原子层沉积氧化铝薄膜摩擦学性能研究

不同温度条件下,采用原子层沉积(ALD)技术在单晶硅基底表面制备了Al2O3薄膜.利用原子力显微镜观察了Al2O3薄膜的表面形貌和粗糙度,利用纳米压痕仪测定了薄膜的硬度,并通过UMT-2型往复摩擦磨损试验机(球-盘接触方式)考察了制备温度、载荷和对偶球对Al2O3薄膜的摩擦学性能的影响.结果表明:不同温度条件下制备得到的Al2O3薄膜的粗糙度不同;制备温度为100和200℃的Al2O3薄膜的摩擦性能较优;在所用载荷范围内,摩擦系数存在最低值;与不同对偶球对摩时,由于对偶球硬度不同,Al2O3薄膜呈现不同的摩擦磨损现象.     

中频磁控溅射制备a-C：H（Al,W）薄膜及其性能研究

采用中频磁控溅射技术,以W、Al复合靶（面积比为1：1）为靶材,在氩气和甲烷混合气体中于n（100）型单晶硅表面沉积了一系列Al、W共掺杂含氢非晶碳[a-C：H（Al,W）]薄膜.分析了不同甲烷流量对薄膜成分、结构和表面形貌的影响,并表征了薄膜的力学性能和摩擦磨损行为.结果表明：随着甲烷流量的增加,薄膜中C含量呈上升趋势,而W和Al含量均呈现递减趋势,过高流量的CH₄会导致金属靶材中毒.薄膜中的sp²C和sp³C含量受W、Al以及H注入效应的共同影响.所制备的薄膜表面均较为平滑,表面粗糙度（RMS）在0.39 ~0.48 nm范围内.薄膜的纳米硬度（H）在9.98~11.37 GPa之间,弹性模量（E）介于71~93.36 GPa之间,弹性恢复系数均在70 %以上.当薄膜中W和Al的原子百分含量分别为3.74 %和2.37 %时,H/E值和H³/E²值分别为0.141和0.198,且此时薄膜在大气环境下表现出较好的减摩抗磨性能.薄膜具有适度的sp³C/sp²C比值、优异的弹性形变性能、摩擦过程中对偶球表面形成连续而致密的转移层等因素是薄膜具有良好摩擦学性能的重要原因.     

磁控溅射沉积高承载、低摩擦MoS_2/Ti复合薄膜

采用磁控溅射技术制备了不同Ti含量的Mo S2/Ti复合薄膜,利用SEM、AFM、纳米压痕仪、XRD和CSM摩擦试验机分析了复合薄膜的结构、力学和摩擦学性能.结果表明:复合薄膜结构致密,表面光滑平整,且具有较高的硬度,Ti含量较低的Mo S2/Ti复合薄膜呈现以(002)基面为主的择优取向;在大气环境下,赫兹接触应力为2.5 GPa的摩擦工况下,Ti含量较低的Mo S2/Ti复合薄膜的摩擦系数低至0.02,磨损率低至10-17m3/(N·m)数量级,呈现出高承载、低摩擦、耐磨损的优异摩擦学性能.这是由于Ti的掺杂一方面提高了复合薄膜的力学和抗氧化性能,另一方面复合薄膜的(002)基面取向对其摩擦磨损性能发挥了重要作用.     

离子液体作为Si3N4-Ti3SiC2摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学性能研究

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机在室温及100 ℃下考察了两种离子液体（L-B106 和L-P106）、丙三醇、水作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学行为,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及X光电子能谱（XPS）对磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明：室温、20 N条件下,两种离子液体和丙三醇抗磨和减摩性能相当,室温、100 ℃条件下,L-P106相较于L-B106具有更好的润滑性能,且其抗磨和减摩性能均优于丙三醇,作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂具有在苛刻环境条件下使用的应用前景. XPS分析结果表明：Ti₃SiC₂材料在摩擦过程中在摩擦热作用下生成了SiO_x、TiO₂,进而有效提高了Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副材料的抗磨损性能;此外,离子液体中的活性元素在Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应,生成了由氟化钛、磷酸钛及硼酸钛等组成的具有减摩和抗磨性能的边界润滑膜.     

