电子散斑干涉和Video全息干涉

本文综述了有关电子散斑干涉法(ESPI)和Vidco全息干涉技术的一些近期成果.主要包括:有机玻璃模型中主应力和的测量,二维气体温度场和轴对称气体温度场的测量,三维物体表面形状和三维位移场的测量.条纹图均用数字图象处理系统处理.文中介绍了各种测量光路和操作技术,分析了可能出现的误差,提供了部分实验结果.     

同轴数字全息技术在高速射流粒子测量中的应用

讨论了数字全息的理论和数字全息在爆轰实验中的应用。在解决了系统分辨率、动态模糊、安全和防护、精确同步的基础上,使用数字全息技术获得了中心刻有锥形小孔的铝飞片在爆轰加载下的喷射物的全息图,并提供了该全息图的数字再现图像。在照相视场内喷射粒子的速度约2.7~4 km/s,粒子粒径从几微米至几十微米。     

全场测速技术进展

速度场测量技术的研究在流体力学和空气动力学中具有极高的学术意义和实用价值．文中归纳介绍了近十多年来人们积极探索的各种全场测速新技术,特别是激光诱导荧光高速流场测试技术、二维粒子跟踪和粒子图象测试技术以及三维测速的最新进展      

同轴全息诊断微喷物的密度控制装置

针对利用激光同轴全息技术诊断冲击加载下金属材料微喷场的过程中,材料喷射密度过大或喷射面积过大等因素导致激光无法穿透微喷场,从而影响微喷粒子的全息图记录和再现等情况,提出了2种密度控制方法并设计了相应的控制装置,在实验中使用取得了显著的成效,获得了铅、锡等材料微喷粒子场的全息图,通过再现处理给出了微喷粒子的空间分布、大小、数量等统计信息。     

粒子图像测速技术研究进展

粒子图像测速技术(PIV)作为一种全新的无扰、瞬态、全场速度测量方法,在流体力学及空气动力学研究领域具有极高的学术意义和实用价值.本文对PIV技术的原理、分类作了简要地介绍,详细归纳和评述了现有的各种速度信息的提取方法,并对拓扑图论、神经网络、遗传算法、模糊聚类等新技术在PIV中的应用以及三维PIV技术、两相流PIV测试技术进行了介绍.指出当前PIV技术除了向三维和多相流方向发展外,如何提高PIV的测量精度以及缩短计算时间仍然是目前研究的主要目标.PIV技术随着计算机技术、激光技术和CCD性能的发展,必将取得更大的发展与突破      

高超声速流场激光测速技术研究进展

高超声速气流条件下飞行器内/外部流动中存在强湍流及脉动、边界层转捩、激波-边界层干扰和高温真实气体效应等耦合效应,表征该非定常流动现象对飞行器气动力、气动热以及目标光电特性等产生的影响是高超声速流动研究中的前沿课题.速度作为表征流动过程最重要的参数之一,准确的速度测量对于深入理解上述复杂流动-传输机理以及高超声速飞行器设计具有重要指导意义.文章针对高超声速流场速度测量中几种常用的非接触式激光测试技术进行了综述,主要包括基于空间法的粒子图像测速,基于激光吸收光谱、激光诱导荧光和瑞利散射的多普勒测速,基于飞行时间法的分子标记测速,以及基于流场折射率的聚焦激光差分干涉测速技术.首先简要介绍每种激光测速技术的基本原理,然后进一步介绍该技术在高超声速自由流、层/湍流边界层、激波/边界层干扰、尾流或其他复杂流动区域的速度及其脉动度测量等方面的典型应用,分析各种技术环境适用性及面临的局限性和挑战.最后对基于激光技术的高超声速流场速度测量进行了总结及发展趋势展望.     

