吸气式高超声速飞行器动力学建模研究进展

高超声速飞行以及飞行器机身/超燃冲压发动机一体化设计的典型特点导致吸气式高超声速飞行器具有不同于常规飞行器的飞行动力学特性,而飞行器总体设计和控制系统设计都必须考虑这些新动力学特性的影响,因此为吸气式高超声速飞行器建立能够包含这些新特性的飞行动力学模型非常重要.本文对吸气式高超声速飞行器动力学建模的相关研究进行了总结: 首先,简略地回顾了从超燃冲压发动机研究到飞行器系统研究发展历程; 其次,详细阐述了宽飞行包线、高超声速效应、超燃冲压发动机约束、气动/推进耦合和气动弹性效应等吸气式高超声速飞行器的新动力学特性;然后,讨论了在选择坐标系、抽象飞行器外形、建立弹性机身模型、建立空气动力模型、建立超燃冲压发动机系统模型以及推导运动方程等每个具体步骤中需要考虑的问题和可用的方法;最后,评述了现有吸气式高超声速飞行器动力学模型,并指明了未来发展方向.      

Supersonic combustion and hypersonic propulsion

50 多年的努力和曲折经历证明了超声速燃烧冲压发动机概念的可行性. 本文对影响超燃冲压发动机技术成熟的主要因素作了扼要的分析. 高超声速推进的首要问题是净推力, 利用超声速燃烧获得推力遇到各种实际问题的制约, 它们往往互相牵制. 几次飞行试验表明高超声速飞行需要的发动机净推力仍差强人意, 液体碳氢燃料(煤油) 超燃冲压发动机在飞行马赫数5 上下的加速和模态转换过程, 成为高超声速吸气式推进继续发展的瓶颈. 研究表明, 利用吸热碳氢燃料不仅是发动机冷却的需要也是提高发动机推力和性能的关键举措, 燃料吸热后物性改变对燃烧性能的附加贡献对超燃冲压发动机的净推力至关重要.当前, 实验模拟技术和测量技术相对地落后, 无法对环境、尺寸和试验时间做到完全的模拟. 计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) 逐渐成为除实验以外唯一可用的工具, 然而, 超声速燃烧的数值模拟遇到湍流和化学反应动力学的双重困难. 影响对发动机的性能作正确可靠的评估.提出双模态超燃冲压发动机模态转换、吸热碳氢燃料主动冷却燃料催化裂解与超声速燃烧耦合、燃烧稳定性、实验模拟技术与装置、内流场特性和发动机性能测量、数值模拟中的湍流模型、煤油替代燃料及简化机理等研究前沿课题, 和未来5~10 年重点发展方向的建议.     

关于吸气式高超声速推进技术研究的思考

回顾了吸气式高超声速推进技术的研究进展, 分析了超燃冲压发动机研制面临的关键科学问题, 并从不同角度探讨了增大超燃冲压发动机推力的可能方法.这些方法包括: 能够降低总压损失的高超声速来流压缩方法、生成三维涡流的超声速混合增强技术、碳氢燃料的预热喷射、可以控制燃烧过程的燃烧室设计优化方法、通过减小发动机流道湿面积来降低摩擦阻力和催化复合解离的燃气降低高温气体效应.考虑到等压热力学循环的热效率,还建议研究在高超声速推进系统中应用热效率高的爆轰过程, 并探讨了爆轰推进方法研究的进展与问题.吸气式高超声速推进技术是高超声速飞行器发展的关键技术, 认真思考和探索其发展方向是非常必要的.      

高马赫数超燃冲压发动机技术研究进展

吸气式高超声速飞行在空间运输和国家空天安全领域具有极高价值,超燃冲压发动机是其核心动力装置.目前飞行马赫数4.0～7.0超燃冲压发动机技术日趋成熟,发展更高速的飞行动力技术成为今后临近空间竞争焦点之一.本文对飞行马赫数8.0～10.0的高马赫数超燃冲压发动机技术进行了分析和综述.首先论述其亟待解决的关键问题和技术,分别...     