Al/AlN多层膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用柱状靶磁控溅射系统制备Al/AlN纳米多层膜,采用纳米压痕仪测量Al/AlN纳米多层膜的纳米硬度,在UMT-2M型摩擦磨损试验机上评价其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:当AlN层较厚时,薄膜在很短时间内被磨穿;调节Al/AlN层厚比为2.9/1.1时,薄膜的摩擦磨损性能明显提高;当保持Al/AlN层厚比为2.9/1.1、变化多层膜的调制周期时,薄膜的摩擦系数较低,但硬度较低的薄膜由于承载能力不够,不能够保持优良的摩擦磨损性能.     

挡板尺寸对电弧离子镀TiAlN涂层微观结构和摩擦学性能的影响

利用电弧离子镀技术,采用Ti50Al50合金靶,在304不锈钢基体上沉积TiAlN涂层.在Ti50Al5合金靶和基体挂架中间设置直径分别为80、100和120 mm圆形挡板,并与无挡板沉积的TiAlN涂层对比,采用SEM/EDS、XRD研究挡板尺寸对涂层微观结构、成分的影响,通过显微硬度计、划痕仪和摩擦磨损试验研究挡板尺寸对TiAlN涂层力学性能及摩擦学性能的影响.结果表明：随着挡板尺寸增大,TiAlN涂层中Ti含量逐渐降低,Al含量逐渐升高,涂层表面熔滴数量显著减少,沉积速率降低.增大挡板尺寸后,涂层硬度下降,膜基结合力减小.添加挡板后TiAlN涂层表面凹坑缺陷增多,摩擦系数增大,与无挡板的TiAlN涂层相比,耐磨性显著提高.     

磁控溅射Al靶功率对类金刚石薄膜的结构和摩擦学性能影响

本文采用中频磁控溅射金属Al靶,以CH4为反应气体,通过调整Al靶溅射功率,在p(100)单晶硅片和不锈钢基底上成功制备出不同Al含量的Al/a-C:H纳米复合薄膜。并利用HR-TEM、XPS、纳米压痕仪和摩擦磨损试验机等手段分析和研究了Al/a-C:H薄膜的结构、机械及摩擦学性能。结果表明：金属Al以纳米晶颗粒形式镶嵌在非晶碳网络中,使得所制备Al/a-C:H薄膜呈现出典型的纳米晶/非晶复合结构;同时,Al掺杂促进薄膜中sp2杂化碳形成,且有效地释放残余内应力。Al靶溅射功率为800 W时所制备的Al/a-C:H薄膜具有结构致密、内应力低、硬度高的特性;在大气环境中,该薄膜与Si3N4陶瓷球干摩擦时显示出优越的摩擦学性能,其摩擦系数约为0.055,磨损率约为2.9×10-16 m3/(N?m)。     

辉光等离子渗镀合成TiN/Ti渗镀扩散层摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术,在低碳钢表面制备出超硬耐磨TiN/Ti渗镀扩散层,观察分析了TiN渗镀扩散层的成分及显微组织,并评价了其硬度和室温干滑动磨损条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:所制备的TiN/Ti复合渗镀扩散层表面为均匀的胞状物,Ti和N原子由表层向内呈梯度分布,与一般表面沉积的TiN层不同,属于冶金结合;所形成的TiN复合渗镀层厚度可达10 μm左右,TiN层择优取向为(200)晶面;TiN层硬度较高(约2 200HV),在干滑动摩擦磨损条件下具有较低的摩擦系数及优异的耐磨性能.     

一种类富勒烯碳膜与不同偶件对摩时的摩擦学行为及其机制研究

采用磁控溅射钛靶,以甲烷和氩气为前驱体,在单晶硅片表面制备了类富勒烯碳薄膜,采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜对薄膜的微观形貌进行了表征,采用纳米压痕仪测定了薄膜的硬度及弹性回复,在球-盘微摩擦试验机上考察了薄膜与不同偶件（Si3N4球、Al2O3球、钢球）对摩的摩擦学行为.结果表明,薄膜具有类富勒烯结构特征,薄膜的硬度为20.9 GPa,对应的弹性回复高达85%.薄膜的摩擦性能与摩擦偶件相关：FL-C薄膜与Si3N4球对摩时磨屑在Si3N4球接触面充分覆盖,所形成的转移膜充当固体润滑剂而有效降低了摩擦系数;FL-C薄膜与钢球对摩时,由于钢球硬度远低于FL-C薄膜硬度,导致钢球在较高的接触压力下发生变形而使其表面粗糙度变大,摩擦系数增大,且FL-C薄膜表面发生了较为强烈的摩擦氧化反应,破坏了薄膜的原始结构,新生成的氧化聚合物结构较为疏松,在摩擦剪切作用下易于发生磨损.     

