聚合物材料SHPB实验关键问题

分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)广泛用于测量聚合物材料在高应变率下的动态力学行为.但是由于聚合物材料本身的低强度、低刚度、低阻抗、低波速等特点,使得SHPB动态试验相比其他材料更加复杂.论文较为详细地综述了聚合物材料SHPB实验技术中的应力应变计算、脉冲整形技术、动态应力平衡、摩擦与惯性效应、试件与波导杆的选择、碰撞速度与应变率关系、最大常应变率的确定等关键问题及其进展.理解这些关键问题并且采用目前较好的方法,对于获得聚合物材料有效和准确的高应变率力学特性具有重要意义.     

基于SHPB的UHPC冲击试验径向惯性效应分析

为探讨UHPC试件惯性效应对SHPB加载过程的影响，采用大型有限元分析软件LS-DYNA从试件直径、长径比以及恒应变率加载等角度出发，开展了相应的数值模拟与分析。通过对软件中Karagozian-Case-Concrete (KCC)损伤模型参数取值进行优化，建立了基于SHPB技术的UHPC材料冲击压缩数值模型并与试验验证。在此基础上，开展不同UHPC试件直径、长径比以及有无整形器下的参数分析，探讨其对SHPB试验中径向惯性效应的影响。结果表明:(1)为实现加载过程中一维应力传播和UHPC试件应力平衡，试件直径建议按0.90～0.95倍杆件直径取值；(2) UHPC试件长径比对试件加载过程中的应力平衡影响较小，但综合试件中钢纤维分布均匀性以及破坏前一维应力传播，建议按0.35～0.45取值；(3)实现恒应变率加载是UHPC材料在SHPB冲击试验中消除径向惯性效应的重要前提。     

变形模式对多孔金属材料SHPB实验结果的影响

利用两种改进后的Hopkinson杆实验分别测得多孔金属材料冲击端和支撑端的应力.实验结果及高速摄影表明,随着撞击速度的增加,试件两端的应力均匀性变差,分别对应着泡沫材料的3种变形模式:准静态模式、过渡模式、冲击模式.实验得出在冲击模式下,冲击端与支撑端的应力与试件的厚度无关,但是与试件的密度有关.在多孔金属的高应变率实验中,变形模式对SHPB实验有很大的影响,轴向惯性(波动)效应会导致试件两端的应力不均匀,此时利用SHPB得出的实验结果将会是应变率效应和惯性效应的耦合,不能真实反映材料的动态力学性能(应变率效应).      

功能材料双轴拉伸十字板试件的优化设计

在对Demmerle和Boehler提出的一个基于试件实验区应力标准差的数学判据进行修正的基础上,将这一判据应用于有限元方法中,通过 ABAQUS有限元软件计算出试件实验区的应力分布,结合Powell优化设计方法,实现了对各向同性形状记忆合金材料双轴拉伸十字板试件的最优化设计.优化设计所得试件的应力位移分布图与原有的Kelly试件迸行了比较,结果表明经过优化的试件在满足双轴试验要求方面有了明显的改进.同时验证了在各向同性材料下优化所得的试件同样适用于各向异性材料.最后,对形状记忆合金相变过程在试验区中引起的应力应变变化进行了数值模拟,其结果表明优化试件完全能够满足记忆合金材料双轴实验的要求.     

粗骨料取代下的高性能再生混凝土率敏性研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验方法对粗骨料取代率为0%、30%、50%和100%的再生混凝土进行冲击试验,研究了应力-应变关系曲线、动态抗压强度、动态弹性模量以及破坏形态受应变率影响的变化规律。试验表明,应力-应变关系曲线开始段呈线性关系,随应变率的增大,线性段斜率增大,持续范围扩大,峰值应力变大;峰值应力具有率敏性,随应变率增大,峰值应力不断增加,取代率对峰值应力的影响差别不明显;动态弹性模量也具有率敏性,呈正相关关系,取代率不同,其率敏性程度有所差异;随着应变率增大,试件破坏程度随之加剧,从完整无裂缝到瞬间崩裂成碎块。     

