岩土材料细观、宏观强度参数的关系研究

岩土材料细观与宏观概念的界定有个相对尺度的区别.当前对于岩土体宏观与细观参数间规律的探索主要集中在本构关系和计算分析两个方面.论文利用颗粒流,设计了无摩擦作用下3个颗粒间黏结强度增加、弱黏结和强黏结作用下19个内摩擦角在0-90度单调增加等共计41组单轴压缩数值试验.分析发现:(1)颗粒间黏结强度的增加,使得粒间较难破裂,微裂纹数量急剧减少.(2)黏结强度一定时,45度前后破坏模式截然不同,与剪切破坏角有关.(3)强黏结峰后曲线跌落明显,脆性破坏特征明显.(4)颗粒间强度参数的变化,不改变能量转移模式,黏结强度的改变使得应变能占输入能量的比例提高,即材料破坏的塑性渐变减小.弱黏结时,随着内摩擦角的增加应变能占输入能量比例逐步减小.强黏结时,应变能占输入能量比例近似,减小不明显.     

基于细观力学的混凝土弹塑脆性损伤研究

将混凝土假定为一种由硬化水泥砂浆、粗骨料、界面粘结带所组成的三相复合材料,在满足骨料级配曲线算法的基础上,采用细观单元的弹塑脆性损伤本构关系,考虑材料的非均质特性,建立了基于细观力学的混凝土弹塑脆性损伤数值模型;分别研究了单轴受拉预置裂纹试样和单轴受压混凝土试样的细观弹塑脆性损伤破坏行为,并揭示了混凝土的宏观表征强度存在明显的尺寸效应,通过将计算结果与 Bazant 尺寸效应公式、单轴受压物理实验曲线进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。数值试验表明：该模型可以清晰地模拟混凝土细观塑性屈服和失效裂纹的萌生和扩展。骨料与水泥砂浆间的界面粘结带相对薄弱,在混凝土试件形成宏观损伤局部化带前,试件的屈服和破坏首先发生在骨料边缘处的界面位置,并沿着界面粘结带扩展、贯通;同时,导致宏观裂纹形成和发展的因素仍以细观单元的拉伸破坏为主。     

SHPB冲击作用下层状千枚岩多尺度破坏机理研究

通过分离式霍普金森杆对层状千枚岩施加动态载荷，得到不同层理倾角下层状千枚岩的动态抗压强度与宏观破坏模式。采用三维激光仪获得断裂面细观形貌，引入分形几何定量计算断口面粗糙度；结合SEM观察到的微观尺度下不同层理倾角断口破坏机理，分析了不同层理倾角下层状岩石的动态破坏机制。研究结果表明:动态压缩下层理弱面对岩石的抗压强度影响较大；不同层理倾角千枚岩的断口形貌分形维数随层理倾角增大呈U型变化；从强度与裂纹扩展两方面考虑层理弱面对层状岩石破坏特征的影响，对于层理倾角为0°的试样，强度由岩石基质控制，但层理弱面仍对岩石破坏的裂纹分布与走向产生较大影响；对于层理倾角为22.5°的试样，强度与裂纹走向受岩石基质与层理弱面共同控制；对于层理倾角为45°～67.5°的试样，强度与裂纹走向受层理弱面控制；而对于层理倾角为90°的试样，动态抗压强度受岩石基质的影响较大，在层理弱面较早形成纵向宏观裂纹，导致该层理弱面角度下裂纹受层理弱面的影响较大。     

一种基于材料细观特征量的PBX拉伸强度理论模型

为给塑性黏结炸药(PBX)的力学强度设计提供支撑、探索材料细观特征量与材料强度之间的定量规律,应用微裂纹扩展区理论,将PBX炸药的单轴拉伸过程中力学响应特征的变化归结为扩展裂纹取向角度的增加,将扩展裂纹最大取向角与拉伸强度相关联,构建了基于材料细观特征量的拉伸强度理论模型,并采用不同温度的单轴拉伸实验验证了该理论模型的有效性。研究表明:该拉伸强度理论模型可以实现对PBX炸药拉伸强度与炸药微裂纹密度、颗粒/黏结剂界面性能以及颗粒/黏结剂体系的表观杨氏模量、泊松比等细观特征量之间关系的定量描述。     

