多刚体系统碰撞动力学方程及可解性判别准则

本文引入碰撞铰概念描述开环和闭环多刚体系统中各刚体间任意碰撞的情况,导出了适用于计算机编程求解的碰撞动力学方程,该方程适用于开环和闭环系统,文章对方程可能出现奇异的情况作了讨论,根据系统的碰撞结构导出了方程非奇异的必要和充分条件,文末以卫星帆板展开锁定过程作为算例。     

关于刚体系统碰撞问题的动力学普遍定理解法

关于刚体系统碰撞问题的动力学普遍定理解法黎邦隆，黎之奇（湖南大学，长沙４１００８２）（中科院力学所，北京１０００８０）对较复杂的刚体系统的碰撞问题，一般都用冲力情况下的拉格朗日方程解答．因为通常都认为，用动力学普遍定理，就要将系统拆开，于是导致各刚体...     

多刚体系统分离策略及释放动力学研究

紧密连接的多刚体系统可在脱离运载航天器后在轨自主分离,无需多次利用航天器发射装置或在航天器中安装多个发射装置进行分离释放,从而有效提高运载航天器空间利用率, 简化分离释放操作和降低碰撞风险.本文针对多刚体系统的在轨分离释放问题, 研究在轨分离策略及释放过程动力学.首先, 考虑刚体相对运动及姿态变化,基于虚功原理及自然坐标方法建立单个刚体的动力学模型.考虑多刚体系统在轨分离释放阶段的轨道运动和连接约束变化,计入分离时刚体间的相互作用,利用拉格朗日乘子法获得含连接约束的非线性动力学模型. 考虑到实际工程应用,在多刚体系统分离释放阶段,通过安装在刚体间每个接触表面4个角上的弹射装置实现自主分离. 其次,为保证分离过程中刚体之间无碰撞发生, 规划了多刚体系统的分离时序,并基于不同弹射方向及分离顺序设计了两种分离释放方案. 最后,通过算例研究分析了在轨分离释放过程中刚体的非线性动力学行为,验证了分离释放方案的有效性.      

平面柔性多体系统正碰撞动力学建模理论研究

针对目前柔性多体系统碰撞动力学建模方法存在的不足,对影响碰撞动力学仿真的主要因素如柔性体建模和碰撞初始条件进行分析,建立起基于变约束的柔性体碰撞动力学方程。首先,为了解决子结构法在处理碰撞界面搜索时面临的难题,引入多体系统柔性体有限元描述方法,推导出凸形柔性体接触点间法向位移约束的二阶导数形式。其次,从碰撞引起的接触界面速度不连续机理出发,结合连续介质力学间断面理论,给出碰撞瞬时由物体本身物理性质决定的接触位置处速度跳跃公式。最后对两弹性圆盘低速碰撞问题进行数值仿真。结果表明本文提出的改进方法符合力学基本原理,仿真结果满足收敛性要求。     

骰子中灌铅对掷骰子结果的影响

骰子是一种常用的赌博工具，段子灌铅后，重心可能偏离其几何中心，将骰子视为刚体，将掷骰子过程看作刚体自由下落然后与桌面碰撞的刚体动力学过程．本计算出重心偏离的骰子下落后，各个面向下的概率。     

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简述了多刚体系统接触及碰撞动力学的研究方法，详细回顾了考虑库仑摩擦的多刚 体系统的能量不协调、Painlev\'{e}疑难及碰撞恢复系数等该领域中难点问题的研 究进展，探讨了解决该难点问题的研究思路，指出了未来该领域的研究方向.     

多点碰撞的力学模型

在理论力学的教科书中,一般只讨论均质的、表面光滑的球形物体之间的碰撞问题.本文将讨论任意形状的,表面光滑的物体之间的碰撞问题,并且参与碰撞的物体可以是任意多个.在碰撞前或碰撞后,我们把物体视作刚体.但是在碰撞过程中,必须考虑物体的变形并利用相应的变形协调条件.定义1 在两个物体的碰撞过程中,物体发生最大变形的时刻叫做临界时刻.     

