粗粒土离散元非球趋真颗粒模型

颗粒形状对粗粒土的物理力学特性有着显著的影响。离散元法广泛应用于粗粒土宏观物理力学特性的细观机理研究。为了考虑颗粒形状的影响,亟待发展计算高效的离散元非球趋真颗粒模型。本文基于X射线CT扫描技术并结合数字图像处理技术,对光滑和棱角性两类典型粗粒土(鹅卵石与碎石)进行三维重构,并提出了两类趋真颗粒模型,分别采用扩展超椭球模型和球多面体模型进行趋真逼近;开展了两类颗粒试样的3D打印和单轴压缩试验,分析了配位数和局部孔隙率分布等细观特性;基于离散元开源程序SudoDEM开展了两类试样的离散元模拟,并将模拟细观分析结果与物理试验进行了对比。结果表明,提出的两类趋真颗粒模型能够较好地对粗粒土颗粒进行离散元建模。     

凹形多面体离散单元的水平集函数接触算法

多面体模型理论上可构造任意颗粒形态,然而受单元接触算法的限制,仅用于凸形颗粒材料的离散元模拟。对于具有凹形特征的多面体单元,单个接触点的搜索算法难以精确计算单元间的作用力。考虑多面体单元间存在单个或多个接触点的计算特性,本文发展了适用于凸形和凹形多面体颗粒材料的水平集函数接触算法。该方法通过点-三角形单元距离计算方法和奇-偶数判定方法建立多面体单元的零水平集函数和空间水平集函数,并对水平集函数进行三线性插值,可得到多面体单元间的单个或多个接触点。为检验水平集函数接触算法的可靠性,对球形和凹形多面体颗粒材料的堆积和倒塌过程进行离散元模拟,并分析颗粒形状对堆积密度和休止角的影响规律。     

基于扩展多面体的离散单元法及其作用于圆桩的冰载荷计算

对于具有复杂几何形态的多面体单元,线性接触模型不能准确地计算不同接触模式下的作用力,且接触变形和作用力方向也不易判断.基于闵可夫斯基和(Minkowski sum)方法的扩展多面体单元能够准确描述非规则颗粒单元的几何形态,并可精确计算单元间的接触碰撞作用.该方法具有接触判断简单、计算效率高的特点.它将基本多面体和扩展球体相叠加以形成具有光滑棱边和角点的扩展多面体单元.考虑扩展多面体单元相互作用过程中角点、棱边和平面之间的不同接触模式,发展了相应的非线性黏弹性接触模型. 该接触模型将不同接触模型下的法向刚度统一表述为单元接触中接触点处等效曲率半径的函数;黏滞力和切向弹性力接触模型则借鉴球体单元非线性接触模型的处理方法. 为检验扩展多面体的可靠性,对碎冰区冰块对圆桩结构的冰载荷进行了离散元分析. 采用沃洛诺伊(Voronoi)切割算法获得了碎冰的初始随机分布状态,并考虑了海冰在运动过程中的海水浮力和拖曳力.计算表明该扩展多面体单元可描述海冰在海流拖曳下的运动过程以及圆桩结构的动冰力特性.在此基础上进一步分析了冰速和冰块尺寸对圆桩冰力的影响,并确定了冰力在圆桩上的分布规律. 最后,讨论了目前扩展多面体单元在计算冰载荷方面的局限性和改进方法.      

颗粒离散元法研究进展

回顾了颗粒离散元法(DEM)的发展过程.综述了该方法的理论和各种颗粒作用模型，包括各种实用的干颗粒 DEM模型和研究中的湿颗粒建模的进展；介绍了国内外颗粒离散元法模拟的成就以及离散元法与其他数值方法结合的扩展性研究的进展.最后指出了存在的问题，并对发展动向进行了预测.     

