An experimental study on fracture mechanical behavior of rock-like materials containing two unparallel fissures under uniaxial compression

Strength and deformability characteristics of rock with pre-existing fissures are governed by cracking behavior. To further research the effects of pre-existing fissures on the mechanical properties and crack coalescence process, a series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out for rock-like material with two unparallel fissures.In the present study, cement, quartz sand, and water were used to fabricate a kind of brittle rock-like material cylindrical model specimen. The mechanical properties of rock-like material specimen used in this research were all in good agreement with the brittle rock materials. Two unparallel fissures(a horizontal fissure and an inclined fissure) were created by inserting steel during molding the model specimen.Then all the pre-fissured rock-like specimens were tested under uniaxial compression by a rock mechanics servocontrolled testing system. The peak strength and Young's modulus of pre-fissured specimen all first decreased and then increased when the fissure angle increased from 0?to 75?.In order to investigate the crack initiation, propagation and coalescence process, photographic monitoring was adopted to capture images during the entire deformation process.Moreover, acoustic emission(AE) monitoring technique was also used to obtain the AE evolution characteristic of prefissured specimen. The relationship between axial stress, AE events, and the crack coalescence process was set up: when a new crack was initiated or a crack coalescence occurred, thecorresponding axial stress dropped in the axial stress–time curve and a big AE event could be observed simultaneously.Finally, the mechanism of crack propagation under microscopic observation was discussed. These experimental results are expected to increase the understanding of the strength failure behavior and the cracking mechanism of rock containing unparallel fissures.     

单轴荷载下饱水岩石静态和动态抗压强度的细观力学分析

由于单轴荷载下饱水岩石的动态力学特性与静态力学特性存在很大差异,从宏观上进行力学分析 存在局限性。根据岩石受压全应力应变曲线的细观机制,分析了静态及动态单轴荷载条件下孔隙水影响饱水 岩石裂纹扩展的情况。在静态单轴压缩条件下,初始裂隙受压使自由水产生孔隙水压力,自由水对翼裂纹有 向外挤压的应力,促进裂纹扩展。在动态单轴压缩条件下,自由水会产生粘结力,抑制裂纹扩展。根据翼裂纹 受压扩展原理,推导出饱水单轴条件下动态抗压强度、静态抗压强度的计算公式,在相同断裂韧度下,饱水岩 石静态抗压强度风干岩石静态抗压强度饱水岩石动态抗压强度。对自然风干和饱水砂岩进行单轴静态、 动态压缩实验,结果与理论模型的结果相符。     

单轴压缩下页岩类脆性材料细观损伤演化的离散元分析

了解广泛存在的类似页岩的脆性材料各向异性对工程安全具有重要意义。本研究将页岩视为粘结颗粒材料,基于离散单元方法研究了横观各向同性脆性页岩的损伤演化。再现了不同层理角的页岩试样的破坏模式,并对比了实验和数值模拟的抗压强度和弹性模量。引入微裂纹的概念,通过定义裂纹密度函数,系统地研究了单轴压缩条件下,页岩层理角对细观结构的影响。此外基于平均配位数建立了配位数变化与细观损伤的联系,并根据配位数的变化与裂纹数量将加载过程分为三个阶段,分析了不同阶段配位数与裂纹数量的对应变化关系。研究表明,页岩的裂纹密度随着层理角的增加而增加,而试样的平均配位数在加载过程中先上升后剧烈下降,颗粒集合体在单轴压缩条件下的应力应变及裂纹数量曲线与平均配位数曲线有良好的一致性。该研究揭示了横观各向同性脆性岩石的破坏过程和内在机理,将为页岩类脆性材料的工程应用提供理论指导。     

岩石紧凑拉伸断裂过程及其尺寸效应的三维数值模拟

采用最近开发的三维岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA3D模拟单边裂纹紧凑拉伸断裂过程。试验中五个不同尺寸的岩样具有相同的力学性质参数分布,模拟结果得到了裂纹扩展中的应力场、位移场和声发射的空间分布以及单边裂纹扩展贯通的过程。单边裂纹拉伸断裂的路径是一个复杂的空间三维曲面,三维裂纹比二维裂纹更为复杂。分析了岩石试样的峰值强度和试样尺寸之间的关系。随着岩样尺寸的增加,峰值强度逐渐减小,并且延性破坏特征更加明显,模拟结果满足岩石的尺寸效应规律。最后模拟了三组不同均匀性的试样拉伸破坏过程,结果表明细观上的非均匀性对岩石尺寸效应有很大影响,随着非均匀性的增加,岩石宏观强度随之提高,即使在均匀材料中一样存在尺寸效应。     