横观各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

针对横观各向同性与各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展的差异性,基于扩展有限元法建立水力压裂力学模型,通过ABAQUS子程序开发了各向同性和横观各向同性岩体的起裂判据。在各向同性岩体数值模拟结果与解析解以及现场压裂典型曲线对比吻合的基础上,得到了包含层理构造的横观各向同性岩体水力压裂过程中裂纹扩展规律。层理类岩体水力压裂的裂缝扩展方向由地应力状态、层理方向以及岩体与层理界面抗拉强度共同决定;水力压裂过程中,注水压力在裂纹尖端产生应力集中,层理面法向分量先达到界面抗拉强度时,裂纹沿层理方向开裂,反之裂纹沿垂直最小地应力的方向扩展;裂纹扩展速度随层理抗拉强度的增加而降低;由于地层的滤失,随压裂液的注入,裂纹长宽尺度增长速率降低。     

加载角度对层理页岩裂纹扩展影响的实验研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）系统对页岩进行冲击实验,研究层理角度对页岩动态断裂过程的影响,在裂尖设置裂纹扩展计,借助高速摄影和数字图像相关（DIC）技术对页岩中心切槽半圆盘弯曲（NSCB）试件断裂的全过程进行研究,得到了不同加载角度下页岩的动态起裂韧度、裂纹扩展速度、断裂过程中应变场和水平位移场的变化规律。实验发现:不同加载角度下,页岩的动态起裂韧度具有显著的各向异性,加载角度与动态起裂韧度呈正相关;加载角度对试样的裂纹扩展速度具有显著影响,与裂纹扩展速度呈负相关;当冲击速度较低时,切槽方向是裂纹扩展的优势方向,而当冲击速度较高时,试样会产生沿层理弱面的次生裂纹,次生裂纹对试样的断裂具有显著影响。     

不同加载速度下脆性颗粒的破坏特性

对直径为8mm的K9玻璃球进行了加载速度为2×10-7和2×10-6m/s的准静态单轴压缩实验以及加载速度为3.4、7.1和10.6m/s的动态单轴压缩实验,研究了K9玻璃单颗粒破碎强度的Weibull分布特性,结合破碎产物的形貌特征,分析了不同加载速度下脆性材料拉伸破坏机制和剪切破坏机制的转变过程,提出了一种拉剪耦合的时序破坏模型,由此揭示了加载速度与3个破坏区的关系。考虑拉伸和剪切失效准则,应用ABAQUS软件进行数值模拟,并初步验证了该破坏模型的冲击过程。研究结果对于认识脆性颗粒材料的动态破坏具有很好的参考意义。     

基于Voronoi模型的脆性岩石微观结构数值模拟

基于离散元软件UDEC中的Voronoi模型,构建了致密岩石的标准压缩数值试件;应用FISH语言编译相关程序,监测不同脆性致密岩石的裂纹数量和密度在压缩过程中的变化特征。研究发现,随着岩石脆性指数的增加,岩石的起裂应力逐渐增加,而起裂点裂纹密度逐渐减小,高脆性岩石则是在较高的应力状态和较低的裂纹损伤状态下达到裂纹起裂点。岩石的峰值应力随着脆性指数的增加而增加,峰值点裂纹密度和脆性指数符合一拟合公式,根据该公式可以对峰值应力处岩石的裂纹损伤程度进行估计。可以把脆性指数0.6作为区分页岩脆性的经验值。     

基于真实细观结构的准脆性材料三维建模及应用初探

采用连续切片的方法获取准脆性材料的表面图像,利用数字图像处理技术检测材料的细观结构并进行矢量化。通过一种简单的变换,将每一切片矢量化的细观结构转换成单层的三维结构,然后将这些切片连续的细观结构逐层叠加,形成整个试件的三维真实细观结构,并针对准脆性材料图像的特点,编制了能够批量处理数字图像并进行细观结构矢量化的程序,建立了与有限元三维网格模型之间的数据接口,模型数据可直接导入岩石三维破裂过程分析RFPA3D系统中,研究真实细观结构对准脆性材料破坏力学行为的影响。以颗粒材料为例,分析了在单轴受压情况下的三维空间裂纹的产生及扩展过程,计算结果显示颗粒分布与界面显著影响材料的破裂模式。     

基于数字图像处理的含缺陷花岗岩破裂力学分析1）

在细观尺度上,采用数字图像处理技术研究花岗岩中由石英、长石和云母等材料的形状、大小及分布对花岗岩材料造成的非均匀性,结合RFPA-DIP 程序建立了能准确反映材料真实细观结构的含缺陷花岗岩数值模型,并进行了常规单轴压缩模拟试验,研究不同矿物颗粒结构与缺陷对其细观破裂力学行为的影响,再现了外载荷作用下不同数值模型的真实破裂过程与最终破坏模式. 试验结果表明:缺陷对试样强度的影响比改变矿物颗粒的形态构造对其强度的影响更加显著,缺陷的存在削弱了颗粒形态对花岗岩强度影响的能力;缺陷及矿物颗粒的形态构造对试样裂纹的萌生、扩展以及最终破坏模式有直接影响,缺陷与矿物颗粒的空间结构关系是导致岩石形成各种复杂破坏模式的主要因素. 起裂应力水平受试样内部细观介质构造和缺陷的影响,而缺陷的存在对起裂应力的影响更加显著.     

