基于类桁架连续体的结构拓扑优化方法与应用

以各向异性连续体为基结构,采用类桁架连续体材料模型进行结构拓扑优化。以材料在结点位置的密度和方向作为优化设计变量,使材料在设计域内连续分布。并以此建立材料的弹性矩阵和刚度矩阵。优化过程没有抑制中间密度,这从根本上避免了许多拓扑优化方法普遍存在的单元铰接、棋盘格现象以及单元依赖性等数值不稳定问题。采用满应力准则法,借助有限元结构分析,经过少量迭代,建立优化的材料连续分布场,即类桁架连续体结构。由于首先建立的拓扑优化结构是各向异性连续体,从而得到更大优化空间。然后可以结合工程实际需要将其转化为离散的拓扑优化杆系结构。最后,以1个经典Michell桁架和3种形式的拱桥为数值算例,演示了其结构拓扑优化过程。     

基于类桁架材料的Hermite有限元优化方法

提出了一种采用高阶单元进行结构拓扑优化的方法。在设计域内优化杆件的 C0阶连续分布场以形成类桁架连续体;采用 Hermite 矩形单元,推导了对应的类桁架材料的刚度矩阵;将结点位置的应变直接作为基本变量,并选择类桁架连续体中的有限杆件,形成了近优化的离散杆系结构;通过弹性模量E=210GPa、允许应力σp=160MPa的悬臂结构、简支结构、多个荷载作用下的悬臂梁等典型数值算例验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明：在有限元自由度和迭代次数相同的条件下,应力约束最大误差由双线性矩形单元的6%减小到0.01%。     

利用有限元构造Michell桁架的一种方法

提出了一种新的形成Michell桁架的有限元分析方法.该方法以纤维增强正交各向异性复合板为材料模型,根据有限元分析结果调整各单元的纤维密度和方向.采用所提出的一种迭代格式,经过少量迭代,形成满足Michell准则的应变、内力场.该方法适于不同几何形状、支撑条件及荷载情况.算例结果表明该方法是有效的.     

基于多节点微桁架元的薄板锚固区拉压杆模型

目前混凝土桥梁结构D区多依据应力迹线的走向以及应力积分来确定拉压杆模型的基本构形, 模型中杆件 的布置存在一定的困难和随意性.针对此问题, 以后张薄板锚固区为研究对象, 提出一种多尺度分区渐进结构优化算法.首先, 通过一种新的多节点微桁架元构建相应的等效基结构.然后利用此算法对不同偏心锚固力作用下的等效基结构进行分析, 以自动生成锚固区拉压杆模型.最后, 将该拉压杆模型与美国AASHTO桥梁设计规范中推荐的模型进行了对比.研究结果表明:该算法能够定量化确认拉压杆模型中杆件的位置, 特别是拉杆位置与数值分析得到的受拉区合力作用线能较好吻合.     

基于应力分析的桁架结构双向拓扑优化方法

结构拓扑优化问题的研究多是采用基结构的思路,通过删除在设计区域内的不必要单元来得到结构的最优拓扑构型。本文探索了一种增加单元与删除单元相结合的双向拓扑优化方法,采用了网格与杆件两类单元对桁架进行分析:在高应力杆件单元周围生成新网格单元,并且删除低应力的杆单元,结构逐渐进化,从而得到优化的拓扑构型。文章最后通过数值算例,表明该方法是可行的。     

采用自动分组遗传算法的频率约束下桁架拓扑优化

研究了带有频率约束的桁架结构拓扑优化问题.首先比较了同为铰结情况下采用两种不同单元-杆单元和梁单元模拟对频率计算结果的影响,发现杆模型会丢失杆件弯曲振动模态,得到的最大自振频率设计往往含有很细截面的杆件,而实际上具有很低的频率.为克服这一困难,并考虑到实际工程结构的结点具有一定的刚性,建议此类优化问题可以采用刚架模型进...     