Experimental study on cracking behaviour of moulded gypsum containing two non-parallel overlapping flaws under uniaxial compression

Failure of rock mass that is subjected to compres-sive loads occurs from initiation, propagation, and linkage of new cracks from preexisting fissures. Our research inves-tigates the cracking behaviour and coalescence process in a brittle material with two non-parallel overlapping flaws using a high-speed camera. The coalescence tensile crack and tensile wing cracks were the first cracks to occur from the pre-existing flaws. The initiation stresses of the primary cracks at the two tips of each flaw were simultaneous and decreased with reduced flaw inclination angle. The following types of coalescence cracks were identified between the flaws: pri-mary tensile coalescence crack, tensile crack linkage, shear crack linkage, mixed tensile-shear crack, and indirect crack coalescence. Coalescence through tensile linkage occurred mostly at pre-peak stress. In contrast, coalescence through shear or mixed tensile-shear cracks occurred at higher stress. Overall, this study indicates that the geometry of preexisting flaws affect crack initiation and coalescence behaviour.     

Experimental investigation on strength and failure behavior of pre-cracked marble under conventional triaxial compression

Fractures in natural rocks have an important effect on the strength and failure behavior of rock mass, which are often evaluated in rock engineering practice. The theoretical evaluation of mechanical behavior of fractured rock mass has no satisfactory answer due to the role of confining pressure and crack geometry. Therefore, in this paper, conventional triaxial compression experiments were carried out to study the strength and failure behavior of marble samples with two pre-existing closed cracks in non-overlapping geometry. Based on the experimental results of a number of triaxial compression tests, the effect of crack coalescence on the axial supporting capacity and deformation property were investigated with different confining pressures. The results show that intact samples and flawed samples (marble with pre-existing cracks) have different deformation properties after peak stress, which change from brittleness to plasticity and ductility with the increase of confining pressure. The peak strength and failure mode are found depending not only on the geometry of flaw, but also on the confining pressure. The strength of flawed samples shows distinct non-linear behavior, which is in a better agreement with non-linear Hoek–Brown criterion than linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion. For a kind of rock that has been evaluated as a Hoek–Brown material, a new evaluation criterion is put forward by adopting optimal approximation polynomial theory, which can be used to confirm more precisely the strength parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) of flawed samples. For intact samples, the marble leads to typical shear failure mode with a single fracture surface under different confining pressures, while for flawed samples, under uniaxial compression and a lower confining pressure (σ₃ = 10 MPa), tests for coarse and medium marble (the coarse and medium refer to the grain size) exhibit three basic failure modes, i.e., tensile mode, shear mode, and mixed mode (tensile and shear). Shear mode is associated with lower strength behavior. However, under higher confining pressures (σ₃ = 30 MPa), for coarse marble, the axial supporting capacity is not related to the geometry of flaw. The friction among crystal grains determines the strength behavior of coarse marble. For medium marble, the failure mode and deformation behavior are dependent on the crack coalescence in the sample. The present research provides increased understanding of the fundamental nature of rock failure under conventional triaxial compression.     

A micro–macro method for predicting the shear strength of brittle rock under compressive loading

Microcracks have great significance for shear strength of brittle rock in compression. A major challenge of this area is to establish the correlation of microcracks and macroscopic shear strength. A new micro–macro method is presented to predict the shear strength of brittle rock in compression. This method incorporates the microcrack model suggested by Ashby, Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and a crack-strain relation. This crack–strain relation is presented to link the crack growth and axial strain by combining the micro and macro definitions from rock damage. The shear strength and stress–strain relationship of Jinping marble are theoretically investigated in detail. The rationality of this suggested method is verified by using the experimental results founded on Jinping marble. Effects of the initial microcrack size, friction coefficient and confining pressure on internal friction angle, cohesion, and shear strength are also discussed.     