两自由度振动系统的斜碰撞分析

研究斜碰撞振动系统动力学的一个关键问题是对系统在碰撞前后的状态进行合理描述和正确计算．针对两弹性体斜碰撞问题，基于瞬间碰撞假设，提出了采用步进冲量来分析和求解斜碰撞前后的状态关系；并以弹簧摆和振子组成的两自由度斜碰撞振动系统为例，具体介绍了该算法如何实现．用解析方法讨论了该系统在斜碰撞过程中可能出现的各种力学现象，将冲量步进算法得到的数值解与解析结果进行对比，取得了完全一致的结果．该数值方法能适应多种斜碰撞问题的计算．     

摩擦力对两个恢复系数公式等价性条件的影响

文章讨论两个作一般运动的刚体在考虑摩擦力的情况下碰撞(不 受外力作用)．首先由欧勒动力学方程和质心运动定理导出在碰撞的压缩阶段和恢复阶段 二碰撞点沿公法线的相对速度的变化量, 然后给出两个恢复系数公式的等价性条件与刚体 之间摩擦力的关系．     

弹性联系的多刚体系统动力方程

本文使用旋量与图论概念相结合的方法建立弹性联系的树形多刚体系统的普遍动力学方程。此方程也适用于讨论构件之间无刚体位移的弹性结构物的运动。采用旋量的矩阵记法使全部计算过程具有统一的矩阵形式及程式化步骤。以带偏心飞论及太阳翼的弹性结构卫星作为具体算例。弹性联系的多刚体系统是带挠性附件的航天器或考虑弹性变形的机构、机械手及其它工程对象的动力学模型。系统内的主要构件仍作为刚体,结构弹性只由联接铰的弹性变形所体现。近代航天器常带有许多可动部件,考虑联接铰的弹性变形后,系统的自由度变得十分庞大,按传统的拉格朗日方建立动力学方程,其计算过程适于繁琐而难以采用。除以一般多刚体系统为对象的Kane方法及Roberson—Wittenburg方法以外,本文提出将旋量与图论概念相结合的方法应用于弹性联系的树形多刚体系统,建立其普遍动力学方程。以带偏心飞轮及太阳翼的弹性结构卫星作为具体算例,并与Kane方法进行比较。     

平面刚架弹塑性大位移分析的多刚体离散元法

本文基于多刚体－弹簧系统模型，给出了求解平面刚架结构弹塑性、大位移极限承载力分析的多刚体离散元法。文中首先推导了多刚体离散元法在总体坐标下的切线刚度阵，建立多刚体离散元法的增量平衡方程；而后推导了多刚体离散元的弹塑性弹簧系数矩阵，建立了多刚体离散元内力屈服面塑性铰法的增量求解格式，成功地进行了平面钢框架的弹塑性、大位移极限承载力分析。计算结果与其他数值方法或实验结果吻合良好，显示了多刚体离散元方法进行结构极限承载力分析这一复杂问题的优越性     

具有摩擦的刚体碰撞

刚体碰撞是力学上的一个经典问题，但目前大都采用给定恢复系数进行分析的方法，本文则直接从两刚体碰撞时Newton第二定律出发，建立了计及摩擦的两刚体碰撞基本理论，并指出了以往研究通过给定恢复系数方法的错误之处。文中通过利用两刚体接触相对变位加速度与碰撞力的关系，定义了法向等效质量，对二维平面碰撞，通过一些简单的比较和定义给出了各种碰撞状态的分类判别法，并给出了碰撞力和冲量的解析式。指出法向等效质量依赖于碰撞状态，在反向滑动和停止滑动这两状态下的法向等效质量是变化的，因此导致其恢复系数是变化的，这样，恢复系数不仅与接触力(接触点情况)有关，而且还与两刚体的运动和动力参数有关，同时给出各种碰撞状态下的恢复系数计算式。     

含刚性体可展开结构的展开过程动力学分析方法

在可展结构中设置刚性体可以有效提高展开效率,保证形状精度,因此含刚性体可展结构具有较高的实用价值。刚性体按需要可为刚性曲板等,一般形状复杂且形式多样,含任意形状刚性体可展结构的展开过程动力学分析比较困难。本文以笛卡尔坐标系下节点坐标及位移为变量,利用广义逆矩阵建立了一种通用的刚性体动力学方程,给出了利用Newmark—...     

