快速成型弹性风洞模型高速气动特性研究

利用光固化快速成型技术加工了内部金属骨架、外部光敏树脂外形的弹性轻质AGARD-B模型.采用气动与结构并发分析方法对其跨声速气动特性进行了初步研究,完成了风洞验证实验.研究结果表明:在马赫数0.6和1.2、较小攻角(α≤4°)的条件下,弹性轻质模型气动力特性与金属模型基本吻合;较大攻角(α>4°)条件下,因弹性轻质模型刚度比全金属模型小,试验过程中受气动载荷作用,特别是升力的影响,结构机翼变形较大,导致气动力特性与全金属模型差异较大,故气动力系数需要进行弹性变形修正.初步实验结果指出:在跨声速范围内,弹性轻质模型可直接用于气动布局选型设计与研究、基本状态等研究;但同时弹性轻质模型刚度不足,易变形.     

进口预旋对离心叶轮气动性能影响机理的研究

将理论推导和数值模拟相结合,对典型离心压缩机Eckardt叶轮流场进行分析,探讨了不同进气预旋对叶轮气动性能的影响;从叶片进口攻角、叶尖相对马赫数和流向压力变化的角度,阐述了预旋对内部流动以及气动性能的影响机理。结果表明:预旋角对进口攻角和叶尖相对马赫数同时产生显著影响,正预旋会降低进口来流的攻角及相对马赫数,使叶片前缘载荷降低、叶轮效率及稳定性提升;负预旋会提升叶轮的做功能力,使总压比上升;正预旋由于降低了叶片前部做功能力,使低压流体堆积到叶片中后部,导致总压比下降;叶轮最高效率受叶尖相对马赫数与进口攻角共同影响,若提升效率必须合理协调预旋对二者的影响。     

翼反角对高压捕获翼构型亚声速气动特性影响分析研究

高压捕获翼新型气动布局在高超声速设计状态下具有较好的气动性能, 新升力面的引入使其在亚声速条件下也具有较大的升力, 但在亚声速下的稳定特性还有待研究. 基于高压捕获翼气动布局基本原理, 在机身-三角翼组合体上添加单支撑和捕获翼, 设计了一种参数化高压捕获翼概念构型. 以捕获翼和机体三角翼上/下反角为设计变量, 采用均匀试验设计、计算流体力学数值计算方法及Kriging代理模型方法, 研究了0° ~ 10°攻角状态下不同翼反角对高压捕获翼构型亚声速气动特性的影响, 重点分析了升阻特性、纵向和横航向稳定性的变化规律以及流场涡结构等. 结果表明, 小攻角状态下翼反角对升阻比的影响比大攻角更加显著, 捕获翼上反时, 升阻比略微增大, 下反则升阻比减小; 三角翼上反时, 升阻比减小, 下反则升阻比先略微增大后缓慢减小; 翼反角对纵向稳定性的总体影响较小, 捕获翼上反会稍微提高纵向稳定性, 而三角翼上反则会降低纵向稳定性; 捕获翼或三角翼上反都会增强横向稳定性, 下反则减弱横向稳定性, 但大攻角状态时, 三角翼上反角过大对提升横向稳定性作用有限; 捕获翼上反航向稳定性增强, 下反航向稳定性则减弱, 而三角翼下反对提升航向稳定性的整体效果比上反更加显著.      

高速列车头型长细比对气动噪声的影响

高速列车的头尾车外形对气动噪声具有重要的影响.工程实践中随着车速的增加,车辆头部越来越细长,日本高速磁悬浮列车实践中甚至出现了具有极端长细比的头部形状.本文以讨论头型长细比对列车气动噪声的影响规律为出发点,应用非线性声学求解器(NLAS)和FW-H声学比拟法的混合算法,在3种运行速度下对基于CRH380A高速列车头型概化的4种不同头型长细比的模型车的气动噪声进行了数值模拟.给出了不同头型长细比列车的流场特征、气动阻力和气动噪声.结果表明,列车的气动总阻力随头型长细比的增大而减小,且头型长细比对列车总气动阻力的影响随运行速度的增加而增强.而头型长细比对气动噪声的影响呈现出较为复杂的影响,并不存在单调的影响关系;综合考虑气动阻力和气动噪声,长细比最大的头型综合性能较优,但差异并不显著,因此在不考虑微气压波等因素的条件下,简单增加车头长细比并不一定能带来明显的气动噪声性能提升.     

