高弹粘流狭缝流动的有限块解法

在二维非牛顿流体流动分析的基础上，根据高弹粘流在狭缝流道中流动的特点，建立了一种半数值解析有限元法——有限块法。该法可将三维流动问题化为平面问题处理，具有节约内存与机时，使用方便等优点。通过算例证实，该法可用于工程中使用的一般流道，且解的精度令人满意     

用PSM模型模拟聚合物熔体轴对称收缩流动

采用模拟黏弹流体挤出胀大的方法，计算了IUPAC-LDPE熔体经过4：1轴对称收缩流道的流动．计算的相对涡强度、入口校正和献中的结果基本一致，给出的流场也显示出计算结果是合理的．表明该方法能够适用于用积分型PSM模型表征的黏弹流体在收缩流道内的流动模拟．     

ANALYSIS OF VELOCITY ANNULAR EFFECT OF OSCILLATORY FLOW INSIDE PARALLEL PLATE CHANNEL

为了分析管内交变流动速度环状效应的特性,通过数值模拟对平板流道内可压缩交变流动的速度环状效应进行研究．根据速度环状效应的产生机理,分析得出在黏性流体管内交变流动中必然存在速度环状效应,并且在流道截面中心速度为零相位下最容易观察到速度环状效应．为了定量描述速度环状效应,根据流道中心速度为零相位下的速度分布曲线的斜率情况,提出定量评价指标速度环状效应系数,并针对平行平板流道内层流交变流动,利用该评价指标定量分析了无量纲参数（包括瓦伦西数Va和最大雷诺数Remax）对速度环状效应的影响．     

气体化学反应流动的DSMC／EPSM混合算法研究

发展了平衡粒子模拟方法(EPSM)，建立了与高温气体化学反应动力学理论相匹配的：EPSM耦合模型，并通过混合参数进行流区的自动识别，将：EPSM方法与蒙特卡罗直接模拟方法(OSMC)结合，构造了可模拟化学反应流动的DSMC／EPSM混合算法。应用该算法对汲及化学反应的二维高超音速竖板绕流流场进行模拟，将结果与DSMC方法的结果进行比较，验证了新算法对求解化学反应流动的可行性。将混合算法的计算效率与DSMC方法的计算效率进行比较，发现混合算法能够大大提高计算效率。     

基于新型解耦算法的激波诱导燃烧过程数值模拟

对一种模拟化学非平衡流动的时间和空间二阶精度新型解耦算法进行两方面改进,流动算子采用基于Runge-Kutta方法的时间格式以后, 可以推广到更多的空间差分格式,化学反应源项求解算子可以采用梯形公式、拟稳态逼近法和变系数常微分方程求解器. 对H化学非平衡流动; 解耦算法; 计算方法对一种模拟化学非平衡流动的时间和空间二阶精度新型解耦算法进行两方面改进,流动算子采用基于Runge-Kutta方法的时间格式以后,可以推广到更多的空间差分格式,化学反应源项求解算子可以采用梯形公式、拟稳态逼近法和变系数常微分方程求解器.对H_2/Air预混气体中激波诱导振荡燃烧的Lehr试验进行模拟,考察了化学动力学模型、网格尺寸和差分格式耗散大小对计算结果的影响,同时对不同的化学反应源项算子求解算法的计算效率进行了比较.     

平板流道交变流动速度环状效应分析

为了分析管内交变流动速度环状效应的特性, 通过数值模拟对平板流道内可压缩交变流动的速度环状效应进行研究. 根据速度环状效应的产生机理, 分析得出在黏性流体管内交变流动中必然存在速度环状效应, 并且在流道截面中心速度为零相位下最容易观察到速度环状效应. 为了定量描述速度环状效应, 根据流道中心速度为零相位下的速度分布曲线的斜率情况, 提出定量评价指标速度环状效应系数, 并针对平行平板流道内层流交变流动,利用该评价指标定量分析了无量纲参数(包括瓦伦西数Va和最大雷诺数Re_max)速度环状效应的影响.      

