采动诱发岩体移动破坏过程数值模拟研究

本文基于岩石介质的宏观非线性主要是由非均质性和各向异性造成的, 应用新的数值计算软件RFPA(2D), 对采动引起岩体失稳破坏的全过程进了数值模拟研究。     

并行元胞单元法

在对元胞单元法的基本原理与特点进行简要介绍之后,探讨了元胞单元法的并行计算方法,给出了算法描述和解题步骤。以平面应力问题分析为例,进行了数值试验,给出了详细的计算步骤和结果。结果表明元胞单元法可形成一种高度并行的算法,适用于未来并行机的要求,有望在大型结构和纳米力学的大规模摸拟方面得到应用。     

基于持续同调的边坡土颗粒应力链失稳分析

采用颗粒离散元方法和持续同调理论,研究了内排土场堆叠至不同高度时的边坡稳定性。为便于研究,现采用一水平金属板向下施加压力,代替不同厚度土层的重力荷载,对边坡在竖向荷载作用下的失稳破坏过程进行了颗粒离散元模拟。研究了二维边坡土颗粒速度总矢量、边坡失稳破坏时滑移开裂面的角度以及边坡坡顶y方向的平均速度等宏观响应过程,并构建了自然堆积下边坡堆积体颗粒的法向力链无向网络模型。最后,用持续同调方法对边坡坡顶颗粒接触力链网络的拓扑特征进行分析,获得条码图,建立了岩体结构持续同调特征与失稳演化的关系。本文为研究边坡失稳拓扑识别提供了一种新方法,从而可以有效预测边坡的失稳破坏。     

球形闭孔泡沫金属材料力学行为研究

利用面心立方单元胞模型计算了球形闭孔泡沫金属材料的宏观弹塑性特性,建立了弹性参数和屈服强度与相对密度的关系,所得结果与球形(类球形)闭孔泡沫铝合金试验结果进行了比较,二者吻合较好.此外,利用所建立的单元胞模型计算了等比例多轴载荷下的应力-应变曲线,针对现有的泡沫金属材料弹塑性宏观唯象本构框架,得到了球形孔闭孔泡沫金属材料在不同特征应变下应力势函数曲面及其演化规律,确定了其宏观本构理论模型的材料参数.结果表明,该理论模型能较好模拟有限元数值计算结果.     

光滑拉伸试件中不同初始形状孔洞长大的有限元模拟

本文对具有不同硬化指数（ｎ＝０．０５，ｎ＝０．１，ｎ＝０．２）的幂硬化材料的光滑拉伸试样的拉伸变形过程进行了有限元模拟，通过有限元计算和经Ｂｒｉｄｇｍａｎ修正分别得到了试样变形过程中心部应力三维度随应变的变化情况；在此基础上运用控制体胞宏观应力三维度的方法，对含不同初始形状孔洞的体胞模型进行了有限元分析，计算结果表明：（１）孔洞初始形状和材料硬化特性对试样的拉伸破坏过程有重要影响；（２）Ｂｒｉｄｇ     

纺织复合材料和结构多尺度耦合的数值分析

研究了纺织复合材料和结构多尺度耦合的数值分析模型。建立了微、细观单胞,给出了纺织复合材料平均弹性常数的逐级分析方法,着重研究了由宏观结构、到细观纤维束、再到微观纤维三个尺度耦合的应力分析方案。对于常用的板壳状纺织复合材料结构,在面内载荷下,假设每层细观单胞的平均面内应变是一致的,在弯曲、横向剪切及扭曲等非面内载荷下,在内力等效条件下将沿厚度方向连续分布的宏观应力简化为阶梯状分布,忽略了每层细观单胞范围内宏观应力沿厚度方向的梯度变化,由此利用细观单胞模型实现宏观应力与细观应力之间的传递,再利用微观单胞可得到纤维尺度的微观应力。最后以一种三维机织复合材料为例,用上述多尺度耦合的模型逐级分析了材料的平均弹性常数,并沿相反方向,由宏观结构分析逐级计算出纤维束尺度和纤维尺度的细、微观应力的局部波动。     