桥梁颤振气动导数在均匀流与紊流作用下的统一辨识理论研究

桥梁断面颤振气动导数的准确识别是桥梁空气动力稳定性研究的基础,一直是桥梁风工程研究领域的前沿课题。基于工况模态分析理论,本文首先导出了紊流条件下桥梁颤振气动导数辨识的完整方法;其次,将上述数据处理方式运用到由均匀流条件引起的自由衰减振动中,得出与紊流情况类似的结果。本文提出的方法能够用同样的辨识原理、同一个数据处理程序统一地对紊流和均匀流下的桥梁气动导数进行辨识;最后,利用数值仿真算例验证上述理论。     

基于CFD方法的高墩大跨箱梁桥静风力系数参数影响研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)对某连续刚构桥主梁不同截面、不同工况下的风场特征进行了数值仿真分析,研究了梁高、风攻角、桥梁横坡等参数对桥梁主梁截面静力三分力系数(阻力系数、升力系数、扭矩系数)的影响,并结合气动流场特征分析了不同截面及攻角下的压强和速度分布。研究结果表明:梁截面高度、风攻角、截面横坡均对桥梁静力三分力系数有较大影响,但三者对三分力系数影响的侧重点不同:梁截面高度对阻力系数影响最大,变化幅度达0.494;攻角对升力系数影响最大,变化幅度达0.382;截面横坡主要体现对阻力系数的影响,变化幅度为0.17。静力三分力系数对梁体截面的形状及尺寸变化较敏感,梁体截面左右侧迎风时,阻力系数相差0.04~0.21,升力系数相差0.009~0.2,扭矩系数相差0~0.07;梁高越大,截面钝体特征越明显,周围的流场分布越复杂。     

高超声速飞行器关键部位气动热计算

运用快速算法对高超声速飞行器外表面的一些关键部位经受的气动热环境进行计算分析。在理论和经验公式的基础上,利用轴对称比拟法考虑攻角影响,采用局部相似性解及参考焓等方法确定飞行器有攻角再入的表面气动加热,发展了一套高超声速飞行器关键部位气动热的计算方法。以钝锥为算例对计算方法进行了验证,结果表明,本文所述方法具有较高的效率和精度。     

微型四旋翼飞行器最佳旋翼间距布局研究

为研究悬停状态下不同翼间距对微型四旋翼飞行器气动性能的影响,结合整机试验和数值模拟,分析了不同旋翼间距下微型四旋翼飞行器拉力和功耗的变化规律。在样机试验中,通过搭建试验平台对间距比l/d范围1.1～2.0的微型四旋翼飞行器进行了拉力和功耗的测量,确定了相同功耗条件下具有较大拉力的最佳旋翼间距范围。为更直观地得到旋翼间气动干扰对整机气动性能的影响,通过CFD方法对微型四旋翼飞行器流场进行了仿真,得到了不同间距下的压力、流线和涡量分布情况,进而对四旋翼飞行器在不同旋翼间距下表现出的不同气动特性进行对比。结果表明,与无干扰状态下的孤立单旋翼相比,四旋翼间存在的气动干扰在合理的旋翼间距下可以保持涡流完整,并有助于提升四旋翼系统的拉力。最后,通过试验和仿真对比发现,在旋翼间距为1.8d时,四旋翼飞行器具有较大的功率载荷和良好的气动特性,是该四旋翼飞行器整机的最佳气动布局。     