桁架结构的边界单元法

本文将边界元法应用于离散型结构体，以规则的平面桁架作为计算对象，计算出“连续体”的结点位移（原结构结点位移），反算杆件内力．同有限元结果进行了比较，结果表明，方法可行，精度有保证，效率比有限元高，有工程应用前景     

基于层次分解方法的桁架结构形状优化

对于桁架结构形状优化,应用层次分解优化方法,将设计变量分成杆件截面积和节点位置两类变量。求解时分为两层,第一层在给定节点位置下对杆件截面进行优化,同时考虑了应力、局部稳定约束和位移约束的重量最轻;第二层假定截面层的有效位移约束作用不变,求解一个使桁架刚度增强的二次规划问题,获得既不违反约束,又使目标函数不上升的新的节点位置,再返回第一层。两层交替进行直至收敛。     

基于敏度分析的拉压不同模量桁架问题的数值分析

利用光滑函数技术,提出光滑化的拉压不同弹性模量问题的应力应变关系,与有限元方法相结合,建立了拉压不同模量一维连续体与桁架结构的数值求解模型,推导了敏度计算公式,采用Newton-Raphson算法进行求解.数值结果表明,本文算法具有较高的计算精度和收敛速度.     

基于自适应网格的材料渗透系数设计

采用基于单元(结点)密度为设计变量进行结构和材料的拓扑优化设计时,有限元网格的密度对优化设计有很大影响. 在以渗透系数为目标进行材料微结构设计时,为了较好地描述单胞中的流固边界,需要将单胞划分为很小的网格,进一步增加了有限元计算和优化分析的规模. 为了降低计算规模, 研究了基于自适应网格的逆均匀化方法,以最大化各向同性等效渗透系数为目标,进行材料微结构设计. 优化迭代过程中,对单胞中流固界面处的网格进行自适应加密,降低优化问题的计算规模. 采用这一算法,对不同初始密度分布得到的单胞优化结果虽然不同,但具有相同的材料微结构,一定程度上说明了该方法的有效性.      

FORMING MICHELL TRUSS IN THREE-DIMENSIONS BY FINITEELEMENTMETHOD

IntroductionTheMichell’s[1]theoryforoptimizingstructuraltopologyforstressconstraintsunderoneloadconditionplaysanimportantroleinstructuraloptimizationfield .TheoptimumstructuresbasedonsuchtheoryarecalledasMichelltruss,orleast_weighttruss.Subsequently ,thistheorydevelopedgreatlyinmanyaspects[2 - 8].ItisprovedthatMichelltrussisidenticalwiththeleast_weighttrussforcomplianceconstraints.TheMichelltrussesundersomeloadcasesweregainedbyanalyticalmethod[8- 10 ].Michelltrussisestablishedbasedonstrict…     

Integration of self-consistent polycrystal plasticity with dislocation density based hardening laws within an implicit finite element framework: Application to low-symmetry metals

We present an implementation of the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystalline model in an implicit finite element (FE) framework, which accounts for a dislocation-based hardening law for multiple slip and twinning modes at the micro-scale grain level. The model is applied to simulate the macro-scale mechanical response of a highly anisotropic low-symmetry (orthorhombic) crystal structure. In this approach, a finite element integration point represents a polycrystalline material point and the meso-scale mechanical response is obtained by the mean-field VPSC homogenization scheme. We demonstrate the accuracy of the FE-VPSC model by analyzing the mechanical response and microstructure evolution of α-uranium samples under simple compression/tension and four-point bending tests. Predictions of the FE-VPSC simulations compare favorably with experimental measurements of geometrical changes and microstructure evolution. Specifically, the model captures accurately the tension–compression asymmetry of the material associated with twinning, as well as the rigidity of the material response along the hard-to-deform crystallographic orientations.     

Linear and Nonlinear Algorithms for Stress Separation in Photoelasticity

An experimental-numerical hybrid method for the stress separation in photoelasticity is proposed in this study. In the proposed method, boundary conditions for a local finite element model, that is, tractions along boundaries are inversely determined from photoelastic fringes. Two algorithms are proposed for determining the boundary condition. One is a linear algorithm in which the tractions are obtained by the method of linear least-squares from both principal stress difference and principal direction. Another is the nonlinear algorithm in which the tractions are determined only from the principal stress difference. After determining the boundary conditions for the local finite element model, the stresses can be obtained by finite element direct analysis. The effectiveness is demonstrated by applying the proposed method to a perforated plate under tension and contact problems. Results show that the boundary conditions of the local finite element model can be determined from the photoelastic fringes and then the individual stresses can be obtained by the proposed method. Furthermore, the stresses can be evaluated even if the boundary condition is complicated such as at the contact surface. It is expected that the proposed method can be powerful tool for stress analysis.     