粗糙颗粒的随机离散元模拟——随机法向接触定律

真实颗粒的力学性质会受到其随机粗糙表面的影响,然而在传统离散元模拟中通常假设颗粒具有光滑表面,因此有必要在定量考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的基础上改进离散元的接触模型。本文基于经典 Greenwood-Williamson(GW)模型通过理论分析和数值模拟提出了一种可以考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的法向接触定律;开发了基于 Newton-Raphson迭代的数值计算方法,通过输入颗粒重叠量和一系列表面粗糙系数计算总接触力;讨论了改进计算方法效率和准确性的相关问题。相对于 GW模型中接触关系的复杂积分表示,拟合得到新随机接触定律的表达式具有类似 Hertz定律的简单结构,只包含一个表征颗粒表面粗糙度标准偏差的新增参数,σ,可以方便的引入当前离散元模拟程序中进行计算。     

粗糙颗粒的随机离散元模拟——随机法向接触定律（英文）

真实颗粒的力学性质会受到其随机粗糙表面的影响,然而在传统离散元模拟中通常假设颗粒具有光滑表面,因此有必要在定量考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的基础上改进离散元的接触模型。本文基于经典GreenwoodWilliamson(GW)模型通过理论分析和数值模拟提出了一种可以考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的法向接触定律;开发了基于Newton-Raphson迭代的数值计算方法,通过输入颗粒重叠量和一系列表面粗糙系数计算总接触力;讨论了改进计算方法效率和准确性的相关问题。相对于GW模型中接触关系的复杂积分表示,拟合得到新随机接触定律的表达式具有类似Hertz定律的简单结构,只包含一个表征颗粒表面粗糙度标准偏差的新增参数,σ,可以方便的引入当前离散元模拟程序中进行计算。     

振动效应对铁路道砟剪切性能影响的离散元数值模拟

铁路道砟在传递移动列车载荷时会产生明显振动及接触迁徙行为，从而诱发道床的破碎劣化及非均匀沉降变形，道砟材料的抗剪性能研究对于碎石道床动力学行为及维养评估非常重要。为进一步探究铁路道砟的剪切力学特性，基于Minkowski Sum理论构造了扩展多面体单元，采用三维Voronoi切割算法生成了非规则扩展多面体道砟颗粒。通过最小投影方法对单元进行粒径识别和筛选，建立了符合铁路道砟级配要求的扩展多面体道砟模型数据库。对比了不同法向应力下铁路道砟准静态直剪试验及离散元模拟结果，验证了扩展多面体道砟接触参数的合理性。在此基础上，开展了振动效应下的道砟动态直剪离散元模拟研究，分析了振动角度、幅值及频率对道砟材料抗剪性能的影响。结果表明：构造的扩展多面体道砟离散元模型能够较好地反映非规则道砟间的强咬合互锁接触作用，并有效模拟直剪过程中的剪切应力–应变的变化及剪缩–剪胀行为。正则化下不同法向应力对应的铁道道砟剪切强度更适合采用幂函数拟合表示。振动场的存在会明显降低道砟颗粒的抗剪性能。当振动方向与剪切方向一致时（振动角度为0°），道砟的剪切强度被明显削弱；随着振幅及频率的增大，道砟颗粒的剪切强度也会显著降...     

双轴压缩下颗粒物质接触力与力链特性研究

为探究双轴压缩过程中颗粒物质接触力与力链特性,采用离散元法研究双轴压缩过程,得到双轴压缩过程中颗粒体系宏观力学特性,即偏应力、体积应变变化规律,并通过对接触力大小分布规律、接触力角度分布规律等细观层次分析,完成接触力大小、力链方向性量化描述,同时探究围压对颗粒物质力学特性的影响。研究表明,双轴压缩过程经历应力强化、应力软化、应力波动三个阶段。在各阶段,强接触与总体接触的各类型接触力大小分布规律可采用高斯函数或指数函数拟合,弱接触的法向与总接触力分布较为均匀;直径较大颗粒上具有接触力集中现象,集中程度随着围压升高而加强;力链网络形态经历"鱼鳞"状-"柱"状-"拱"状-"龟壳"状演变,由初始时基本各向同性,逐渐向最大主应力y向偏转,表现出强烈各向异性,最后又经历小幅度偏转偏离y向。不同围压下力链分量比变化规律证实了该发现,接触力角度分布规律也从力链承载方向验证了此结论。研究结果将为探究双轴压缩中颗粒物质力学特性提供理论基础。     