关于超声速燃烧与高超动力

先进发动机是航空工业的核心技术, 而吸气式高超声速发动机一直是宇航飞行技术研发的首位难题. 发动机的性能依赖于其能量转换模式和燃烧组织方法, 相关理论研究具有基础性和启发性意义. 论文首先讨论了超声速燃烧, 它一直是超燃冲压发动机技术的理论基础. 然后综述了相关研究进展, 提出了吸气式高超声速冲压推进技术的3个临界条件, 或者称为临界参数. 第一临界条件针对超声速气体流动中燃烧发生部位的亚声速或超声速状态的判定问题, 由此可以揭示上行激波的产生机制, 也能够作为燃烧后气体流动状态的判定条件; 第二临界参数定义了在当量比燃烧条件下吸气式高超声速冲压发动机的稳定运行马赫数, 是发动机设计需要考虑的必要条件. 第三临界参数给出了对应CJ斜爆轰的楔面角度, 其物理基础是爆轰临界起爆状态. 最后总结了驻定斜爆轰冲压发动机的实验研究进展, 论述了作为未来高超声速飞行动力的可行性.      

高超声速飞行器动力系统研究进展

简要介绍了高超声速飞行器动力系统的概况.第2部分介绍了超燃冲压发动机、爆震发动机和组合循环发动机等典型高超声速吸气式发动机的基本工作原理与系统组成,描述了各自的特点.第3部分阐述了高超声速飞行器动力系统存在的难点问题,并列出了在总体设计、进气道、燃烧室、尾喷管、热防护、轻质结构、燃油供应与控制等方面的关键技术.第4部分回顾了上述几种典型发动机的发展历程,比较全面地介绍了世界主要航空、航天大国在动力系统关键技术攻关与系统研制方面的主要研究计划和取得的主要进展,总结了经验教训, 指出了发展趋势.第5部分阐述了高超声速飞行器动力系统中的燃烧过程及其燃烧基本问题,介绍了主要研究进展.      

PIV技术在超及高超声速流场测量中的研究进展

本文分析了超声速流场对测量技术的特殊要求, 归纳了目前将粒子影像测速仪(particle image velocimetry, PIV)技术应用于超声速流场的测量时所面临的主要技术难点以及主要的解决方法, 分析了超声速流场中所用PIV粒子的主要要求、粒子特性、投放方法等, 介绍了PIV技术在超声速、高超声速流场测量中最新的国内外进展, 特别是给出了国内外关于高超声速流场中激波/附面层的相互干扰, 以及高超声速飞行器超燃冲压发动机主要部件内流场的PIV试验研究的最新进展.      

克服“高超声障''的途径”

在高超声速飞行条件下, 流入冲压发动机燃烧室并降至低速的空气温度, 随着飞行马赫数增 加升得愈来愈高. 燃料与高温空气混合燃烧释放的化学能将部分转化为解离能. 这些解离能 在长度受限的尾喷管中难以充分复合形成推力, 使冲压发动机性能随飞行马赫数增大而急剧 下降. 导致冲压发动机不适应高超声速飞行器的推进要求. 将此定名为``高超声障'. 半个 世纪以来, 广泛采用``超声速燃烧'降低流入燃烧室的空气温度来克服这种障碍. 虽已取得 不少进展, 然而关键性难点仍需继续攻克. 为了多途径促进吸气推进高超声速飞行的实现, 提出克服``高超声障'的另一种思路：保持现有冲压发动机吸气与燃烧方式, 通过催化促进 燃气解离组分在尾喷管膨胀过程中的复合, 增大冲压发动机的推力, 达到满足高超声速飞行 器的推进要求.     