实验流体力学的粒子成像技术

<正> 1 引言 现代实验流体力学的一个重大成就是,发明并发展了整个标量场和矢量场的瞬态测量技术.这些技术包括测量标量的层析摄影干涉测量法(tomographic interferometry)(Hessetink1988)和平面激光诱发荧光法(Hassa et al 1987),以及测量速度场的核磁共振成像法(Leeet al 1987),平面激光诱发荧光法,激光散斑测速法,粒子跟踪测速法,分子跟踪测速     

用Tomo-TRPIV测量湍流边界层及拟序结构的空间模态

层析时间分辨粒子图像测速(Tomographic Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry,简称Tomo-TRPIV)技术是新近发展起来的一种先进的流体无接触测速技术,能够无干扰地测量流场的三个速度分量的三维空间分布。本文简要介绍了Tomo-TRPIV技术的基本原理、测量系统的主要组成和测量的主要步骤以及水槽中平板湍流边界层及其拟序结构的测量结果。实验证明,Tomo-TRPIV技术能够很好地测量平板湍流边界层对数律区的瞬时及平均流场,实验发现,在对数律区,平板湍流边界层中的拟序结构的涡量场主要以空间四极子的形式存在,四极子涡旋相互诱导,产生喷射和下扫等猝发事件,维持湍流边界层的发展演化。     

非定常空化流场结构的实验研究

为深入研究非定常空化流场结构,本文用实验方法研究了绕Clark-Y型水翼的非定常空化流动现象.实验在空化水洞中进行,采用高速摄像技术观测了云状空化阶段的非定常空穴形态,并应用粒子成像测速系统(PIV)对绕水翼空化流场的速度场和涡量场等流动特性进行了同步的实验分析.研究表明:空化现象对流场结构有着重要的影响,在无空化和空...     

数字全息计量技术及其在微小位移测量中的应用

数字全息是用数字的方式记录和处理全息图像，避免了传统全息照相的化学处理，既简化了处理过程，更便于用数字图像处理的方式来改进图像质量和提取信息。数字全息干涉计量技术是一种全场、非接触的光学测量方法，该方法测量精度高，光路简单，对防振要求低，实验条件容易满足，特别适合微小物体的微小位移或变形的精确测量。本文运用数字全息干涉计量法测定了两端固支梁的微小离面位移；经实验验证数字全息计量术能精确测量物体0．01微米量级位移或变形；而且该方法可靠性好、成本低；是非接触的无损测量。数字全息计量技术的这些特点使得该技术在小物体的微小变形测量上具有特别的优越性，因而在MEMS结构及MEMS材料参数(如弹性模量、泊松比、热变形系数等)的测定中有广阔的应用前景。     

Digital particle image velocimetry

Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) is the digital counterpart of conventional laser speckle velocitmetry (LSV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. In this novel, two-dimensional technique, digitally recorded video images are analyzed computationally, removing both the photographic and opto-mechanical processing steps inherent to PIV and LSV. The directional ambiguity generally associated with PIV and LSV is resolved by implementing local spatial cross-correlations between two sequential single-exposed particle images. The images are recorded at video rate (30 Hz or slower) which currently limits the application of the technique to low speed flows until digital, high resolution video systems with higher framing rates become more economically feasible. Sequential imaging makes it possible to study unsteady phenomena like the temporal evolution of a vortex ring described in this paper. The spatial velocity measurements are compared with data obtained by direct measurement of the separation of individual particle pairs. Recovered velocity data are used to compute the spatial and temporal vorticity distribution and the circulation of the vortex ring.     