粘接–映射混合算法及其对颗粒材料中板的振动特性分析

结构与颗粒材料相互作用广泛存在于各工程领域,其研究过程中涉及的连续–离散耦合计算方法面对诸多挑战.本文提出了粘接–映射混合算法来研究连续体与离散介质耦合动力学问题.将连续体模型划分为内部区域及与颗粒接触的边界区域.边界区域采用粘接算法模拟连续体外部形状并使用高效的球形接触判断准则;提出一种包含Rayleigh阻尼映射的有限元映射质点弹簧算法来精确计算连续体内部区域内力和变形.二者相结合构成粘接–映射混合算法,并引入计算机集群和GPU(图形处理器)并行技术,对埋没于颗粒材料中受激振动固支方板的连续–离散耦合动力学问题进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,粘接–映射混合算法有利于双层级并行算法的程序实现及优化,并在连续–离散耦合界面进行快速接触判断的同时实现对颗粒材料中方板位移、变形、振动形态等参数的研究.通过定幅扫频和定频变幅方式考察激振力频率和幅值对振动板非线性动力学行为的影响并观察到二倍周期现象,同时给出了该连续–离散耦合系统中颗粒体系的能量耗散特性.     

颗粒材料计算力学专题序

颗粒材料广泛地存在于自然环境、工业生产和日常生活等诸多领域, 其受加载速率、约束条件等因素的影响具有复杂的力学行为. 颗粒材料常与流体介质、工程结构物耦合作用并共同组成复杂的颗粒系统, 并呈现出非连续性、非均质性的复杂力学特性. 目前, 离散元方法已成为解决不同工程领域颗粒材料问题的有力工具, 然而其在真实颗粒形态的构造、接触算法、颗粒与流体及工程结构的耦合模型、多介质和多尺度问题, 以及高性能大规模计算等方面仍面临着诸多亟待解决的问题.《力学学报》组织了“颗粒材料计算力学”专题的7篇综述或研究论文, 分别从研究进展、理论模型及工程应用方面反映了颗粒材料计算力学研究领域上的最新研究进展, 为颗粒材料计算力学交叉领域的研究提供参考.      

Multiscale modeling of heterogeneous propellants from particle packing to grain failure using a surface-based cohesive approach

In the present work,a computational framework is established for multiscale modeling and analysis ofsolid propellants.A packing algorithm,considering the ammonium perchlorate(AP) and aluminum(Al) particles asspheres or discs is developed to match the size distributionand volume fraction of solid propellants.A homogenizationtheory is employed to compute the mean stress and strainof a representative volume element(RVE).Using the meanresults,a suitable size of RVE is decided.Without considering the interfaces between particles and matrix,several numerical simulations of the relaxation of propellants are performed.The relaxation effect and the nonlinear mechanicalbehavior of propellants which are dependent on the appliedloads are discussed.A new technology named surface-basedcohesive behavior is proposed to describe the phenomenonof particle dewetting consisting of two ingredients:a damageinitiation criterion and a damage evolution law.Several examples considering contact damage behavior are computedand also nonlinear behavior caused by damaged interfaces isdiscussed in this paper.Furthermore the effects of the critical contact stress,initial contact stiffness and contact failuredistance on the damaged interface model have been studied.     

Analysis of FRP composites under frictional contact conditions

This work studies numerically the tribological behavior of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under different frictional contact conditions, using a boundary element methodology. The formulation uses the Boundary Element Method (BEM) with an explicit approach for fundamental solutions evaluation, for computing the elastic influence coefficients. To enforce the contact constraints on the potential contact zone: Signorini’s contact conditions and an orthotropic law of friction, contact operators over the augmented Lagrangian are considered in the formulation. The methodology and the proposed algorithm are applied to study two types of glass FRP and two types of carbon FRP, with the same fiber volume fraction, under frictional contact. In these studies, it can be observed how the fiber orientation and sliding orientation affect the normal and tangential contact compliance, as well as the contact traction distribution. Furthermore, the formulation considers a micromechanics model for FRP that allows also to study the influence of fiber volume fraction on normal and tangential contact compliances.     

A three‐dimensional contact algorithm for sliding surfaces

This paper describes a model for sliding contact between materials. This has been embodied in a contact algorithm which has been incorporated into a three‐dimensional, time‐dependent, staggered mesh, finite element Lagrangian code. We first present an overview of the code and then describe the model underpinning the contact algorithm. The stages of the algorithm are then described and finally, results are presented for a number of different problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带脱层的复合材料层板屈曲分析中的接触问题