生物油对发动机缸套摩擦学性能的影响

以生物油为研究对象,利用乳化技术对生物油进行提质改性,在发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦磨损试验机上考察了提质前后生物油的摩擦学性能.利用表面轮廓仪,扫描电镜与X-射线光电子能谱仪表征了发动机缸套摩擦表面的微观形貌及化学元素状态,探讨了相关的摩擦磨损机理.结果表明:小球藻生物油比稻壳生物油对缸套-活塞环具有更好的减摩抗磨性能;通过乳化提质方法,可以快速提升生物油的性能;生物油的减摩润滑作用归因于油品中的有机物在缸套表面吸附、摩擦挤压及摩擦沉积形成润滑油膜,局部摩擦熔融形成的"微滚珠",以及在摩擦表面生成的Fe₂O₃及FeOOH氧化膜.此外,小球藻生物油能在摩擦副表面形成含N有机保护膜,这是其具有更好摩擦学性能的重要原因.     

Group properties of utt=[F(u)ux]x

The group properties and the associated Lie algebra are developed for the subject quasilinear wave equation, for arbitrary f[fεC²(R), f > 0, f ≠ 0]. From the resulting information sets of explicit invariant solutions are constructed for wave propagation in gases and for the transonic equation.     

Exact solution of the non-linear differential equation RR̈ + 32R2 − AR−4 + B = 0

The non-linear equation $\text{R}\text{R}\text{?}\text{+}\text{3}\text{2}\text{R}{}^2\text{- AR}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}\text{+ B = 0}$ is shown to represent simply periodic motion with a minimum at R₁ and a maximum at R₁R₀ or a maximum at R₁ and a minimum at R₁R₀^?1. R₀ is a function of the ratio $\text{A}\text{B}$ and is greater than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1 and less than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1. The period of the motion satisfies the simple relation T(R₀^?1) = R₀^?1T(R₀). The exact solution to the above equation is represented in terms of elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds and a simple algebraic function.     

惯导／GNSS／罗兰C／航姿系统组合导航方案

为保证飞行器的导航精度及可靠性,采用了惯导/GNSS/罗兰C/航姿系统的组合导航。该组合导航采用开环组合方式,将多系统导航信息在计算机中进行综合,提高导航信息精度。仿真试验结果说明,所设计的组合导航系统是可行的,能满足任务要求。     

Explicit expressions of S(v), H(v) and L(v) for anisotropic elastic materials

The three matrices L(v), S(v) and H(v), appearing frequently in the investigations of the two-dimensional steady state motions of elastic solids, are expressed explicitly in terms of the elastic stiffness for general anisotropic materials. The special cases of monoclinic materials with a plane of symmetry at x₃ = 0, x₁ = 0, and x₂ = 0 are all deduced. Results for orthotropic materials appearing in the literature may be recovered from the present explicit expressions.     

Phase portraits and bifurcations of the non-linear oscillator: ẍ + (α + γx2 + βx + δx3 = 0

The non-linear oscillator ? + αx + γx²x + βx + δx³ = 0 is studied using the methods of differentiable dynamics to obtain qualitative behaviour. The case x, β<0; γ, δ> 0 is considered in some detail; it has physical relevance as a simple model in certain now-induced structural vibration problems in which the structural non-linearities act to maintain overall stability. The presence of local and global bifurcations is detected and their physical significance discussed.     