复杂微力－电系统的细微尺度力学

现代高新技术的崛起，提出了大量新的经典力学所不能完全包容的力学问题。这将是现代应用力学发展的巨大动力。微电子技术中微电子材料、器件、系统和微电子－机械系统（ｍｉｃｒｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ＭＥＭＳ）所组成的复杂微力－电系统，是跨世纪发展的新科技方向，本文简要介绍了复杂微力，电系统的工业技术背景和发展；综述了这一领域存在的力学问题，主要讨论细微尺度下的结构力学与破坏力学。并评介与展望了这一新的力学领域的研究状况和发展趋势。     

复杂微力－电系统的细微尺度力学

现代高新技术的崛起,提出了大量新的经典力学所不能完全包容的力学问题。这将是现代应用力学发展的巨大动力。微电子技术中微电子材料、器件、系统和微电子－机械系统（ｍｉｃｒｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ＭＥＭＳ）所组成的复杂微力－电系统,是跨世纪发展的新科技方向,本文简要介绍了复杂微力,电系统的工业技术背景和发展;综述了这一领域存在的力学问题,主要讨论细微尺度下的结构力学与破坏力学。并评介与展望了这一新的力学领域的研究状况和发展趋势。      

近40年光力学进展的回顾

近40年来,由于激光的出现,使光力学测试的理论和技术有了快速的发展,测试技术丰富多彩。特别是数字图像处理硬件和软件的飞速发展,使光力学方法成为了常规的技术,在基础研究的探索和解决工程实际问题中,都发挥了重要的作用。本文对该阶段的主要进展,做一个简要的回顾。上世纪60年代激光的问世推动了光测实验力学的发展;70～80年代光测方法的发展着重于信息获得方面;90年代以后,数字图像处理技术的迅速发展,在信息提取的能力方面有了质的变化。如今,光测实验力学不仅灵敏度大大提高,而且已发展为常规的测试手段和现场测试技术。     

Application of fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint to a hemispherical dome in unsteady transonic flow

The current work focuses on the development and application of fast-responding polymer/ceramic pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) as an advanced surface pressure measurement technique for unsteady flow fields in large-scale wind tunnels. To demonstrate the unsteady PSP technique, the unsteady surface pressure distribution over a hemispherical dome placed in the United States Air Force Research Laboratory’s Trisonic Gasdynamics Facility (TGF) was studied by phase-locking to the characteristic frequency in the flow caused by an unsteady separated shear layer shed from the dome. The wind tunnel was operated at stagnation pressures of 23.92 and 71.84 kPa, with the test section flow at Mach 0.6. Under the two operating conditions, the predominant shear layer frequency was measured to be 272 and 400 Hz, respectively. The quasi-periodic shear layer frequency enabled a phase-averaged method to be employed for capturing the unsteady shock motion on the hemisphere. Unsteady pressure data resulting from this technique are shown to correlate well with measurements acquired by conventional measurement techniques. Measurement uncertainty in the phase-averaging technique will be discussed. To address measurement uncertainties from temperature sensitivity and model movement, a new implementation of an AC-coupled data representation is offered.     

Vibration parameter measurement using the temporal digital hologram sequence and windowed Fourier transform

Real time digital recording and numerical reconstruction of a temporal digital hologram sequence have become feasible in recent years. They provide a new measurement method which enjoys the valuable advantages of being full-field, noncontact and high precision. In this paper, a combined method of temporal digital hologram sequence and windowed Fourier transform is proposed to measure the kinematic parameters of random vibration. A series of holograms are recorded by CCD camera and the original phase can be reconstructed by Fresnel reconstruction algorithm. The three-dimensional windowed Fourier transform is used to filter noise in phase and extract the instantaneous kinematic parameters of the specimen, such as the displacement, velocity and acceleration. An experiment is conducted on a chloroprene rubber latex membrane. Results demonstrate that the proposed method determines the vibration parameters precisely and enjoys many merits.     