侧向受拉脆性岩石压缩本构及蠕变失效研究

轴向压缩作用下,脆性岩石侧向应力严重影响岩石力学特性。侧向压应力影响下的轴向压缩岩石力学行为已经得到广泛研究,然而侧向拉应力对轴向压缩岩石力学行为影响研究很少。本文基于脆性岩石翼型裂纹扩展模型中,初始裂纹面法向应力与剪切应力的正负方向为判断依据,研究了侧向拉应力对轴向压缩力学行为的影响。发现恒定的侧向拉应力作用下,轴向压缩应力渐进变化过程中,脆性岩石内部细观初始裂纹面的法向应力只能为压缩应力,不存在拉应力情况。分析了从侧向压应力到拉应力转化过程中,脆性岩石轴向压应力与细观裂纹扩展长度关系、轴向压应力与轴向应变关系、岩石峰值强度、裂纹启裂应力及初始弹性模量的变化规律。并分析了侧向拉应力对岩石蠕变裂纹长度、裂纹速率、轴向应变及应变率演化曲线,以及对蠕变失效时间及稳态蠕变应变率的影响。讨论了侧向拉压应力突变转化以及侧向拉应力分级增大对轴向压缩岩石蠕变演化行为影响。该研究为深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了一定理论依据。     

Fracture analyses of different pre-holed concrete specimens under compression

Crack propagation processes in specially prepared concrete discs and rectangular specimens containing a single cylindrical hole or multiple holes of varying diameters have been studied both experimentally and numerically.In this research, the cracks coalescence paths in Brazilian disc and rectangular specimens made from rock-like material containing multi-holes are investigated. These concrete specimens are specially prepared from an appropriate mixture of Portland Pozzolana Cement(PPC), fine sands, and water.The pre-holed Brazilian discs and rectangular specimens are experimentally tested under compression. The breakage load in the ring type disc specimens containing an axial hole with varying diameters is measured and the distribution of the induced lateral stress is obtained. The mechanism of cracks propagation in the wall of the ring type specimens is also studied. In the case of multi-hole Brazilian disc and rectangular specimens, the cracks propagation and cracks coalescence are also investigated. These experiments are numerically modeled by a modified higher order displacement discontinuity method. It has been shown that the corresponding experimental and numerical results are in good agreement with each other. The results presented in this research validate the accuracy and applicability of these crack analyses procedures.     

An experimental and numerical study of fracture coalescence in pre-cracked specimens under uniaxial compression

This study presents crack initiation, propagation and coalescence at or near pre-existing open cracks or flaws in a specimen under uniaxial compression. The flaw geometry in the specimen was a combination of a horizontal flaw and an inclined flaw underneath. This flaw geometry is different from those reported in the previous studies, where a pair of parallel flaws was used. Three materials were used, PMMA (Poly Methyl MethAcrylate), Diastone (types of molded gypsum), and Hwangdeung granite. Crack initiation and propagation showed similar and different patterns depending on the material. In PMMA, tensile cracks initiated at the flaw tips and propagated to the tip of the other flaw in the bridge area. The cracks then coalesced at a point of the inclined flaw, which is affected by the flaw inclination angle. For Diastone and Hwangdeung granite, tensile cracks were observed followed by the initiation of shear cracks. Coalescence occurred mainly through the tensile cracks or tensile and shear cracks. Crack coalescence was classified according to the crack coalescence types of parallel flaws for overlapping flaw geometry in the past works. In addition, crack initiation and coalescence stresses in the double-flawed specimens were analyzed and compared with those in the single-flawed specimen. Numerical simulations using PFC^2D (Particle Flow Code in two dimensions) based on the DEM (Discrete Element Method) were carried out and showed a good agreement with the experimental results in the coalescence characteristics in Hwangdeung granite. These experimental and numerical results are expected to improve the understanding of the characteristics of cracking and crack coalescence and can be used to analyze the stability of rock and rock structures, such as the excavated underground openings or slopes, tunneling construction, where pre-existing cracks or fractures play a crucial role in the overall integrity of such structures.     

压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的影响研究

本文针对压剪裂纹的启裂及扩展问题,研究了脆性材料中裂纹面压应力变化对其扩展的影响规律.借助双轴加载试验机可自由调节两个轴位移和力的优势,设计了一种单边对称双裂纹压剪试样.试验中,施加裂纹面压应力至不同的预设值后,使剪应力单调增大直至裂纹启裂及扩展,得到不同预设压应力下压剪裂纹启裂及扩展规律. 随着预设压应力增大,启裂角增大,裂纹扩展路径与初始裂纹的偏角也增大.但随着压应力增大,启裂角增大至一定值后趋于稳定,实验发现,依据裂纹是否闭合,压应力对压剪裂纹扩展的作用大致可分为两个阶段:闭合前,压应力对裂纹启裂载荷及启裂角、扩展路径均有影响,预设压应力增大,裂纹启裂载荷增大、启裂角增大,扩展路径愈来愈偏离初始裂纹方向;闭合后,压应力虽然增大,启裂角和临界压剪应力比始终恒定,压应力对临界剪力和扩展路径存在一定影响.研究表明,裂纹启裂角与启裂时的压剪应力比存在一定的对应关系.启裂时的压剪应力比增大,启裂角增大,启裂时的压剪应力比恒定,启裂角不变.      