应变率及节理倾角对岩石模拟材料动力特性的影响

采用相似材料模拟实验方法并借助SHPB(split Hopkinson pressure bar)实验系统,探究应变率及节理倾角对节理岩石动态力学性状的影响,包括应力应变曲线特征、破坏模式、能量传递及耗散规律。该实验结果表明:应变率升高,动态弹性模量增大,试件破碎块度变小,完整试件裂纹缺陷沿着平行于压应力方向扩展;节理角度越大,峰值强度越低,但当应变率升高到一定程度,节理角度对岩石破坏形态的影响不再明显;不同试件的入射能、反射能、透射能和耗散能均随应变率升高呈非线性增加,含倾斜角度节理试件的能量耗散率随应变率的变化幅度明显大于完整试件。     

高强混凝土动态压缩试验分析

准确测量混凝土动态压缩性能及其应变率强化效应一直是冲击动力学研究领域的重点和难点之一。针对混凝土大口径SHPB实验，分析探讨了其中几个主要问题:应力均匀性问题、恒应变率问题和端面接触问题。研究表明:对于此次试验中混凝土试件而言，应力均匀性假设限制试验最大应变率小于166 s?1；杆和试件端面接触不平和接触不良使得测算出的杨氏模量和屈服强度明显小于实际值；在此基础上，给出了五步测试法和预应力法；利用复合整形技术实现了近似恒应变率加载。利用以上所发展和改进的技术得到了C110混凝土动静态应力应变曲线，结果显示，在试验范围内混凝土杨氏模量并没有应变率效应，其单轴压缩屈服强度与应变率对数呈线性正比关系，其唯象应变率强化因子为0.10。理论分析表明，大口径SHPB试验所得混凝土应变率效应是一种唯象效应，对于混凝土类压力敏感屈服材料而言，应该根据其屈服面方程对其进行校正，从而得到其本构方程中材料的应变率强化因子，分别利用Tresca屈服准则和K&C本构中屈服面方程对其进行校正，得到C110材料的真实应变率强化因子分别为0.015和0.038。     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。     

应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响

利用普通SHPB实验系统、双试件SHPB实验系统，对一特种钢材进行了不同应变率历史的动态压缩实验，获得了不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线。通过量化平均应变率相同的情况下不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线的差别，以及量化应变率历史的恒定程度，初步分析了应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明:特别是在较高平均应变率下，应变率历史对试件材料的应力应变曲线有明显的影响，在材料动态本构关系研究中应当考虑应变率历史的影响。     

L4纯铝高速变形时应变率效应的实验研究

本文讨论了Hopkinson扭杆(TSHB)技术及对L4纯铝进行的材料动力性能实验。实验表明,该材料具有应变率敏感特征且敏感系数与应变的量值无关。文中给出了一个可以描述L4纯铝在高应变率情况下的本构方程。     

三点弯曲试样动态应力强度因子计算研究

利用Hopkinson压杆对三点弯曲试样进行冲击加载,采集了垂直裂纹面距裂尖2mm和与裂纹面成60°距裂尖5mm处的应变信号。根据裂尖附近测试的应变信号计算试样的动态应力强度因子,并与有限元计算结果进行比较,结果表明由于裂尖有一段疲劳裂纹区,通过裂尖附近应变信号来计算动态应力强度因子时,如果裂尖位置确定不准及粘贴应变片位置不够准确对计算结果将带来很大影响。因此利用应变片法计算动态应力强度因子时,为了获得更准确的计算结果,在实验后应对试件裂纹面进行分析测量,重新确定裂尖位置,必要时需对应变片至裂尖距离进行修正后再计算动态应力强度因子值。     

Is There An Optimal Gauge Length for Dynamic Tensile Specimens?

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic tensile specimen gauge length through an experimental-numerical approach. Emphasis is put on the combined issue of specimen equilibrium and uniformity of the stress and the strain fields in the gauge. The systematic comparison of long and short specimens reveals the unexpected, namely the superiority of the long specimen in terms of the strain and stress uniformity, which in turn affects the accuracy of the experimental stress–strain curve, while excellent force equilibrium is obtained. The feasibility of longer dynamic tensile specimens adds a new degree of freedom to the specimen’s design, while allowing for characterization of materials at lower strain rates.     

