which can yield the same effective Young’s modulus for the film/substrate. An inverse problem is formulated and solved to extract the Young’s modulus and thickness of the film from the indentation depth-load curve. The accuracy and robustness of the inverse problem-solving method are also demonstrated.     

血红细胞力学性能的纳米压痕实验和有限元模拟

采用纳米压痕技术和有限元方法研究了血红细胞的生物力学性能. 进行了血红细胞的纳米压痕实验, 得到了血红细胞的材料参数和变形形貌; 在实验基础上, 建立了血红细胞的三维有限元模型, 模拟了血红细胞的压痕载荷-位移曲线, 并考虑了参数效应. 数值模拟结果和实验数据符合很好. 通过改变压头与材料之间的摩擦系数和压头曲率半径等参数, 比较了载荷-位移曲线的变化情况. 研究表明摩擦系数对压痕载荷-位移曲线和应力分布影响很小, 而压头曲率对载荷-位移曲线的影响明显.     

梯度弹性基础上正交异性薄板的弯曲

基于能量法和变分原理,采用双参数弹性基础模型,研究了梯度弹性基础上正交异性薄板在分布载荷作用下的弯曲问题。首先,根据能量法与变分原理,给出了梯度弹性基础上正交异性薄板的弯曲微分平衡方程,并得到了梯度弹性基础刚度系数 与 的计算表达式;进而,假设 向正应力在厚度方向上均匀分布,推导了弹性基础 向位移衰减函数 的计算式。在算例中,通过将梯度弹性基础退化为均质基础,并与Vlazov模型对比,证明了本文理论的正确性;最后,求解了弹性模量呈幂律分布的梯度基础上薄板的挠度分布,分析了基础上下表层材料弹性模量比 与体积分数指数 对薄板挠度分布的影响。     

Can a single-wall carbon nanotube be modeled as a thin shell?

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have been frequently modeled as thin shells, but the shell thickness and Young's modulus reported in literatures display large scattering. The order of error to approximate SWCNTs as thin shells is studied in this paper via an atomistic-based finite-deformation shell theory, which avoids the shell thickness and Young's modulus, but links the tension and bending rigidities directly to the interatomic potential. The ratio of atomic spacing (Δ≈0.14 nm) to the radius of SWCNT, Δ/R, which ranges from zero (for graphene) to 40% [for a small (5,5) armchair SWCNT (R=0.35 nm)], is used to estimate the order of error. For the order of error O[(Δ/R)³], SWCNTs cannot be represented by a conventional thin shell because their constitutive relation involves the coupling between tension and curvature and between bending and strain. For the order of error O[(Δ/R)²], the tension and bending (shear and torsion) rigidities of SWCNTs can be represented by an elastic orthotropic thin shell, but the thickness and elastic modulus cannot. Only for the order of error O(Δ/R), a universal constant shell thickness can be defined and SWCNTs can be modeled as an elastic isotropic thin shell.     

A procedure for estimating Young’s modulus of textured polycrystalline materials

In this study, a procedure for estimating Young’s modulus of textured and non-textured polycrystalline materials was examined based on finite element analyses, which were performed using three-dimensional polycrystalline finite element models of a random structure, generated using the Voronoi tessellation. Firstly, the local stress/strain distribution and its influence on macroscopic elastic properties were evaluated. Then, the statistical relationship between Young’s modulus obtained from the finite element analyses and averaged Young’s modulus of all grains evaluated based on Voigt’s or Reuss’ model was investigated. It was revealed that the local stress/strain in the polycrystalline body is affected by crystal orientation and deformation constraint caused by adjacent grains, whereas only the crystal orientation affects Young’s modulus of the polycrystalline body when the number of grains is large enough. It was also shown that Young’s modulus correlates well with the averaged Young’s modulus of all grains, in which the size of grains is considered in the averaging. Finally, a procedure for estimating Young’s modulus of textured and non-textured materials was proposed. Young’s modulus of various materials can be estimated from the elastic constants of single crystal and the distribution of crystal orientation and size of grains, which can be obtained by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).     