气动载荷压心变化对机翼结构重量的影响

借助PATRAN、NASTRAN有限元分析工具,着重研究机翼结构重量因气动载荷压心变化而产生的影响。气动载荷的压心变化通过在飞机巡航状态中某一个载荷情况下真实的气动载荷基础上叠加一个微小量的分布载荷来实现,保证新得到的气动载荷与原始的气动载荷总载保持一致,从而使得气动载荷的压心位置发生变化。通过理论分析和简单的有限元分析验证,得到了气动载荷压心变化下机翼蒙皮、长桁等单元的应力分布和增长规律,进而得到气动载荷压心变化与机翼结构增重之间的函数关系:气动载荷压心向翼尖方向移动1%,机翼结构重量增重2.46%。该结论可以为其他型号的民机机翼设计提供参考依据。     

剪刀式尾桨涡流干扰机理和气动特性研究

采用非常规剪刀式尾桨对直升机整体性能有着重要影响,关于其复杂流动干扰机理的研究尚处在发展之中. 为了掌握剪刀式尾桨的流动干扰机理和参数影响规律,建立了适合于悬停状态下剪刀式尾桨干扰涡流场分析的计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) 数值模拟方法. 采用积分形式的Reynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes (RANS) 方程作为旋翼流场求解控制方程,围绕旋翼流场的结构网格采用嵌套网格方法生成. 在CFD 方法验证基础之上,对悬停状态下两种不同构型剪刀式尾桨桨尖涡的涡核位置和强度的演变规律进行了定量分析,并对流场中桨尖涡与桨叶的贴近干扰、碰撞、破碎运动,同时准确捕捉了不同尺度涡之间的相互干扰、融合的过程进行了分析. 进一步研究了剪刀角和轴间距参数对不同构型剪刀式尾桨气动特性的影响规律. 计算结果表明,剪刀式尾桨流场中存在复杂的桨-涡干扰和涡-涡干扰现象,剪刀角和轴间距对剪刀式尾桨的气动特性有重要影响,L 构型剪刀式尾桨气动性能整体优于U 构型剪刀式尾桨.      

不同展长比旗帜在均匀来流中摆动的实验研究

为研究展长比对旗帜摆动特性的影响,在低速风洞内开展了质量比M*为0.6,展长比H*为0.2～1.5的柔性旗帜在不同来流速度下的失稳实验.利用高速摄影机和图像处理技术分析了无量纲速度U*和展长比H*对旗帜运动学特征(频率和振幅)的影响;利用自行研制的天平测量了旗帜受到的阻力,首次给出了旗帜的动力学特征.结果发现,保持展长...     

Experimental investigation of the influence of the flow structure on the aerodynamic coefficients of the IXV vehicle

In the framework of the ESA Future Launchers Preparatory Program (FLPP) an experimental study on the aerodynamic behavior during the re-entry phase of the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) configuration was conducted in the DLR hypersonic wind tunnel H2K in Cologne. Tests were carried out at Mach 6.0 and 8.7 with different flap deflection angles and the angle of attack varied continuously between 20° and 55° to investigate the flow topology as well as the aerodynamic forces and moments and the surface pressure distribution. The experimental data show that depending on the combination of the flap deflection angle (δ _L/R) and angle of attack (α) the complex flow structure in the vicinity of the flaps significantly influences the vehicle’s aerodynamic coefficients. An analysis of this shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interaction causing flow separation with reattachment is performed.     

人椅系统肢体气动特性数值模拟

为了研究弹射过程中人体肢体气动特性和高速气流防护装置的有效性,采用有限体积方法数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,空间和时间离散分别采用中心格式和五步龙格库塔格式,并应用基于SA紊流模型DES方法,数值模拟了人椅系统马赫数在0.6、雷诺数在12.3×106、迎角在-90°～90°范围内的气动特性,计算结果与风洞试验结果较为吻合.在此基础上对比模拟了马赫数在0.8～2.0、雷诺数在(6.75～13.85)×106、迎角在5°～30°范围内,有、无防护下人体肢体的气动特性.结果表明限臂板、抬腿机构和导流挡板等高速气流防护装置在保护肢体的同时,也产生一些不利干扰.因此,在实际应用中,应优化设计,最大程度发挥高速气流防护装置的作用.     