三轴试验土样剪切破坏过程的判别

本文在土工三轴试验中应用土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,通过跟踪包裹土样的橡皮膜表面的标记点,得到加载过程中其全表面的变形和应变分布。根据土样表面的应变分布和实测的应力应变关系曲线,可以得到每一时刻土样表面的应力分布。于是,土样表面剪切破坏开始出现的时刻和剪切破坏带贯穿的时刻可分别依据应变和应力判定。依据应变,将橡皮膜上各点的轴向应变的拐点最晚出现的时刻作为剪切带完全贯穿的时刻;依据应力,将全部点中某一个或几个点最早达到峰值应力的时刻作为剪切带开始出现的时刻;土样各点相继达到应力峰值的过程就是剪切破坏的过程。以剪切破坏的起始点和剪切带贯穿的点为分界,土样剪切破坏过程可以划分成三个阶段:破坏前阶段、破坏阶段和破坏后阶段,在不同阶段土样具有不同的变形特点和变形机理。     

Failure properties of a PBAN propellant in multiaxial stress fields

Experimental data have been obtained which duplicate the stress and strain field in a solid-propellant rocket-motor grain under pressurization. Development of a hollow ellipsoidal specimen has made possible the acquisition of these data. This test also allows a more thorough evaluation of the failure mechanism in multiaxial stress and strain fields. Failure data were obtained in the tensile-tensile-compressive (++?) stress and biaxial tensile-compressive (+?) strain octants by applying pressure to the internal surface of an ellipsoidal specimen. Data were obtained in the triaxial compressive (???) stress and biaxial tensile-compressive (+?) strain octants by simultaneous application of pressure to both internal and external surfaces of the ellipsoidal specimen and a gradual reduction of external pressure until failure. A stress analysis of the specimen is presented and data-reduction techniques are discussed. Data obtained with a hollow spherical specimen and with the newly developed hollow ellipsoidal specimen are compared. These data are obtained in the same stress and strain octants; however, the relative magnitudes of the parameters and, therefore, the positions within the stress and strain octants are different. This results in a change in the magnitudes of the failure parameter. Data from uniaxial specimens of the same propellant also are presented.     

Ten-deg off-axis test for shear properties in fiber composites

A combined theoretical and experimental investigation was conducted to assess the suitability of the 10-deg off-axis tensile-test specimen for the intralaminar-shear characterization of unidirectional composites. Composite mechanics, a combined-stress failure criterion and a finiteelement analysis were used to determine theoretically the stress-strain variation across the specimen width and the relative stress and strain magnitudes at the 10-deg plane. Strain gages were used to measure the strain variation across the specimen width at specimen midlength and near the end tabs. Specimens from Mod-I/epoxy. T-300/epoxy, and S-glass/epoxy were used in the experimental program. It was found that the 10-deg off-axis tensile-test specimen is suitable for intralaminar-shear characterization and it, is recommended that it should be considered as a possible standard test specimen for such a characterization.     

Finite-element analysis of creep and plasticity tensile-test specimens

Traditionally, mechanical properties as determined from sensile-test specimens are assumed to be truly uniaxial and are used directly in finite-element codes for design purposes. In this paper, the stress and strain distributions in two test geometries, an hourglass specimen and a cylindrical specimen, are critically examined by means of the nonlinear finite-element code CREEP-PLAST. Since some triaxiality of the stress state is inevitable in any region with a transition, it is difficult to have a truly uniaxial test specimen. The determination of the internal stress and strain distributions makes it possible to assess the accuracy of the mechanical properties as indicated by tests on a particular specimen. Furthermore, the data given here guide the choice between the hourglass and the cylindrical specimen for applications in creep, plasticity and fatigue. Extensometry techniques permit measurements to be made only on the surface of the specimen. Thus, trouble can be caused by the nonuniform strain state present in both geometries. With the finite-element analysis, the strain field within the specimens is correlated to that on the surface; extensometry correction factors are given for selected cases.     