锈蚀H型钢偏心受压承载性能试验研究

通过锈蚀H型钢构件的偏心受压试验,研究锈蚀对H型钢构件偏压承载能力的影响,并为工程师提供锈蚀H型钢构件偏心受压承载能力的试验数据。试验采用5根锈蚀H型钢,2根未锈蚀构件作为对比试验,分别对受拉翼缘、受压翼缘和腹板的锈蚀对H型钢构件偏心受压承载能力的影响进行了详细探究,得出翼缘的锈蚀对钢构件偏压承载能力的影响较腹板显著,其中受压翼缘比受拉翼缘影响更甚。锈蚀对钢材力学性能的影响也在文中进行了试验研究,结果表明：钢材的锈蚀对其屈服强度和极限强度无显著影响,但显著影响钢材塑性性能。     

Transient thermal stresses in two-dimensional functionally graded thick hollow cylinder with finite length

In this paper transient thermal stresses in a thick hollow cylinder with finite length made of two-dimensional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) based on classical theory of thermoelasticity are considered. The volume fraction distribution of materials, geometry and thermal load are assumed to be axisymmetric but not uniform along the axial direction. The finite element method with graded material properties within each element is used to model the structure. Temperature, displacements and stress distributions through the cylinder at different times are investigated. Also the effects of variation of material distribution in two radial and axial directions on the thermal stress distribution and time responses are studied. The achieved results show that using 2D-FGM leads to a more flexible design so that time responses of structure, maximum amplitude of stresses and uniformity of stress distributions can be modified to a required manner by selecting suitable material distribution profiles in two directions.     

Joint Flexibility Effects on Rectangular Hollow Section Vierendeel Trusses

ABSTRACT

An elastic-strain hardening material characteristic is used with the finite element method to model the behavior of Vierendeel trusses that consist of flexible branch-to-chord connections. Both chord and branch members are presumed to be rectangular hollow sections (RHS) of unequal width. Analyses have been undertaken on truss configurations consisting of either single member or double member chords placed back-to-back. Joint characteristics obtained from an earlier study are used to model the effects of flexible connections on truss load capacity and stiffness. The findings indicate that it is important to strive for high branch end moment and stiffness properties to achieve satisfactory structural performance of a girder. Punching shear effects are much less important. It is also shown that double chord trusses outperform their single chord equivalents, unless stiffening plates are employed to help achieve comparable end moments of branch members.     

Minimum weights of pressurized hollow sandwich cylinders with ultralight cellular cores

Long, open-ended, hollow sandwich cylinders with ultralightweight cellular cores are optimized under uniform internal pressure for minimum weight design. Five different core topologies are considered: Kagomé truss, single-layered pyramidal truss, double-layered pyramidal truss, single-layered corrugated core and double-layered corrugated core. The highly porous cellular materials are homogenized to obtain effective constitutive relations. Close-formed solutions are presented for the forces and stresses in individual structural members of the sandwich, which are then validated by finite element calculations. Optimization of the sandwich-walled hollow cylinder is achieved using a quadratic optimizer, subjected to the constraints that none of the following failure modes occurs: facesheet yielding; facesheet punch shearing (active only for truss-cored sandwiches); core member buckling; core member yielding. In comparison with hollow cylinders having solid walls, truss-core sandwich cylinders and single-layer corrugated core sandwich cylinders are found to have superior weight advantages, especially for more heavily loaded cases. With the consideration of both weight efficiency and failure modes, sandwich-walled hollow cylinders having Kagomé truss core with pyramidal sub-geometry have the best overall performance in comparison with other core topologies.     

结构拓扑优化研究方法综述

结构拓扑优化研究方法目前有解析方法和数值方法两大类.首先介绍了解析方法中的 Michell理论,它在结构拓扑优化领域研究较早,影响最为深远.随后着重讨论了杆系和连 续体结构拓扑优化的数值方法.杆系结构常采用基结构方法,通过删除部分杆件达到结构 拓扑优化的目的.连续体结构一般要划分为有限单元,通过删除单元形成带孔的连续体, 以实现拓扑优化.介绍了连续体结构拓扑优化常采用的材料模型:各向同性、各向异性和 带微结构材料.并对连续体结构(0-1)拓扑优化中的数值计算不稳定问题的机理进行了分 析,给出了解决方法.此外,对应力约束问题存在解的奇异性现象也作了简要介绍.最后, 对数值方法中的主要数学求解方法进行了简单介绍.