基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式研究进展

尽管以二阶精度格式为基础的计算流体力学(CFD) 方法和软件已经在航空航天飞行器设计中发挥了重要的作用, 但是由于二阶精度格式的耗散和色散较大, 对于湍流、分离等多尺度流动现象的模拟, 现有成熟的CFD 软件仍难以给出满意的结果, 为此CFD 工作者发展了众多的高阶精度计算格式. 如果以适应的计算网格来分类, 一般可以分为基于结构网格的有限差分格式、基于非结构/混合网格的有限体积法和有限元方法,以及各种类型的混合方法. 由于非结构/混合网格具有良好的几何适应性, 基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式近年来备受关注. 本文综述了近年来基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式研究进展, 重点介绍了空间离散方法, 主要包括k-Exact 和ENO/WENO 等有限体积方法, 间断伽辽金(DG) 有限元方法, 有限谱体积(SV) 和有限谱差分(SD) 方法, 以及近来发展的各种DG/FV 混合算法和将各种方法统一在一个框架内的CPR (correctionprocedure via reconstruction) 方法等. 随后简要介绍了高阶精度格式应用于复杂外形流动数值模拟的一些需要关注的问题, 包括曲边界的处理方法、间断侦测和限制器、各种加速收敛技术等. 在综述过程中, 介绍了各种方法的优势与不足, 其间介绍了作者发展的基于"静动态混合重构" 的DG/FV 混合算法. 最后展望了基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式的未来发展趋势及应用前景.     

1999 William M. Murray lecture

The history of holographic interferometry is one of problems. It has progressed from a novel discovery to a recognized technology only by the systematic pursuit of explanations for the puzzling phenomena it presents: unusual fringe patterns, fringe localization phenomena and bizarre fringe parallax. How to use the fringes to find three-dimensional deformation patterns is also a problem. Furthermore, the problem of how to handle high-volume testing spurred the evolution from photographic plates to fiexible roll film for all electronic media. Finally, the use of CCD television cameras and digital video processing has made phase-step interferometry the dominant method of fringe analysis but presents a major problem in the form of the phase-unwrapping quandary. This paper will attempt to trace the history of this technology in terms of the problems it has presented and their solutions. This paper was presented as an invited lecture at the 1999 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition, June 9, 1999, in Cincinnati, Ohio.     

Unsteady characteristics of inlet vortices

An experimental study of the unsteady characteristics of inlet vortices has been conducted using a high-frame rate digital particle image velocimetry system. The results revealed the formation of a pair of counter-rotating inlet vortices for the no-wind configuration and one single inlet vortex when there was crosswind. In all measurement planes, from near the ground to the inlet, evidence of vortex meandering with quasi-periodicity was found. The vortex meander is dominant in the direction of the crosswind, and its amplitude increases with crosswind velocity. The proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the instantaneous velocity field suggested that the most energetic mode was a helical displacement wave, corresponding to the first helical mode. Similarities with the meandering of the trailing vortices from wings were noted. The present results also suggest that the unsteady characteristics of the focus of separation formed on the ground might be responsible for the unsteady nature of the inlet vortex.     

Effect of particle number density in in-line digital holographic particle velocimetry

A digital in-line holographic particle tracking velocimetry (HPTV) system was developed to measure 3D (three-dimensional) velocity fields of turbulent flows. The digital HPTV (DHPTV) procedure consists of four steps: recording, numerical reconstruction, particle extraction and velocity extraction. In the recording step, a digital CCD camera was used as a recording device. Holograms contained many unwanted images or noise. To get clean holograms, digital image processing techniques were adopted. In the velocity extraction routine, we improved the HPTV algorithm to extract 3D displacement information of tracer particles. In general, the results obtained using HPTV were not fully acceptable due to technical limitations such as low spatial resolution, small volume size, and low numerical aperture (NA). The problems of spatial resolution and NA are closely related with a recording device. As one experimental parameter that can be optimized, we focused on the particle number density. Variation of the reconstruction efficiency and recovery ratio were compared quantitatively with varying particle number density to check performance of the developed in-line DHPTV system. The reconstruction efficiency represented the particle number distribution acquired through the numerical reconstruction procedure. In addition the recovery ratio showed the performance of 3D PTV algorithm employed for DHPTV measurements. The particle number density in the range of C _o = 13–17 particles/mm³ was found to be optimum for the DHPTV system tested in this study.