自由活塞激波风洞

自由活塞激波风洞是一种使用自由活塞压缩器驱动的高焓脉冲型激波风洞。这种风洞是由R J Stalker提出并在澳大利亚国立大学首先建成和逐渐发展起来的高焓实验设备。经过30多年的改进与发展,日趋完善,现已成为研究高超声速气动加热、计及真实气体效应的气体动力学现象、特别是超声速或高超声速燃氢冲压发动机(scamjet)的重要设备之一,受到国际上航空航天界的重视。本文概述了自由活塞激波风洞的发展过程,系统地阐述了这种设备的结构特点和运行原理,给出了性能参数的计算方法和算例,及其性能指标,并讨论了这类风洞的优缺点。      

乙烯燃料超燃燃烧室流动特性与燃烧稳定性研究

在低飞行马赫数条件下,乙烯燃料超燃冲压发动机为实现成功点火及稳定燃烧,常使用先锋氢引燃乙烯,本文通过试验研究了多种喷注方案下的超燃燃烧室流动特性、火焰传播特性及燃烧稳定性,喷注方案包括单先锋氢、单乙烯和组合喷注方式.超燃燃烧室入口马赫数为2.0,总温为953 K,总压为0.82 MPa.多种非接触光学测量手段被应用于超...     

Free-piston driver optimisation for simulation of high Mach number scramjet flow conditions

The University of Queensland (UQ) is currently developing high Mach number, high total pressure scramjet flow conditions in its X2 and X3 expansion tube facilities. These conditions involve shock-processing a high-density air test gas followed by its unsteady expansion into a low-pressure acceleration tube. This relatively slow shock-processing requires the driver to supply high pressure gas for a significantly greater duration than normally required for superorbital flow conditions. One technique to extend the duration is to operate a tuned free-piston driver. For X2, this involves the use of a very light piston at high speeds so that, following diaphragm rupture, the piston displacement substitutes for vented driver gas, thus maintaining driver pressure much longer. However, this presents challenges in terms of higher piston loading and also safely stopping the piston. This article discusses the tuned driver concept, the design of a very lightweight but highly stressed piston, and details the successful development of a new set of tuned free-piston driver conditions for X2.     

Numerical study of free-piston shock tunnel performance

A free-piston shock tunnel (FPST) is one of the most useful ground testing facilities for hypervelocity flow research of re-entry vehicles and scramjet engines. For an efficient operation with tuned piston motion, the design of facility and the comprehension of the physical phenomena in a FPST, a numerical simulation which can properly predicts the flow with actual losses is required. But there are few successful numerical methods which can simulate its overall performance. In the present study, numerical method was developed by using the KRC shock capturing scheme and by modeling the flow losses in suitable forms for a quasi-1D numerical computation. The present numerical results were compared with the data obtained in two different facilities, T4 and T5. The applicability of the present numerical method as a design tool is discussed briefly.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Identification of a Planar Servo-Pneumatic Test Facility. Part I: Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation

High quality multi-axis test facilities used for testing heavy loads and large structures of industrial equipment are usually simulated, designed and controlled based on reduced model equations neglecting the inertia properties of the actuators. The design and control of servo-pneumatic test facilities used for testing small and light structures must take into account extended test facility models including the various inertia properties of the actuators. In this paper (Part I) an extended test facility model is presented including the various inertia properties and joints of the actuators. These extended model equations are represented in a form well suited to be directly implemented in control algorithms based on exact linearization techniques for real time control. This is done by stepwise projecting the inertia properties of the various actuator housings and actuator pistons down to the common mass of the test table and payload. The resulting extended model equations have the same form as the reduced model equations. They only include more complex system matrices and vector functions. These compact model equations turn out to be suitable for an efficient nonlinear controller design of these test facilities. Computer simulations and associated laboratory experiments show the necessity to use extended model equations in case of testing small and light structures. In Part II of this paper [1] the inertia parameters of the planar test facility will be identified in laboratory experiments.     