分级加卸载硬岩短时蠕变特性实验研究

由单向抗压强度实验及8级加卸载短时蠕变实验,得到蠕变下限为27MPa的细砂岩试样典型的坚硬岩石脆性断裂特征.应力-应变等时曲线线性回归函数的相关系数均高于0.92,长期强度与瞬时强度之比达94.39%,证明细砂岩试样的整体蠕变特性不强.应力-轴向应变等时曲线线性回归函数的平均相关系数高出应力-径向应变等时曲线线性回归函数的平均相关系数3.92%,因此其轴向非线性蠕变特性相对于径向非线性蠕变特性更弱.随着时间延续,细砂岩试样的非线性蠕变特性总体服从负Gauss分布规律,具有明显的时间效应.随加载应力水平的提高,应力-轴向应变等时曲线和应力-径向应变等时曲线线性拟合函数的平均相关系数下降幅度分别为0.97%和0.67%,线性相关性普遍降低.所以细砂岩试样的非线性蠕变程度随加载应力水平的提高而提高,载荷效应明显.     

Particle flow study on strength and meso-mechanism of Brazilian splitting test for jointed rock mass

A discrete element method （DEM） called particle flow code （PFC2D） was used to construct a model for Brazilian disc splitting test in the present study. Based on the experimental results of intact Brazilian disc of rock-like material, a set of micro-parameters in PFC2D that reflected the macro-mechanical behavior of rock-like materials were obtained. And then PFC2D was used to simulate Brazilian splitting test for jointed rock mass specimens and specimen containing a central straight notch. The effect of joint angle and notch angle on the tensile strength and failure mode of jointed rock specimens was detailed analyzed. In order to reveal the meso-mechanical mechanism of crack coalescence, displacement trend lines were applied to analyze the displacement evolution during the crack initiation and propagation. The investigated conclusions can be described as follows. （1） The tensile strength of jointed rock mass disc specimen is dependent to the joint angle. As the joint angle increases, the tensile strength of jointed rock specimen takes on a nonlinear variance. （2） The tensile strength of jointed rock mass disc specimen containing a central straight notch distributes as a function of both joint angle and notch angle. （3） Three major failure modes, i.e., pure tensile failure, shear failure and mixed tension and shear failure mode are observed in jointed rock mass disc specimens under Brazilian test. （4） The notch angle roles on crack initiation and and joint angle play important propagation characteristics of jointed rock mass disc specimen containing a central straight notch under Brazilian test.     

Loading rate and confining pressure effect on dilatancy,acoustic emission,and failure characteristics of fissured rock with two pre-existing flaws

Investigating the dilatancy, acoustic emission and failure characteristics of fissured rock are significant to ensure their geotechnical stability. In this paper, the uniaxial and triaxial compression experiments with AE monitoring under different loading rates were carried out on fissured rock specimens with the same geometrical distribution of two pre-existing flaws. The dilatancy and AE activity of these specimens were discussed, and the effects of the confining pressure and loading rate on the mechanical parameters and failure characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the exponential strength criterion is more suitable than the Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion to characterize the strength characteristics of fissured rock. The crack evolution and failure characteristics of fissured rock specimens are more complicated than those of intact rock specimens. The failure characteristics of the fissured rock follow the tensile shear coalescence model, crack branching occurs with increasing the loading rate, and the multi-section coalescence model is verified with increasing the confining pressure. The phenomena of stress drop and yield platform usually occur after the dilatancy onset, the specimen does not fail instantaneously, and the propagation and coalescence of cracks cause a sharp increase in the AE signals, circumferential strain, and volumetric strain.     