The equations of external impacted dynamics between multi-rigidbody systems

I.Intr0ducti0nTheimpactproblemofmulti-rigidbodysystemisanimportantresearchingtaskirithedomainofmodernengineering.Uptonow,afewscholarshavestudiedthisproblem.Startingfromthewewton-Eu1erdynamicequation,paperIl]discussesthegeneralsituationofimpactdynamicsofmu…     

The dynamic plastic response characteristics of circular beam

In this paper the problem of a circular beam subjected to radial impact by a rigid mass at its tip in its own plane is investigated on the basis of rigid-perfectly plastic assumption. The analytical solution of the particle velocities is obtained as the function of travelling plastic hinge location. By analysing the solution, some special properties of circular beam problem are found.     

Analytical approach in torsional multi-mass discrete-continuous systems with variable inertia

In the paper the systems torsionally deformed consisting of an arbitrary number of elastic elements connected by rigid bodies using the perturbation approach are investigated. The first rigid body represents a motor working with a constant speed, and the last one has a mass moment of inertia depending on the angular displacement. The problem is nonlinear and it is linearized after appropriate transformations. Exemplary numerical results for angular displacements for a two-mass and a three-mass systems are presented.     

GAUSS PRINCIPLE OF LEAST CONSTRAINT IN GENERALIZED COORDINATES AND ITS GENERALIZATION

当采用广义坐标描述系统的运动时,相比质点形式的高斯最小拘束原理,通过广义坐标形式的高斯最小拘束原理来建立动力学优化模型,计算效率更高. 从高斯原理的变分形式出发推导了广义坐标形式的高斯最小拘束原理,并研究了非理想约束、单边约束及刚体碰撞情形下的高斯最小拘束原理的形式. 研究认为:对刚体碰撞情形下,高斯最小拘束原理不能取代碰撞恢复定律,碰撞恢复定律以碰撞后广义速度的约束方程形式起作用.     

Penetration of rigid bodies into loose and layered media

Penetration and motion of rigid bodies in ground media attracts the researchers’ attention because of various problems arising as the technology evolves. In fact, there are two independent directions of studies in this field: (1) the problem of earth excavation when a rigid body of a definite shape slowly moves along a given trajectory in the ground; (2) an impact of a rapidly flying free rigid or deformable body against the ground. In the latter case, to which the proposed studies pertain, it is sometimes of interest to study the medium behavior and the motion of the free body, which moves in the medium after the impact owing to the kinetic energy of itself. In this field, a majority of studies deal with collision and penetration of bodies of various shapes into clay media. An extensive survey of these studies is given in [1]. After this survey appeared, numerous paper dealing with complicated collision conditions have been published [2]. Penetration in loose media has been studied much more rarely. The direct collision with fractured rock was studied in connection with the expected landing of spacecraft on other planets [3, 4]. In this case, the influence of grain dimensions and the density of the filling and vacuum on the penetration was studied for the initial velocities in the range of 1.7–10 m/s. On the other hand, in [5], the results of investigating the penetration of conic bodies in sand at entry velocities of 700–900 m/s are given; these velocities significantly exceed the speed of sound in this medium, which lies in the range of 100–200 m/s for dry sand. Analyzing the experimental results, the author came to the conclusion that it is necessary to use different representations of the drag force in the supersonic and subsonic modes. In the present paper, we do not consider the influence of the grain distribution, sand density, and filling methods on the penetration. But, as follows from the experiments whose results are described in [6] and [7], to represent the results of penetration of rigid bodies at velocities up to several hundreds of meters per second, in addition to the characteristics listed above, it is also required to describe the technology of the experiment preparation, because such media have the property of shape “memory.”     

Kinematic Analysis of Robotic Bevel-Gear Trains: An Application of Network Model Approach

The network model approach for rigid and multi-rigid body systems developed recently [1,2] can also be used conveniently in formulating system equations or equations of motion of three-dimensional mechanical systems of interconnected rigid bodies. In this article, this method is further elaborated for establishing only the kinematics of spatial robotic bevel-gear trains. However the dynamic analysis of such systems using the same method is also possible and will be taken up in a future publication.