塑料注射成型保压过程的数值模拟

保压过程是塑料注射成开型一个重要阶段，它直接关系到最终制件的内部结构、尺寸稳定性和变形等，本文在对塑料注射成型保压过程进行深入分析的基础上，基于合理的假设和选用恰当的材料模型，导出了保压过程可压缩、非牛顿粘性流体在模具型腔中非等温流动的控制方程，采用有限元/有限差分混合法实现了对保压过程的模拟，并通过算例讨论了保压压力、浇口凝固时间、锁模力等工程关心的实际问题。     

半解析有限元法分析非线性粘弹体在板材模具中的流动

聚合物熔体在模具中的均匀性决定板材成型的质量。熔体具有非线性记忆性的粘弹效应,同时流道十分复杂。为准确、简便地分析熔体流动情况,针对板材机头流道的特点,提出了流动计算新的方法——有限柱半解析法,即在流道的厚度方向采用富氏级数描述流动分布,把三维有限元方程简化成为二维,得到以流量和压力为未知量的有限元方程。同时采用K-BKZ积分型本构模型描述熔体的非线性记忆性,给出求解非线性方程组的迭代方法,取得较好的收敛性。对两种典型的板材模具进行了分析计算,得出模具出口处的流量分布,通过把结果与三维有限元分析的结果相比较,表明该方法可以准确地分析板材模具中熔体的流动。     

变阻流区厚度的T型模具流道设计方法

热塑性塑料片材或流涎膜常用T型模具挤出成型,采用等歧管半径和等阻流区厚度的流道结构时,通常采用增加歧管半径或减小阻流区厚度的方法提高熔体出口流率沿流道宽度方向的均匀性,前者有利于降低挤出压力,但熔体停留时间显著增加,而后者有利于降低熔体停留时间,但挤出压力急剧增大。基于对流道中熔体流动的分析,采用沿流道宽度方向减小歧管半径的结构减小熔体停留时间,沿流道宽度方向增加阻流区厚度的结构降低挤出压力,在满足沿流道宽度方向熔体出口流率均匀的条件下,利用流变学理论推导了阻流区厚度沿流道宽度方向变化的微分方程,对该方程进行数值求解并拟合可得到阻流区厚度。与等歧管半径和等阻流区厚度的流道相比,变歧管半径和变阻流区厚度的流道可以显著降低挤出压力和熔体停留时间。同时,通过对歧管尺寸和形状的设计,在不显著增加挤出压力的情况下能够显著降低熔体停留时间,而通过阻流区长度和厚度的设计,在不增加熔体停留时间的情况下调整挤出压力以适应不同的成型要求。     

非对称边界的注塑模充填模拟

研究了注塑充填阶段非对称模温的影响,在整个型腔厚度上分析型腔内的流动,利用混合有限元／有限差分法求解方程,并采用控制体积法跟踪熔体前沿。     

Computational study of aeration for wastewater treatment via ventilated pump-turbine

Large eddy simulations were performed on a modular pump-turbine to study oxygen dissolution inside the draft tube. Air injection was applied over the runner cone surface during turbine operation. Data regarding bubble size, void fraction and interfacial area concentration were presented to understand their influence on oxygen dissolution. Transient single phase and multiphase flow simulations were carried out to investigate the influence of air injection and dissolution within the flow field and turbine performance. Multiphase simulations were conducted by using the mixture multiphase model. The mathematical modeling of oxygen dissolution employed was validated by comparing predicted oxygen dissolution against experimental measurements performed by Zhou et al. (2013). The averaged dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 1.2–1.4 mg/l was obtained; which is sufficient for an active aerobic microorganism activity for wastewater treatment processes. Dissolution efficiency and the amount of averaged dissolved oxygen inside the draft tube were sensitive to the inlet bubble size. The efficiency of the dissolution increases strongly as the inlet bubble size was reduced. The obtained results revealed that vortex suppression was achieved through air admission within multiphase flow simulation. Moreover, the power generation of the turbine was hardly influenced by the aeration through the runner cone.     