Influence of the spatial variation of Poisson’s ratio upon the elastic field in nonhomogeneous axisymmetric bodies

The effect of a nonconstant Poisson’s ratio upon the elastic field in functionally graded axisymmetric solids is analyzed. Both of the elastic coefficients, i.e. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, are permitted to vary in the radial direction. These elastic coefficients are considered to be functions of composition and are related on this basis. This allows a closed form solution for the stress function to be obtained. Two cases are discussed in this investigation: first, both Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are allowed to vary across the radius and the effect of spatial variation of Poisson’s ratio upon the maximum radial displacement is investigated; secondly, Young’s modulus is taken as constant and the change in the maximum hoop stress resulting from a variable Poisson’s ratio is calculated.     

Reddy高阶组合梁弯曲的一般解析解法

基于Reddy高阶梁的轴向位移模式,考虑组合梁界面滑移变形,利用最小势能原理建立了Reddy组合梁弯曲问题的控制微分方程和边界条件,,并将控制方程转化为含12个基本未知量的一阶常微分方程组,给出一般求解方法和解表达式。其次,研究了横向均布荷载作用下Reddy简支组合梁的弯曲,所得结果与有限元解吻合良好,说明本文解析解的有效性和可靠性。最后,数值分析了组合梁界面滑移剪切刚度kcs、弹性模量-剪切模量比E/G、梁长-高比L/h和子梁厚度比hs/hc等参数对Reddy简支组合梁弯曲的影响。分析表明：滑移刚度显著影响横截面应力的分布;组合梁长-高比越小、弹性模量-剪切模量比越大或界面滑移刚度越大,组合梁的剪切效应对其挠度影响越显著,此时不宜忽略其剪切变形。     

硬夹心矩形夹层板的整体稳定性分析

摘要：本文在Reissner型理论给出的位移模式基础上,修正其软夹心假设,考虑夹心层面内刚度,给出了硬夹心夹层板的几何方程、物理方程,建立了硬夹心夹层板结构在面内纵向载荷作用下的平衡微分方程,并对方程进行了简化,通过理论计算得到了四边简支条件下硬夹心矩形夹层板整体失稳临界载荷的解析解,并分别计算了夹心层材料的弹性模量 、厚度 、泊松比 对硬夹心夹层板临界载荷的影响,结果证明,对于硬夹心夹层结构,夹心层面内刚度对硬夹心夹层板整体失稳临界载荷的影响较大,考虑其面内刚度是必要的。     

Relating cellular structure of open solid food foams to their Young’s modulus: Finite element calculation

This paper investigates the role of structure on Young’s modulus of open cell materials of relative densities between 0.1 and 0.3. The cellular solid is obtained by generating mixture size of spherical voids using the Random Sequential Addition – RSA algorithm. The relative density of the material is controlled by increasing void number and overlap. Structural effects consider mainly a Gaussian distribution of spherical void size of varying width, distribution centre and void overlap distance. Finite element method is used to calculate effective Young’s modulus using a regular meshing scheme of 3D typical cellular solids and Conjugate Gradient solver. It is found that sphere overlap has the largest effect compared to sphere distribution width for a given density. A large scatter in the wall thickness distribution is predicted when overlapping is increased or when the width of sphere size distribution is decreased. Increased rigidity is found to be correlated to particular arrangement of mixture size spheres which is pointed out using the Pair Correlation Function. Experimental evidence of the role of void overlapping is treated in the case of bread crumbs structures determined using X-ray tomography. The scatter of effective Young’s modulus for a given relative density is sensitive to void overlapping.     

Analysis of diffusion induced elastoplastic bending of bilayer lithium-ion battery electrodes

Bilayer electrode, composed of a current collector layer and an active material layer, has great potential in applications of in-situ electrochemical experiments due to the bending upon lithiation. This paper establishes an elastoplastic theory for the lithiation induced deformation of bilayer electrode with consideration of the plastic yield of current collector. It is found that the plastic yield of current collector reduces the restriction of current collector to an active layer, and therefore, enhances in-plane stretching while lowers down the rate of electrode bending. Key parameters that influence the elastoplastic deformation are identified. It is found that the smaller thickness ratio and lower elastic modulus ratio of current collector to an active layer would lead to an earlier plastic yield of the current collector, the larger in-plane strain, and the smaller bending curvature, due to balance between the current collector and the active layer. The smaller yield stress and plastic modulus of current collector have similar impacts on the electrode deformation.