基于PVDF薄膜传感器的猪肝动态压缩力学性能测试

瞬态冲击载荷作用下肝脏的力学响应是损伤生物力学的重要研究内容。本文提出了一种可用于软组织动态压缩力学特性测试的改进SHPB(分离式霍普金森压杆,Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)方法。该方法采用PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯,Polyvinylidene Fluor)压电薄膜传感器测量实验过程中试件两端面的受力,以此来计算试件的应力,从而无需测量透射杆上的微弱透射信号。猪肝试样前后端面的PVDF压电信号对比表明,加载过程中试样达到了动态应力平衡状态。试样动态压缩中的惯性效应主要在加载的初始阶段对透射应力信号造成较大影响,在大变形阶段惯性效应引起的轴向应力较小。利用此方法对猪肝组织进行三种高应变率(1800s^-1,2500s^-1,3500s^-1)的动态压缩实验,并采用基于真实应变的惯性效应公式对实验数据进行修正计算。结果表明:猪肝组织在准静态与高应变率时的应力应变曲线都呈现出凹向上的非线性特征,即曲线初始阶段应力增长较缓慢,当应变达到15%后应力值则迅速增大;猪肝组织也具有明显的应变率效应,即随着应变率的增加,应力应变曲线的整体应力值也随之增大。最后,采用黏超弹性本构模型描述了猪肝组织的动态应力应变曲线。     

Pseudo Stress Response in Kolsky Tension Bar Experiments

An abnormal stress peak was measured in the specimen response in a Kolsky tension bar experiment. Efforts in changing specimen gage length and applying Teflon tape on the threads of both the specimen and the adapters have been conducted to address this stress peak which was found to be pseudo. The pseudo stress peak was caused by the interfacial impact of the threads on the specimen and the bar ends and must be removed from the intrinsic stress response of the specimen material. Higher impact speeds result in higher amplitudes in the peak stress. The peak stress can be significantly reduced by applying Teflon tape on the threads. At a certain strain rate, it becomes more efficient to minimize the peak stress by simultaneously using a specimen with a shorter gage length and applying Teflon tape on the threads.     

Comparison of Test Specimens for Characterizing the Dynamic Properties of Rubber

Dynamic material properties inferred via experiment can be strongly influenced by the choice of test specimen geometry unless care is taken to ensure that mechanical fields (stress, strain, etc.) within the specimen adequately reflect the ideal homogeneous deformation state. In this work, finite element models of simple shear, cylindrical compression, simple tension, and bi-conical shear test specimens were analyzed in order to quantify the relative conformity of each specimen to its corresponding ideal. Three metrics of conformity were evaluated, based respectively on the distributions of stress, strain, and strain energy density. The results show that a simple shear specimen provides superior conformity. Other factors involved in the selection of test specimen geometry are also discussed. Such factors include relative linearity and symmetry of measured stress–strain data, grip slip, and heat build up.     

试样形状对轴承钢绝热剪切带微观组织的影响

绝热剪切带(ASB)的微观组织受试样几何形状的影响。对圆柱、帽形和剪切压缩型三种不同形状的试样进行分离式霍普金森压杆高速冲击试验，研究试样形状对轴承钢绝热剪切带的形成和微观组织的影响。结果表明，在应变率为1 800～3 100 s^-1的范围内，材料对应变率的敏感性很低。圆柱试样呈现明显的应变硬化，而帽形试样和剪切压缩型试样(SCS)在不同应变率下分别出现应变硬化和无应变硬化的特征，但流变应力并未因应变硬化而提高。试样形状对ASB的微观形貌和组织有很大影响。圆柱试样上产生了窄且细长的ASB，只发生了应变诱发的晶粒细化，属于形变ASB；帽形试样和SCS则形成大片状的ASB，由等轴晶组成，且发生了体心立方体(BCC)马氏体转变为面心立方体(FCC)奥氏体的相变，属于相变ASB。尤其是SCS中ASB的等轴晶，有非常清晰的晶界，是典型的动态再结晶晶粒。温升计算结果显示，圆柱试样ASB的温升远低于奥氏体相变温度，而帽形试样和SCS的温升高于马氏体的熔点，导致局部熔融。