Flowing simulation of injection molded parts with micro-channel简

In the micro-molding of component with a micro-sized channel, the ability for polymer melt to flowing into the micro-channel in a macro-sized part is a big challenge. The multidimensional flow behaviors are included in the injection molding the macro-component with a micro-channel. In this case, a simplified model is used to analyze the flow behaviors of the macro-sized part within a micro-channel. The flow behaviors in the macro-cavity are estimated by using the finite element and finite difference methods. The influence of the injection rate, micro-channel size, heat transfer coefficient, and mold temperature on the flowing distance is investigated based on the non-isothermal analytic method. The results show that an increase in the radius of the micro-channel and mold temperature can improve effectively the flowing distance in the micro-channel.     

注塑模充模过程动态分析

注塑成型是利用型腔模制造理想制品主要的成型加工方式 ,塑料熔体的流动行为将直接影响着最终塑件的质量 ,塑料熔体在三维薄壁型腔内的流动属于带有运动边界的粘性不可压缩流体的流动 ,本文针对塑料注塑成型特点 ,经过量纲分析和引入合理而必要的假设 ,得到了适合于充模分析的数学模型。控制方程的求解主要包括三个阶段 :压力场、温度场和流动前沿位置的确定。数值求解采用有限元法求解压力场、有限差分法求解温度场、并利用控制体积法跟踪熔体前沿 ,实现了充模过程的动态模拟     

注射模浇口位置优化的设计空间确定方法

在注射模具的浇口位置优化中，给出确定可行设计空间的一种方法。在总注射速率一定情况下，通过对给定浇口的注射速率进行优化，估计熔体在型腔中流动所受阻力及沆长，确定了单浇口位置可行设计空间。算例分析证明浇口位置可行设计空问确定方法是正确的。     

Design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner: Part I—an improved Q3D inverse method

With the aim of constructing a comprehensive design optimization procedure of axial flow hydraulic turbine, an improved quasi‐three‐dimensional inverse method has been proposed from the viewpoint of system and a set of rotational flow governing equations as well as a blade geometry design equation has been derived. The computation domain is firstly taken from the inlet of guide vane to the far outlet of runner blade in the inverse method and flows in different regions are solved simultaneously. So the influence of wicket gate parameters on the runner blade design can be considered and the difficulty to define the flow condition at the runner blade inlet is surmounted. As a pre‐computation of initial blade design on S2m surface is newly adopted, the iteration of S1 and S2m surfaces has been reduced greatly and the convergence of inverse computation has been improved. The present model has been applied to the inverse computation of a Kaplan turbine runner. Experimental results and the direct flow analysis have proved the validation of inverse computation. Numerical investigations show that a proper enlargement of guide vane distribution diameter is advantageous to improve the performance of axial hydraulic turbine runner. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of mold filling in foam reaction injection molding

A numerical simulation of reaction injection molding (RIM) of polymeric foam is developed, using a finite volume method (FVM). In this study we predict mold filling with a variable‐density fluid that fills a mold by self‐expansion. We deal with two‐dimensional, isothermal cases. With the assumptions of ideal mixing and rapid bubble nucleation, the foam is modelled as a continuum with a time‐dependent density. The continuum is assumed to be a Newtonian fluid. We develop a pressure‐based FVM for unstructured meshes that includes the SIMPLE algorithm with treatment of fluid compressibility. Cell‐based, co‐located storage is used for all physical variables. To treat the moving interface, an explicit high‐resolution interface capturing method is used. Foam flow in a slit is investigated, and the numerical calculations are in good agreement with an approximate analytic solution. For fountain flow in a rectangular cavity, the shape of the flow front is flatter and the traces of the particles are more complicated for an expanding foam than for a constant‐density fluid. An example of mold filling by an expanding foam demonstrates the geometric flexibility of the method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental analysis of the swirling flow in a Francis turbine draft tube: Focus on radial velocity component determination