Rheology/morphology/flow conditions relationships for polymethylmethacrylate/rubber blend

Viscoelastic behavior, phase morphology and flow conditions relationships in polymer/rubber blends have been investigated. The importance of such correlations is illustrated on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/rubber blends subjected to different flow conditions both under small and large deformations. In small-amplitude oscillatory shear (the morphology does not change during the flow) the elastic modulus G of the concentrated blends shows a secondary plateau, G _p , in the low frequency region. This solid-like behavior appears for rubber particle contents beyond the percolation threshold concentration (15%). Morphological observations revealed that for concentrations higher than 15%, the particles are dispersed in a three-dimensional network-type structure.In capillary flow it was found that the network-type structure was destroyed and replaced by an alignment of particles in the flow direction. This morphological modification resulted in a decrease in both viscosity and post-extrusion swell of the blends. Morphological observations revealed that the ordered structure in the flow direction was concentrated only in the skin region of the extrudate, where the shear stress is higher than the secondary plateau, G _p . A simple kinetic mechanism is proposed to explain the observed morphology.Similarly, steady shear measurements performed in the cone-and-plate geometry revealed alignment of particles in the flow direction for shear stress values higher than G_p.Presented in part at the Symposium Recent Developments in Structured Continua Montréal (Canada) 26–28 May 1993 and at the 45th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Quebec, October 15–18 (1995)     

机翼-机身-挂架-短舱复杂流场数值模拟

本文采用分区搭接网格技术,对机翼/机身/挂架/短舱复杂组合体进行网格分布,通过分析计算网格对结果的影响,探讨了网格的划分.基于Roe的近似黎曼解的方法,采用S-A湍流模型,通过求解N-S方程,对该组合体外流场/发动机短舱内流场进行一体化数值模拟,与相应风洞实验数据进行了比较与分析,取得了与实验数据较为吻合的结果.与无发动机短舱的组合体的气动特性进行比较,分析了短舱对翼身组合体的气动干扰.     

溅射沉积WSx/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的微结构及大气环境摩擦学性能

采用磁控溅射技术在硅基体上交替沉积WS₂、Ni及非晶碳(a-C)层制备出不同Ni层厚度的WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜. 利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等研究了多层膜的成分及微观结构；通过纳米压痕仪、划痕仪和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机等评价了薄膜的力学及大气环境中的摩擦学性能. 结果表明:随着Ni层厚度的增加，WS_x/Ni/a-C/Ni多层膜的致密度下降，n_s/n_w值(S与W原子百分数之比)由0.84降至0.73，WS_x层以微晶或非晶的形式存在. 多层膜的硬度和磨损率均随Ni层厚度的增加先降低后升高，但摩擦系数由0.22升至0.38，结合力先增大后减小. Ni层厚度为6 nm的多层膜的硬度可达13.4 GPa，抗氧化性能和耐磨性最优，磨损率仅为9.47×10–14 m3/(Nm).      

On free energy-based formulations for kinematic hardening and the decomposition F = fpfe

Within the framework of linear plasticity, based on additive decomposition of the linear strain tensor, kinematical hardening can be described by means of extended potentials. The method is elegant and avoids the need for evolution equations. The extension of small strain formulations to the finite strain case, which is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts, proved not straight forward. Specifically, the symmetry of the resulting back stress remained elusive. In this paper, a free energy-based formulation incorporating the effect of kinematic hardening is proposed. The formulation is able to reproduce symmetric expressions for the back stress while incorporating the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. Kinematic hardening is combined with isotropic hardening where an associative flow rule and von Mises yield criterion are applied. It is shown that the symmetry of the back stress is strongly related to its treatment as a truly spatial tensor, where contraction operations are to be conducted using the current metric. The latter depends naturally on the deformation gradient itself. Various numerical examples are presented.     

智能车辆SINS/DGPS/视觉/数字地图组合导航技术

为适应自主驾驶车辆的高精度、高频率与高可靠性的导航要求,提出了一种机器视觉/数字地图/CP-DGPS共同辅助SINS的智能车辆组合导航方法,建立了组合导航系统的滤波模型。该滤波模型的量测信息不仅包括GPS与SINS形成的位置与姿态观测信息,还包括机器视觉/数字地图/SINS形成的横向偏差观测信息。通过对SINS的多重冗余辅助,使得导航系统具备容错能力。仿真结果表明,该组合导航系统能为智能车辆提供其空间位置、速度、加速度与姿态角等众多导航信息,并具有100Hz的高频输出、厘米级的导航精度和容错性能,当GPS较长时间中断时,通过SINS/视觉/数字地图的组合仍能为智能车辆提供可靠的导航数据。