用基于Mindlin板理论的有限元方法进行了带脱层损伤复合材料层板的屈曲载荷分析．为了处理在屈曲模态中上下脱层之间的接触问题，我们提出了一种有效的算法．在这种算法中，首先用一阶灵敏度分析和二次规划方法相结合的选代算法算出接触区域的虚拟力，然后将这种虚拟力转化成一些假想弹簧的刚度系数，并对原始刚度矩阵进行修正．数值算例表明本算法可以有效地克服屈曲模态中上下脱层之间的相互贯穿．同时，还对脱层的大小，形状和位置对屈曲载荷的影响进行了研究．     

Static and dynamic response of a multiplexed-array piezoresistive contact sensor

Multiplexed piezoresistive sensor arrays hold great potential for measuring contact stress distributions for orthopedic research applications. However, their acceptance has been handicapped by output drift and the fact that their dynamic response has not been well characterized. In this report, the static and dynamic responses of one device of this class (the K-Scan piezoresistive contact stress sensor) are formally characterized using a specially made pressure vessel that provides spatially homogeneous contact stress. Drift was predominant early in static loading, reaching relationtive errors of approximately 30 percent over a 10-min period. During loading, first-order dynamic analysis showed that the time constant (and time lag) was nearly zero and there was little attenuation of the output up to 20 Hz. A deconvolution algorithm proved capable of compensating for the great majority of static drift.     

三维非结构聚合多重网格法数值模拟研究

在三维非结构网格上应用聚合式多重网格技术来加速Euler方程的收敛过程．自行设计了一种高效率的网格聚合方法．采用四重三维非结构网格，在每一层网格上采用有限体积法进行计算．通过对M6翼型的数值求解验证了多重网格加速收敛的高效性．     

A Cartesian cut cell free surface capturing method for 3D water impact problems

A Cartesian cut cell mesh generation procedure is developed together with a finite volume Euler solver for a two‐fluid system with a free surface. A fast and robust triangle to triangle overlap scheme is used to determine the intersection of a body‐surface with the background Cartesian mesh. Improvements to the cut cell routines include a new treatment for multiple cuts within a single cell and a surface trimming procedure to ensure a good quality mesh around solid boundaries. The formulae for calculating all necessary information about a cut cell are also presented. These are generic and can be used for arbitrarily irregular boundary elements. A collocated finite volume method with a high resolution Godunov‐type scheme in space is used for discretization of the governing flow equations. By computing in both the air and water regions simultaneously in a consistent manner, the free surface is automatically captured as a contact discontinuity in the density field without the need for any special free surface tracking method. The algorithm incorporates the artificial compressibility method with a dual time stepping strategy to maintain a divergence free velocity field. The mathematical formulation including its numerical implementation of the method is reviewed and results for a number of test cases are also presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Packing properties of binary mixtures in disordered sphere systems

Mixtures of binary spheres are numerically simulated using a relaxation algorithm to investigate the effects of volume fraction and size ratio. A complete profile of the packing properties of binary spheres is given. The density curve with respect to the volume fraction has a triangular shape with a peak at 70% large spheres. The density of the mixture increases with the size ratio, but the growth becomes slow in the case of a large size disparity. The volume fraction and size ratio effects are reflected in the height and movement, respectively, of specific peaks in the radial distribution functions. The structure of the mixture is further analyzed in terms of contact types, and the mean coordination number is demonstrated to be primarily affected by “large–small” contacts. A novel method for estimating the average relative excluded volume for binary spheres by weighting the percentages of contact types is proposed and extended to polydisperse packings of certain size distributions. The method can be applied to explain the density trends of polydisperse mixtures in disordered sphere systems.     

Packing properties of binary mixtures in disordered sphere systems

Mixtures of binary spheres are numerically simulated using a relaxation algorithm to investigate the effects of volume fraction and size ratio, A complete profile of the packing properties of binary spheres is given. The density curve with respect to the volume fraction has a triangular shape with a peak at 70% large spheres. The density of the mixture increases with the size ratio, but the growth becomes slow in the case of a large size disparity, The volume fraction and size ratio effects are reflected in the height and movement, respectively, of specific peaks in the radial distribution functions. The structure of the mixture is further analyzed in terms of contact types, and the mean coordination number is demonstrated to be primarily affected by ＂large-small＂ contacts. A novel method for estimating the average relative excluded volume for binary spheres by weighting the percentages of contact types is proposed and extended to polydisperse packings of certain size distributions. The method can be applied to explain the density trends of polydisperse mixtures in disordered sphere systems,