The draft tube of a hydraulic turbine is the component where the flow exiting the runner is decelerated, thereby converting the excess of kinetic energy into static pressure. In the case of machine refurbishment of an existing power plant, most of the time only the runner and the guide vanes are currently modified. For financial and safety reasons, the spiral casing and the draft tube are seldom redesigned, even if these components present some undesirable behaviour. In some cases, the installation of an upgraded runner leads to a peculiar and undesirable efficiency drop as the discharge is increased above the best efficiency point value. It is found to be related to a corresponding sudden variation in the draft tube pressure recovery coefficient at the same discharge.The swirling flow exiting the runner is complex and highly turbulent. The radial velocity is rarely measured because a quite complicated measurement setup is needed. However, this velocity component is greatly needed in order to properly initialize the numerical simulations, and its influence is important in spite of its small magnitude. Velocity measurements downstream of the runner include radial component made at CREMHyG (Grenoble) by LDV, and PIV techniques are presented. An analytical formulation for this velocity component based on the formulation for the conical diffuser and on the three vortices structure is proposed and compared with measurements.     

Velocity field investigation inside a bulb turbine runner using endoscopic PIV measurements

The flow in the inter-blade channels of a bulb turbine was measured using endoscopic cameras integrated to a stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) system. This paper presents results from the measurement campaign and also provides some key conclusions based on the dataset. The technical aspect of the measurement configuration is addressed. The main focus is on the novelties and challenges brought by the use of endoscopic cameras to achieve S-PIV measurements between the runner blades. For the first time in hydraulic rotating machinery, velocity measurements covered 62 % of a rotor inter-blade flow. After outlining the techniques used, comparison with laser Doppler velocimetry measurements allows assessing the intrusiveness of the endoscopes. Then, some velocity field analyses are shown. First, the rotor–stator interaction is outlined as the influence of the guide vane wakes on the runner flow. The size, localization, strength and dissipation of those structures are inferred from the information coming from measurements. Finally, the PIV data allow the identification of a vortex located near the suction side of the blades and originating from the corner between the leading edge and the hub when operating the bulb turbine at part-load.     

Modeling of bubble behaviors and size distribution in a slab continuous casting mold

Population balance equations combined with Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase model are employed to predict the polydispersed bubbly flow inside the slab continuous-casting mold. The class method, realized by the MUltiple-SIze- Group (MUSIG) model, alongside with suitable bubble breakage and coalescence kernels is adopted. A two-way momentum transfer mechanism model combines the bubble induced turbulence model and various interfacial forces including drag, lift, virtual mass, wall lubrication, and turbulent dispersion are incorporated in the model. A 1/4th scaled water model of the slab continuous-casting mold was built to measure and investigate the bubble behavior and size distribution. A high speed video system was used to visualize the bubble behavior, and a digital image processing technique was used to measure the mean bubble diameter along the width of the mold. Predictions by previous mono-size model and MUSIG model are compared and validated against experimental data obtained from the water model. Effects of the water flow rate and gas flow rate on the mean bubble size were also investigated. Close agreements by MUSIG model were achieved for the gas volume fraction, liquid flow pattern, bubble breakage and coalescence, and local bubble Sauter mean diameter against observations and measurements of water model experiments.     

Fuel injection model for Euler–Euler and Euler–Lagrange large-eddy simulations of an evaporating spray inside an aeronautical combustor

Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of an evaporating two-phase flow in an experimental burner are investigated. Two different numerical approaches for the simulation of the dispersed phase are coupled to the same gaseous solver: a mesoscopic Eulerian method and a Lagrangian particle tracking technique. The spray is represented by a single droplet size owing to the locally monodisperse formulation of the employed mesoscopic Eulerian approach. Both approaches use the same drag and evaporation models. They do not take into account the atomization process and a simplified injection model is applied instead. The presented methodology, referred as FIM-UR (Fuel Injection Method by Upstream Reconstruction) defines injection profiles for the monodisperse spray produced by a pressure-swirl atomizer. It is designed so as to ensure similar spray characteristics for both approaches and allows for a direct comparison between them. After a validation of the purely gaseous flow in the burner, liquid-phase dynamics and droplet dispersion are qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated for the Eulerian and Lagrangian simulations. Results obtained for both approaches are in very good agreement and compare reasonably with experiments, indicating that simplified injection methods are appropriate for the simulation of realistic combustor geometries.