An experimental investigation of the ELAC 1 configuration at supersonic speeds

Supersonic flight of aerospace planes is of marked interest since several flow regimes characterized by different local flow structures have to be flown through. This problem was investigated experimentally for the hypersonic research configuration ELAC 1. The aim of the study was to detect the influence of the rounded leading edge, of the thickness distribution prescribed, and of the Reynolds number, especially on the flow on the leeward side of the configuration. The experiments were carried out in the transonic wind tunnel of Aerodynamisches Institut of RWTH Aachen, at a freestream Mach number Ma _∞=2, a unit Reynolds number of Re _∞=13×10⁶, angles of attack between ?3°?α?10°, and in a wind tunnel of the Institute for Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. The freestream Mach numbers covered in these experiments were varied between 2?Ma _∞?4, freestream Reynolds numbers per unit length between 25×10⁶?Re _∞?56×10⁶ and angles of attack between ?3°?α?10°. Flow visualization studies, measurements of surface pressure distributions and of aerodynamic forces were used to analyze the flow. The results, which will also be compared with numerical data, clearly indicate marked differences in the location of the separation and reattachment lines, and the formation of the primary, secondary and tertiary vortices, for the flow regimes investigated.     

Fluid forces on a square cylinder in oscillating flows with non‐zero‐mean velocities

The unsteady forces on a square cylinder in sinusoidally oscillating flows with non‐zero‐mean velocities are investigated numerically by using a weakly compressible‐flow method with three‐dimensional large eddy simulations. The major parameters in the analysis are Keulegan–Carpenter number (KC) and the ratio between the amplitude and the mean velocities of the approaching flow (A_R). By varying the values of KC and A_R the resulting drag and lift of the cylinders are analyzed systematically at two selected approaching‐flow attack angles (0 and 22.5^°). In the case of the non‐zero attack angle, results show that both the drag and lift histories can be adequately described by Morison equations. However, Morison equations fail to correctly describing the lift history as the attack angle is zero. In addition, when the ratio of A_R/KC is near the Strouhal number of the bluff‐body flow, the resulting drag is promoted due to the occurrence of resonance. Based on the results of systematic analyses, finally, the mean and inertia force coefficients at the two selected attack angles are presented as functions of KC and A_R based on the Morison relationships. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linear and Nonlinear Aerodynamic Theory of Interaction between Flexible Long Structure and Wind

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Aerodynamic control of bridge cables through shape modification: A preliminary study

This paper examines the viability of modifying bridge cable shape and surface for the purpose of controlling wind-induced vibrations. To this end, an extensive wind-tunnel test campaign was carried out on various cable shapes about the critical Reynolds number region. Cable shapes were chosen to passively modify the flow in a particular manner. Tested shapes included those which have some form of waviness, faceting and shrouding. Section models were tested using a static inclined rig, allowing them to be installed at yawed cable-wind angles for both smooth and turbulent flow conditions. The aerodynamic damping of the tested cylinders is evaluated by applying both 1- and 2-dof quasi-steady aerodynamic instability models. This allows for the prediction of regions of aerodynamic instability, as a function of flow angle and Reynolds number. Whilst the plain, wavy and faceted cylinders are predicted to suffer from either dry inclined galloping, “drag crisis” or Den Hartog galloping, the shrouded cylinder is found to be stable for all angles of attack, albeit with an increase in drag at typical design wind velocities. Finally, turbulent flow is found to introduce an increased amount of aerodynamic damping mainly by providing a more constant lift force over tested Reynolds numbers.     

ONE-DIMENSIONAL CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL OF TRAFFIC FLOW BASED ON CAR-FOLLOWING IDEA

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