混凝土拉伸断裂的细观数值分析

根据混凝土试件拉伸和三点弯曲的物理模型,用梁-颗粒模型BPM 2D(B eam-Particle M ode l)模拟了混凝土拉伸和三点弯曲试件微裂纹的萌生、扩展直至试件宏观破坏的全过程。在梁-颗粒模型中用三种类型梁单元形成混凝土细观数值模型,每种类型梁单元的力学性质均按韦伯(W e ibu ll)分布随机赋值以模拟混凝土细观结构的非均匀性。数值模拟结果给出了混凝土拉伸应力-应变曲线和三点弯曲载荷-位移曲线,以及混凝土试件破坏过程最大应力分布图和裂纹扩展图。数值模拟结果显示混凝土破坏过程实际上就是微裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通,直到宏观裂纹产生导致混凝土失稳断裂的过程。通过对数值模拟结果的分析,揭示出混凝土在拉伸条件下裂纹尖端的拉应力集中是裂纹扩展的动力,混凝土组成材料力学性质的非均匀性是造成裂纹扩展路径曲折的重要原因。     

弹／粘塑性压力容器的塑性失稳破坏

依据压力容器拉伸塑性失稳破坏特征,计算了旋转薄壁壳压力容器在弹/粘塑性材料下的塑性失稳破坏,文中就圆柱壳形、圆球壳形、抛物线壳形封头等压力容器的失稳状态,分别求出它们的应力应变。     

强度折减有限元在堤防稳定分析中的应用研究

采用强度折减有限元法,研究非均值堤防塑性区的开展特征和失稳破坏过程,并根据堤防应力场分布和临界滑动面的形成来分析堤岸整体失稳破坏的机理。结果表明:把强度折减有限元应用到非均质土层的堤防边坡稳定分析,在理论上、数值模拟实现上都是可行的; 有限元静力平衡和位移计算不收敛作为堤防边坡整体失稳的标志,同时考察滑移面上某些特征点的位移与荷载增量的关系、参考土体内坡脚向坡顶上方贯通的塑性滑动带的形成,可以准确判别堤防边坡失稳破坏状态; 此外,堤防失稳时的应力场分布特征表明,有必要应用张拉-剪切复合屈服准则,以真实反映堤防边坡的临界滑动面形成机理。     

双向荷载条件下八边形蜂窝结构因胞壁缺失所致应力集中分析

因胞壁缺失引起的应力集中现象是蜂窝结构在增材制造过程中亟待解决的问题，通过将胞壁缺失所致的缺陷等效成椭圆，基于复变函数方法得到了预测拉伸应力的解析公式和预测弯矩应力的分析方法，进而得到八边形蜂窝结构在双向荷载条件下缺失单行和多行胞壁产生的应力组合值。与数值模拟结果的对比分析验证了所提理论解析公式的有效性；同时得出距离缺陷最近胞壁上的拉伸应力解析解与数值解吻合良好，弯矩应力数值解与胞壁上的应力梯度呈明显的线性关系。与规则六边形蜂窝在多行缺陷条件下的应力集中程度进行对比，得出八边形蜂窝结构在荷载系数 和 时应力集中程度小于规则六边形蜂窝结构，从而为蜂窝结构增材制造设计提供理论指导。     

Post-buckling analysis of elastic honeycombs subject to in-plane biaxial compression

In this paper, employing the homogenization theory and the microscopic bifurcation condition established by the authors, we discuss which microscopic buckling mode grows in elastic honeycombs subject to in-plane biaxial compression. First, we focus on equi-biaxial compression, under which uniaxial, biaxial and flower-like modes may develop as a result of triple bifurcation. By forcing each of the three modes to develop, and by comparing the internal energies, we show that the flower-like mode grows steadily if macroscopic strain is controlled, while either the uniaxial or biaxial mode develops if macroscopic stress is controlled. Second, by analyzing several cases other than equi-biaxial compression, it is shown that a second bifurcation from either the uniaxial or biaxial mode to the flower-like mode, which is distorted, occurs under biaxial compression in a certain range of biaxial ratio under macroscopic strain control. Finally, the possibility of macroscopic instability under biaxial compression is discussed.     