Damage evolution and crack propagation in rocks with dual elliptic flaws in compression

To give an insight into the understanding of damage evolution and crack propagation in rocks,a series of uniaxial and biaxial compression numerical tests are carried out.The investigations show that damage evolution occurs firstly in the weak rock,the area around the flaw and the area between the flaw and the neighboring rock layer.Cracks mostly generate as tensile cracks under uniaxial compression and shear cracks under biaxial compression.Crack patterns are classified and divided.The relationship between the accumulated lateral displacement and the short radius(b)is fitted,and the equation of crack path is also established.     

Dynamic damage constitutive relation of mesoscopic heterogenous brittle rock under rotation of principal stress axes

A micro-mechanics-based model is developed to investigate microcrack damage mechanism of four stages of brittle rock under rotation of the principal stress axes. They consist of linear elastic, non-linear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The frictional sliding crack model is applied to analyze microcracks nucleation, propagation and coalescence. The strain energy density factor approach is applied to determine the critical condition of microcrack nucleation, propagation and coalescence. The inelastic strain increments are formulated within the framework of thermodynamics with internal variables. Rotation of principal stress axes affect the dynamic damage constitutive relationship and the failure strength of brittle rock.     

高能材料动态力学性能的研究

采用自制的高能材料动静态变温三轴、单轴压缩试验装置、在熔点以下温度，以及在中等应变速率（２～４／ｓ）和准静态（３１０￣（－３）／ｓ）条件下测试了ＴＮＴ材料三轴、单轴压缩力学性能参数。试验结果表明，ＴＮＴ材料具有明显的应变率相关和热软化效应。在单轴压缩条件下，ＴＮＴ材料是脆性破坏，断裂强度小于屈服极限；在三轴压缩条件下，试件有较大的塑性变形。根据试验结果拟合了ＴＮＴ材料随着加载速率和环境温度变化的本构关系，分析表明该本构关系可以很好地描述材料的应变率、温度效应。     

轴、侧向同卸荷下砂岩力学特性影响的试验研究

本文以实际岩体工程为背景,利用WDT-1500 仪器开展了轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下砂岩的三轴试验. 结果表明:轴、侧向同卸荷这种卸荷路径下,砂岩试样破坏时并没有出现应力峰值,为了定义试样的破坏强度,将最大与最小主应力差随最小主应力的变化关系曲线上应力跌落的拐点处的应力值定义为破坏强度. 砂岩变形初始段发生应力跌落和轴向应变回弹,破坏前无明显的弹性和屈服阶段;试验的过程中,砂岩的侧向变形明显大于轴向变形,其体积应变一直处于膨胀状态;相对于砂岩的常规三轴试验结果,试样破坏时的强度在轴向、侧向同时卸荷条件下有所降低. 初始轴压和初始围压对试样的力学特征有十分显著的影响,但围压的卸荷速率却并不显著. 砂岩的破坏特征主要是以张-拉为主的混合张剪的破坏.      

岩石材料动态破坏的近场动力学方法数值模拟

裂纹的聚集、扩展、分叉是岩石等脆性材料破坏失效的关键因素，本文在验证了近场动力学方法在研究岩石类材料裂纹动态扩展方面的有效性之后，采用近场动力学方法分别对冲击载荷作用下含有双裂纹岩石材料和单轴压缩作用下含单斜裂纹的岩石材料进行数值模拟．结果表明，对于双垂直裂纹，其裂纹扩展路径大致与预制裂纹成70°夹角；对于单裂纹，裂纹的扩展路径随裂纹倾角的变化而变化，最终导致构件的整体破坏．数值模拟结果表明近场动力学方法可以很好地模拟岩石等脆性材料的裂纹扩展直至破坏的过程，反映裂纹扩展的物理机理；其作为一种新的基于非局部理论的数值方法，在地下岩体工程方面及页岩气的开采方面会有很好的发展前景．     

Experimental study and numerical modeling of brittle fracture of carbonate rock under uniaxial compression

The brittle carbonate rock taken from the Tarim Oilfield is tested in laboratory under uniaxial compression. The acoustic emission (AE) is used to monitor the microcracking activity in rock during the experiment. Moreover, the 3D tomograms of carbonate rock after uniaxial compression are obtained by using CT imaging technology, which indicates that microcracks mutually interconnect and eventually form macroscopic fractures after failure. The PFC2D is used to model the behavior of brittle rock including microcracks propagation. The stress–strain curve and cracks distribution in rock model are obtained from the PFC simulation. The numerical results agree with the experimental test well.