Cold gas dual-bell tests in high-altitude simulation chamber

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study dual-bell transition behavior in different set ups inside a high-altitude test facility. Cold gas tests were carried out under two different operating conditions namely (i) test nozzle operating in self-evacuation mode and, (ii) test nozzle operating with an additional ejector nozzle (pre-evacuated condition). Although forward transition nozzle pressure ratio does not show any change in its value irrespective of the type of test facility and test set up, the re-transition nozzle pressure ratio shows a significant increase (7–8%) in its value when tested in the high-altitude facility. The latter is caused due to plume blowback effect which dominates during shut down transients in such facilities. Driven by the high atmospheric pressure, the jet exhaust is pushed backwards into the altitude chamber causing the re-transition to occur earlier than that observed in sea-level tests. Further the reduced mass flow rates for nozzle operation in different test set ups in a high-altitude test facility also reduces the magnitude of side-load peaks during the dual-bell transitions.     

超燃冲压发动机仿真:从数值飞行到数智飞行

数值计算方法、物理模型和计算硬件的进步极大地促进了超燃冲压发动机仿真的发展,基于内外流一体化仿真的数值飞行技术已日渐成熟并逐步应用于工程实践,伴随燃烧、气动、结构、材料以及传热多物理场耦合模型和计算方法的发展,叠加多场计算的广义数值飞行技术有望近期得到突破.目前人工智能技术的快速发展,将赋能于数值飞行技术,"数智飞行"...     

超燃燃烧室气流参数诊断

基于可调谐二极管激光器吸收光谱技术, 利用7185.597cm^{-1}, 7444.35cm^{-1} + 7444.37cm^{-1}(重合吸收线)两条H_2O吸收线, 采用分时扫描-直接探测策略组建多光路吸收测量系统, 在4kHz的测量频率下, 定量测量了燃烧室气流的静温、水蒸气浓度和流向速度. 利用位移机构, 在以C_2H_4为燃料的超燃直连式试验台中, 在单次试验中同时诊断燃烧室内某截面和燃烧室出口的多气流参数的截面分布. 利用燃烧室出口截面的水蒸气浓度分布, 并结合壁面静压计算燃烧效率; 利用燃烧室出口截面的静温和速度分布, 获得出口气流马赫数分布; 利用凹腔后部某截面的温度和水蒸气浓度分布, 判读了凹腔附近流场特征.      

A two-stage free-piston driver

The overall cost of free-piston driven facilities can be substantially reduced if the contraction between the compression and shock tubes is replaced with a constant area section. However, with such an implementation, a new driver concept is required in order to achieve a realistic facility length. This paper describes a new free-piston driver type for expansion tubes which satisfies the above criteria. The technique is known as the two-stage free-piston driver where the driver gas is compressed in two distinct stages with a unique compound piston design. A new facility has been constructed (X-2) which is described in some detail. A quasi-one-dimensional numerical model of the compression process is also developed which agrees well with driver tube experimental results. This new driver is coupled to an expansion tube arrangement where super-orbital test flows are generated. The results show that a two-stage free-piston driver is capable of driving hypervelocity expansion tubes and therefore new facilities of increased size but reduced cost are now possible. Received 18 May 1998 / Accepted 18 October 1998     

Hypersonic aerothermodynamic and scramjet research using high enthalpy shock tunnel

A high enthalpy shock tunnel is a potential facility for gaining knowledge to develop modern aerothermodynamic and propulsion technologies. The largest high enthalpy shock tunnel HIEST was built at NAL Kakuda in 1997, aiming for aerothermodynamic tests of Japan's space vehicle HOPE and scramjet propulsion systems. Selected topics from the experimental studies carried out using HIEST so far, such as the nonequilibrium aerodynamics of HOPE, the surface catalytic effect on aerodynamic heating and scramjet performance are described. Received 22 July 2001 / Accepted 22 April 2002 Published online 8 July 2002