Foam mechanics: nonlinear response of an elastic 3D-periodic microstructure

The compressive response of a 3D open-cell foam with periodic tetrakaidecahedral cells is studied through combined theoretical and numerical efforts. Under compressive loading the response is characterized by an extended load plateau following the relatively sharp rise to a maximum load. Several processes of loading have been simulated numerically using appropriately nonlinear kinematics. The onset of failure under macroscopic loading conditions is shown to be the reason of the load plateau. A failure surface is defined in macroscopic stress space by the onset of the first buckling-type instability encountered along proportional load paths. The analysis is carried out through two methods. The first one consists in increasing specimen size with periodic boundary conditions leading to the termed microfailure surface. The second one consists in considering both periodic and nonperiodic displacements variations on a minimum unit cell. The resulting failure surfaces are shown to coincide. Moreover, the postbuckling analysis has been carried out for two particular loadings: the uniaxial compression and the uniaxial deformation.     

Long-wave in-plane buckling of elastoplastic square honeycombs

In this study, two formulae derived for very long-wave in-plane buckling of elastic square honeycombs are extended and examined in the elastoplastic case. To this end, microscopic buckling and post-buckling behavior of elastoplastic square honeycombs subject to in-plane compression are numerically analyzed using a homogenization theory of the updated Lagrangian type. It is thus demonstrated that very long-wave buckling occurs just after the onset of macroscopic instability if periodic length is sufficiently long, and that plasticity can cause the localization of microscopic buckling accompanied by a significant decrease in macroscopic compressive stress. Then, the very long-wave buckling stresses computed are predicted by incorporating the effect of plasticity in the two formulae of elastic square honeycombs. It is shown that the resulting formulae are successful in predicting the very long-wave buckling stresses in the plastic range as well as in the elastic range.     

Inertia effects on the progressive crushing of aluminium honeycombs under impact loading

This paper presents the test results under quasi-static and impact loadings for a series of aluminum honeycombs (3003 and 5052 alloys) of different cell sizes, showing significantly different enhancements of the crushing pressure between 3003 honeycombs and the 5052 ones. A comprehensive numerical investigation with rate insensitive constitutive laws is also performed to model the experimental results for different cell size/wall thickness/base material, which suggests that honeycomb crushing pressure enhancement under impact loading is mostly due to a structural effect.Such simulated tests provide detailed local information such as stress and strain fields (in the cell wall) during the whole crushing process of honeycombs. A larger strain (in the cell wall) under impact loading than for the quasi-static case before each successive folding of honeycombs is observed, because of the lateral inertia effect. Thus, differences of the ratios of the stress increase due to strain hardening over the yield stress between 3003 and 5052 alloys lead to the different enhancements of crushing pressure. This result illustrates that the lateral inertia effect in the successive folding of honeycombs is the main factor responsible for the enhancement of the crushing pressure under impact loading.     

Experimental study and numerical modeling of brittle fracture of carbonate rock under uniaxial compression

The brittle carbonate rock taken from the Tarim Oilfield is tested in laboratory under uniaxial compression. The acoustic emission (AE) is used to monitor the microcracking activity in rock during the experiment. Moreover, the 3D tomograms of carbonate rock after uniaxial compression are obtained by using CT imaging technology, which indicates that microcracks mutually interconnect and eventually form macroscopic fractures after failure. The PFC2D is used to model the behavior of brittle rock including microcracks propagation. The stress–strain curve and cracks distribution in rock model are obtained from the PFC simulation. The numerical results agree with the experimental test well.     

井壁失稳区域确定方法及影响因素分析简

井壁失稳区域及其面积能够反映井壁失稳破坏特性及其严重程度,以井壁安全系数作为识别准则,建立了井壁失稳区域识别方法,并基于Monte-Carlo 方法,给出了井壁失稳面积的计算方法. 以井壁坍塌为例,分析了钻井液密度、井斜角及方位角对井壁失稳区域特性的影响,以本文建立的失稳区面积计算方法,分析了不同地应力场中井眼轨迹对井壁失稳区大小的影响,评价结果符合工程实际,表明能够利用本文方法评价井壁失稳特性及其严重程度.     