砂岩脆性变形破坏过程中声发射信息试验研究

针对砂岩试样进行了单轴刚性加载试验,并测试整个过程的声发射信息。根据试验情况,可将砂岩在整个变形阶段的声发射信号特征划分为压密、弹性、稳定破裂、非稳定破裂和峰后情况五个阶段。通过对稳定破裂和非稳定破裂分界点对应的临界点处的应力和应变值与峰值应力及其对应的应变比值分析发现,大部分应变比在74%与78%之间;应力比则相对具有较大的离散性,均值在73%左右。上述研究,通过对砂岩脆性破坏过程中声发射信息与应力比和应变比之间的关系分析,增进了对岩石破裂过程中生发现象的认识,为相应岩石脆性破坏导致的地质灾害分析提供了新的研究思路。     

岩石材料动态破坏的近场动力学方法数值模拟

裂纹的聚集、扩展、分叉是岩石等脆性材料破坏失效的关键因素，本文在验证了近场动力学方法在研究岩石类材料裂纹动态扩展方面的有效性之后，采用近场动力学方法分别对冲击载荷作用下含有双裂纹岩石材料和单轴压缩作用下含单斜裂纹的岩石材料进行数值模拟．结果表明，对于双垂直裂纹，其裂纹扩展路径大致与预制裂纹成70°夹角；对于单裂纹，裂纹的扩展路径随裂纹倾角的变化而变化，最终导致构件的整体破坏．数值模拟结果表明近场动力学方法可以很好地模拟岩石等脆性材料的裂纹扩展直至破坏的过程，反映裂纹扩展的物理机理；其作为一种新的基于非局部理论的数值方法，在地下岩体工程方面及页岩气的开采方面会有很好的发展前景．     

Discrete element modeling on the crack evolution behavior of brittle sandstone containing three fissures under uniaxial compression

Based on experimental results of brittle, intact sandstone under uniaxial compression, the micro-parameters were firstly confirmed by adopting particle flow code(PFC2D). Then, the validation of the simulated models were cross checked with the experimental results of brittle sandstone containing three parallel fissures under uniaxial compression. The simulated results agreed very well with the experimental results, including the peak strength, peak axial strain, and ultimate failure mode. Using the same microparameters, the numerical models containing a new geometry of three fissures are constructed to investigate the fissure angle on the fracture mechanical behavior of brittle sandstone under uniaxial compression. The strength and deformation parameters of brittle sandstone containing new three fissures are dependent to the fissure angle. With the increase of the fissure angle, the elastic modulus, the crack damage threshold,and the peak strength of brittle sandstone containing three fissures firstly increase and secondly decrease. But the peak axial strain is nonlinearly related to the fissure angle. In the entire process of deformation, the crack initiation and propagation behavior of brittle sandstone containing three fissures under uniaxial compression are investigated with respect tothe fissure angle. Six different crack coalescence modes are identified for brittle sandstone containing three fissures under uniaxial compression. The influence of the fissure angle on the length of crack propagation and crack coalescence stress is evaluated. These investigated conclusions are very important for ensuring the stability and safety of rock engineering with intermittent structures.     

脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂实验与理论分析

研究了脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂特性和失效机理，特别是在平行于裂纹的应力对临界断裂参数的影响方面进行了实验上和理论上的研究．采用玻璃、陶瓷等脆性材料进行了平面双向拉伸和单向拉伸试验，并对实验结果进行比较．观测直通裂纹的启裂和扩展过程，证明了双向应力对裂纹驱动力有明显影响，讨论了裂纹扩展的应变准则．     

On fracture toughness of orthotropic metallic materials under cyclic loading

AVT-6 titanium alloy rolled sheet, which is initially isotropic and subject to kinematic hardening, is used as an example to analyze the effect of kinematic hardening on crack growth resistance under uniaxial cyclic loading. Crack growth resistance is characterized by the number of cycles to failure, critical crack length, and critical stress intensity factor. The subject of study is plane specimens with an edge notch. It is shown that prestrain changes the anisotropy of the specimens, which is determined as the ratio of the crack growth resistance in the rolling direction to that in the transverse direction. The crack path under a load applied at an angle to the axes of anisotropy is studied     

A crack-mechanics based model for damage and plasticity of brittle materials under dynamic loading

A rate-dependent model for damage and plastic deformation of brittle materials under dynamic loading is presented. The model improves upon a recently developed micromechanical damage model (Zuo et al., 2006) by incorporating plastic deformation of the material. The distribution of the microcracks in the material is assumed to remain isotropic, and the damage evolution is through the growth of the average crack size. Plasticity is considered through an additive decomposition of the total strain rate, and a rate-independent, von Mises model is used. The model was applied to simulate the response of a model material (SiC) under uniaxial strain loading. To further examine the behavior of the model, cyclic loading and large-strain compressive loading were considered. Numerical results of the model predictions are presented, and comparisons with those from a previous model are provided.     

A rate-dependent damage model for brittle materials based on the dominant crack

A rate-dependent, continuum damage model is developed for brittle materials under dynamic loading. This model improves on the approach (ISOSCM) of [Addessio, F.L., Johnson, J.N., 1990. A constitutive model for the dynamic response of brittle materials. Journal of Applied Physics 67, 3275–3286] in several respects. (1) A new damage surface is found by applying the generalized Griffith instability criterion to the dominant crack (having the most unstable orientation), rather than by averaging the instability condition over all crack orientations as done previously. The new surface removes a discontinuity in the damage surface in ISOSCM when the pressure changes sign. (2) The strain due to crack opening is more consistent with crack mechanics, with only the tensile principal stresses contributing to the crack opening strain. This is achieved by incorporating a projection operator in the equation for the crack opening strain. One consequence of incorporating the projection operator is a prediction of shear dilatancy, which is not accounted for in ISOSCM. (3) The evolution of damage, which is based on the energy-release rate for the dominant crack, has a physical basis, whereas in the previous approach the damage growth rate was assumed to be an exponential function of the distance from the stress state to the damage surface without specific physical justification.An implicit algorithm has been developed so that a larger time step can be used than with the explicit algorithm used in ISOSCM. The numerical results of a silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic under several loading paths (hydrostatic tension/compression, uniaxial strain, uniaxial stress, and shear) and strain rates are presented to illustrate the main features of the model.     

Localization of deformation and stress–strain relation for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock materials under unloading

Stress redistribution induced by excavation of underground engineering and slope engineering results in the unloading zone in parts of surrounding rock masses. The mechanical behaviors of crack-weakened rock masses under unloading are different from those of crack-weakened rock masses under loading. A micromechanics-based model has been proposed for brittle rock material undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth when axial stress is held constant while lateral confinement is reduced. The basic idea of the present model is to classify the constitution relation of rock material into four stages including some of the stages of linear elasticity, pre-peak nonlinear hardening, rapid stress drop, and strain softening, and to investigate their corresponding micromechanical damage mechanisms individually. Special attention is paid to the transition from structure rearrangements on microscale to the macroscopic inelastic strain, to the transition from distribution damage to localization of damage and the transition from homogeneous deformation to localization of deformation. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress–strain relation of rock materials containing cracks under unloading is obtained. The results show that the complete stress–strain relation and the strength of rock materials under unloading depend on the crack spacing, the fracture toughness of rock materials, orientation of the cracks, the crack half-length and the crack density parameter.     

水岩化学作用对黑色页岩的化学损伤及力学劣化试验研究

为模拟黑色页岩化学风化中酸性水-页岩化学作用过程,本文对其进行氧化条件下的不同pH值H2SO4溶液的非平衡流动态腐蚀性试验,获得了黑色页岩化学腐蚀前后矿物变化、相对质量损失、次生孔隙率、纵波波速变化及微观结构特征的变化。通过单轴压缩试验,获得黑色页岩在不同浸泡时段的变形和强度特性规律,探讨了酸性水对黑色页岩化学作用的化学损伤和力学劣化的腐蚀效应及机制。研究表明,页岩试件在化学腐蚀后,易溶性矿物成分减小,黏土矿物增加,同时矿物胶结变得松散,矿物边缘变得模糊;页岩试件的相对质量损失与次生孔隙率随pH值减小和浸泡时间的增长而增大,而纵波波速则减小;其力学特性有从脆性破坏向延性破坏转化的趋势,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量有随pH值减小和浸泡时间的增长而减小的趋势。基于次生孔隙率,构建化学损伤变量来描述试件化学-力学损伤演化过程。分析酸性水-页岩化学作用的机理主要为:溶解作用、氧化作用、水解作用及离子交换吸附作用。