泡沫铝材料准静态本构关系的理论和实验研究

应用Chen和Lu提出的适用于可压缩弹塑性固体的唯象本构模型框架，建立了泡沫铝的准静态本构模型，推导了三维等比例加载和环向受约束轴向加载下的宏观应力-应变曲线. 对两种泡沫铝材料(开孔和闭孔)进行了4类准静态试验，即单轴压缩、三维静水压缩、三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩实验. 利用单轴压缩和三维静水压缩的实验结果得到了泡沫铝材料的本构参数曲线，并由此预测它在三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩情况下的响应. 理论预测与相应实验结果相比较，三维等比例压缩的结果比较吻合，但与侧向受约束轴向压缩的结果却相差很大. 分析表明，理论预测与侧向受约束轴向压缩实验结果的偏差是由于泡沫铝试件与约束筒之间的摩擦造成的. 研究结果说明, Chen-Lu模型能够很好地描述泡沫铝材料在压缩占主导的应力状态下的响应.     

铝蜂窝的动态力学性能及影响因素

采用显式动力有限元方法研究了具有不同胞元结构的六角形铝蜂窝在冲击荷载下的力学性能,讨 论了铝蜂窝的变形模式和动态承载力以及影响因素。通过改变胞壁夹角得到5种不同的胞元结构,计算采用 了3种冲击速度。结果表明,在准静态变形模式下,胞元的几何因素对铝蜂窝的承载力起主导作用;一旦蜂窝 的变形呈现动态模式后,惯性效应显著,对蜂窝承载力起决定作用,胞元几何因素的影响不再明显;在过渡模 式下,惯性效应与几何因素共同主导蜂窝的动态承载力,并且冲击速度越高,惯性效应的影响越大。     

闭孔泡沫铝泊松比及三轴压缩变形模式

在闭孔泡沫铝的唯象本构模型中, 泊松比是一个非常关键的参数, 为了探究闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律研究结果存在分歧的原因, 认识闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律中特征点的物理意义, 采用数值模拟方法, 建立了闭孔泡沫铝的3D-Voronoi模型及2D-Voronoi模型, 对模型进行侧面位移耦合单轴压缩边界条件下的仿真分析; 基于闭孔泡沫铝本构模型的唯象特性, 对闭孔泡沫铝变形模式的研究同样十分重要, 为明确其三轴压缩下的变形模式, 对闭孔泡沫铝的3D-Voronoi模型进行侧面位移受限轴向压缩边界条件下的仿真分析. 研究结果表明, 常规壳单元接触中的厚度减薄特性是闭孔泡沫铝泊松比变化规律的研究结论存在分歧的原因, 但厚度减薄不影响泡沫铝模型致密前胞孔结构的变形模式; 闭孔泡沫铝泊松比的准确变化规律为“增高?降低?再增高”的“S”型曲线, 并且, 曲线极大值对应闭孔泡沫铝吸能效率的增速下降点; 等比压缩应力状态下, 闭孔泡沫铝存在四种侧面变形模式, 分别为“(短期)压缩变形→膨胀变形”、“压缩变形→膨胀变形→压缩变形→膨胀变形”、“压缩变形→(短期)膨胀变形”及“压缩变形”.      

Mechanical behavior of hexagonal honeycombs under low-velocity impact – theory and simulations

Based on the cells’ collapse mechanisms of the hexagonal honeycombs revealed from the numerical simulations under the low-velocity impact, an analytical model is established to deduce the crushing strength of the honeycomb and the stress at the supporting end both as functions of impact velocity, cell size, cell-wall angle, and the mechanical properties of the base material. The results show that the honeycomb’s crushing strength increases with the impact velocity, while the supporting stress decreases with the increase of the impact velocity. Combining with the dynamic predictions under the high-velocity impact in our previous work (Hu and Yu, 2010), the crushing strength of the honeycombs can be analytically predicted over wide range of crushing velocities. The analytical expression of the critical velocity is also obtained, which offers the boundary for the application of the functions of the honeycomb’s crushing strength under the low-velocity and the high-velocity impacts. All of the analytical predictions are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results.